碱基编辑器的开发及其在细菌基因组编辑中的应用

碱基编辑器是近两年发展起来的新型基因组编辑工具,它将碱基脱氨酶的催化活性和CRISPR/Cas系统的靶向特异性进行结合,催化DNA或RNA链上特定位点的碱基发生脱氨基反应,进而完成碱基的替换。碱基编辑器分为DNA和RNA碱基编辑器两大类,其中DNA碱基编辑器分为两种:胞嘧啶碱基编辑器和腺嘌呤碱基编辑器;前者可以实现胞嘧啶到胸腺嘧啶的转换,而后者则可以将腺嘌呤突变为鸟嘌呤。由于DNA碱基编辑器不会造成DNA的双链断裂(DSB),也不依赖于宿主的非同源末端修复和同源重组途径,因此,大大减少了DSB相关的编辑副产物,如小片段插入或缺失等。基于CRISPR/Cas系统的RNA碱基编辑