Alkylation reaction of phosphorus oxyacids.

Alkylation reactions of phosphorus oxyacids (i.e. phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid) were examined by means of several methods for the synthesis of the corresponding esters. These reactions were applied to the synthesis of oligonucleotide having phosphotriester bond or phosphonate diester bond.     

Stem tissue phosphorus as an index of the phosphorus status of Banksia ericifolia L. f.

The effects of P fertilizer rate on shoot growth and the total P concentration of the whole shoot, new and mature leaves, symptom leaves and stems of Banksia ericifolia L. f., a P-sensitive species, were investigated in a six month greenhouse pot experiment. Shoot dry weight of plants growing in an Australian sedge peat, coarse sand and perlite potting mix (1:1:1) increased with up to 100 mg P L⁻¹ supplied as a six month controlled release P (0:18:0) fertilizer, but was reduced by toxicity at the highest application rate (200 mg P L⁻¹). Plants receiving this treatment developed chlorotic new and mature leaves. Leaf symptoms observed at rates of 60–100 mg P L⁻¹ were confined to old leaves and were related to the P concentration of the shoot. Growth was not affected at these rates. The P concentration of stems was strongly influenced by P supply. This tissue acted as a sink for excess P, helping to regulate the P concentration of leaves. The approximate range of P concentrations in stem tissue, associated with greater than 90% of maximum shoot dry weight, was 0.5–1.5 g P kg⁻¹ tissue dry weight. This was greater than that calculated for mature leaves (0.5–0.8 g kg⁻¹) or for whole shoots (0.5–1.2 g kg⁻¹). This wider range, and the capacity to store P in excess to requirement, makes the stem a better index tissue for plant P status than either leaves or whole shoots. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响 Ⅰ.有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦玉米轮作定位试验,研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化.结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量.长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理.长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近.23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是:全磷增量剖面分布可为3层———耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增-亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层.速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱.     

不同磷源对磷高效利用野生大麦根际土壤磷组分的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以野生大麦磷高效利用基因型IS-22-30、IS-22-25和低效基因型IS-07-07为材料,研究不施磷(CK)、无机磷(KH₂PO₄,Pi)、有机磷(phytate,Po)及二者混合(KH₂PO₄+phytate,Pi+Po)的方式施磷30 mg·kg^-1时,磷高效基因型野生大麦对磷素吸收利用能力及土壤磷组分特征.结果表明： Pi处理野生大麦干物质量和磷素积累量最大,Pi+Po处理其次,Po处理最小,均显著高于CK处理,且磷高效基因型物质生产和磷素吸收能力显著高于磷低效基因型.土壤有效磷在不同磷源处理间差异显著,Pi处理时含量最高,Pi+Po处理次之,且磷高效基因型野生大麦根际有效磷含量显著高于磷低效基因型.磷高效基因型野生大麦根际有效磷呈现亏缺现象,在Pi和Pi+Po处理时亏缺程度较大.根际与非根际土壤无机磷组分含量为Ca₁₀-P>O-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca₂-P>Ca₈-P,且其含量随着Pi的增加而增加.各磷源处理下,磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P出现亏缺;Pi处理磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤Al-P、Fe-P出现富集.土壤中有机磷各组分含量为中活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷.野生大麦根际土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷呈现富集,其富集量在Pi处理时最大;中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷呈现亏缺.各磷源处理下,磷高效基因型野生大麦根际土壤活性有机磷含量显著高于磷低效基因型,中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷在基因型间差异不显著.Pi缺乏时,磷高效基因型野生大麦活化吸收Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和活性有机磷的能力较强.     

低磷胁迫下磷高效基因型大麦的根系形态特征

在根袋土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效基因型DH110+、DH147和低效基因型DH49大麦为试验材料,利用根系分析系统分析不同施磷(P₂O₅)水平(极低磷25 mg·kg^-1、低磷50 mg·kg^-1和正常磷75 mg·kg^-1)下,磷高效基因型大麦的根系形态特征及其与植株磷素吸收的关系.结果表明： 低磷胁迫显著降低大麦生物量和磷吸收量,其中磷高效基因型的生物量和磷吸收量在各施磷水平下分别为低效基因型的1.24～1.70和1.18～1.83倍;大麦的总根长、总根表面积、平均根系直径、不定根长及其根表面积、侧根长及其根表面积均随施磷水平的降低而显著降低,其中磷高效基因型大麦在各施磷水平下的总根长、总根表面积、比根长、侧根长及根表面积分别为低效基因型的1.46～2.06、1.12～1.51、1.35～1.72、1.69～2.42和1.40～1.78倍,而平均根系直径为低效基因型的70.6%～90.2%;主成分分析表明,平均根系直径、比根表面积和比根长受基因型差异的影响较为明显,是区分两类磷效率基因型大麦根系形态差异的主要指标;偏最小二乘回归分析表明,各施磷水平下,总根长、总根表面积对大麦植株磷素吸收贡献均较大,随施磷水平降低,不定根长、不定根表面积对大麦植株磷素吸收的贡献明显降低,而平均根系直径、比根长、侧根长及其根表面积的贡献明显增加.磷高效基因型大麦可通过维持侧根的生长、根细度和比根长的增加来适应低磷胁迫.     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响Ⅰ．有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦-玉米轮作定位试验。研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化．结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量．长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理．长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近．23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是：全磷增量剖面分布可为3层——耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增一亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层．速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱．     

施磷对立架甜瓜干物质积累及磷肥利用效率的影响

以立架甜瓜为材料,设置0、150、225、300、375、450 kg·hm^-2 6个施磷水平的田间试验,研究不同供磷水平对立架甜瓜干物质和磷素吸收积累、产量以及磷肥利用效率的影响.结果表明：与对照（0 kg·hm^-2）相比,增施磷肥提高了立架甜瓜各器官和整株干物质及磷素吸收积累,尤其是150、225 kg·hm^-2处理最高,成熟期整株干物质和磷素吸收积累量分别较对照增加了19.9%和26.3%、23.0%和26.3%;立架甜瓜干物质和磷素积累随生育期的推进呈增加趋势,生育前期主要在叶中分配,后期主要在果实中分配;磷肥表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产率均随施磷量增加而降低,150 kg·hm^-2处理最高,分别为11.1%、152.9 kg·kg^-1和476.3 kg·kg^-1;施用磷肥促进了立架甜瓜产量的提高,150和225 kg·hm^-2处理显著高于对照,分别增产47.3%和39.7%.伸蔓期和果实膨大期是立架甜瓜磷肥施用的关键时期,结合产量与磷肥利用效率,150~225 kg·hm^-2（P₂O₅）的供磷水平是新疆喀什地区立架甜瓜适宜施磷量.     

The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L.

Summary It has been demonstrated by an agar film technique thatL. albus can cause the breakdown of colloids of iron/silicate, iron/phosphate, aluminium/silicate and aluminium phosphate and destabilise suspensions of manganese dioxide, calcium mono-hydrogen phosphate and ferric hydroxide. Dissolution of these compounds was most marked in areas adjacent to proteoid roots (dense clusters of secondary laterals of limited growth which develop on lateral roots) and parts of the tap root. Soil associated with these regions of the root system contained more reductants and chelating agents than the bulk soil. Soil from around the roots ofL. albus exhibited much greater reducing and chelating activity than that associated with the roots of rape and buckwheat.     

配施磷细菌肥对复垦土壤细菌多样性及磷有效性的影响

为了解磷细菌肥对复垦土壤微生物群落结构变化特征和磷有效性的影响,本研究以连续配施磷细菌肥5年的定位试验为背景,利用16S rDNA基因序列测序方法对土壤细菌群落多样性进行分析,探讨土壤细菌群落与土壤Olsen-P、碱性磷酸酶的关系.试验共设对照、单施化肥、有机肥、有机肥化肥、化肥磷细菌肥、有机肥磷细菌肥和有机肥化肥磷细菌肥7个处理.结果表明: 复垦土壤中放线菌门和变形菌门菌群的相对丰度最大,分别为21.6％～32.2％和13.8％～28.9％.有机肥化肥磷细菌肥处理的OTU数和Chao1指数分别为809和26190,均属最高.磷细菌肥处理能提高土壤中放线菌门和变形菌门菌群的相对丰度,降低土壤中酸杆菌门、热袍菌门和硝化螺旋菌门菌群的相对丰度,对诺卡氏菌属、屈挠杆菌属有一定的促进作用.有机肥化肥磷细菌肥处理能够提高复垦土壤Olsen-P及碱性磷酸酶活性.复垦土壤变形菌门与Olsen-P、碱性磷酸酶的相关系数最高(0.900、0.955),在一定程度上可以作为土壤磷有效性的灵敏性指标.     

Influence of exogenous phosphorus on uterine fluids composition.

Clinical and field reports have suggested that phosphorus is a major factor affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Seven milking cows were fed commercial meal with different $\text{Ca}\text{P}$ ratio. Chemical analysis were carried out on the uterine fluids and the blood serum collected at four stages of the estrous cycle.Sodium, potassium and magnesium levels did not show any variation between the groups. Calcium concentrations were lower in the serum of the phosphorus treated cows and the uterine secretions showed significant variations. Phosphorus levels were also affected in the blood serum but no statistical difference was observed. The presumed improvement of reproductive performance in the field should be associated with some indirect effect rather than with a modification of uterine environment.     

III. Quantitative aspects of phosphorus excretion in ruminants

Ruminant phosphorus excretion and metabolism were studied through a database. Faecal endogenous phosphorus is the main pathway of phosphorus excretion and averages 0.85 of total faecal phosphorus. The remaining 0.15 is unabsorbed dietary phosphorus. Faecal endogenous phosphorus is mainly unabsorbed phosphorus, with saliva being the major source, and is correlated to factors influencing saliva secretion (DM intake, physical dietary characteristics and dietary phosphorus content). Another source of faecal endogenous phosphorus is rumen microbial phosphorus that escaped solubilisation during post-rumen digestion. All factors stimulating microbial growth would increase phosphorus uptake by the rumen microbes and consequently the faecal endogenous phosphorus. Understanding the determinants of faecal endogenous phosphorus flow will help to precise the determination of net phosphorus requirements for maintenance. The role of plasma phosphorus in urinary phosphorus loss is discussed.     

II. Quantitative aspects of phosphorus absorption in ruminants

Phosphorus absorption in ruminants was analysed from a database described in a previous article. For common values of ingested phosphorus (2.5-5.0 g x kg(-1) of DM), 0.73 of dietary phosphorus is absorbed. The remaining variability is probably due to phosphorus quality. Phosphorus absorbed from silage, cereal, cereal by-products and hay differs greatly. The current true absorption coefficient used to calculate daily phosphorus supply is a constant value in the current systems and often it underestimates the true absorption resulting in an excess of phosphorus being supplied in the diets. Adjusting the true absorption coefficient values requires better characterisation of the phosphorus supplied by each feedstuff. Dietary influences (phytate phosphorus, crude fibre, etc.) were investigated but trials assessing the ration effect on phosphorus absorption are lacking. Since rumen microbes have specific phosphorus requirements, particularly for cell-wall degradation, the feedstuffphosphorus availability for the rumen ecosystem is discussed.     

Presence of phosphorus in Nephila clavipes dragline silk.

Solid-state 31P-NMR of Nephila clavipes dragline silk indicates the presence of phosphorus in at least two chemically distinct environments. Amino acid analyses of acid-hydrolyzed silk confirm the presence of phosphotyrosine as one of the phosphorus-containing components. The unusual chemical shift (18.9 ppm downfield from 85% H3PO4), proton chemical shift, and acid lability of a second component suggest that it is part of a strained five-membered cyclic phosphate that might be found on a beta-D-ribose. The five-membered cyclic phosphate is not removed from the silk fibers by exhaustive aqueous extraction. It is absent in nascent silk fibroin from the glands, suggesting that its formation is part of the fiber processing that occurs in the ducts leading to the spinnerets. High-resolution NMR spectra of silk dissolved in propionic acid/12 N HCl (50:50 v/v) show five phosphorus sites assigned to phosphorylated tyrosine residues, phosphorylated serine residues, inorganic phosphate, and two hydrolysis products of the cyclic phosphate compound. The observed posttranslational phosphorylation may be important in the processing and modulation of the physical properties of dragline silk.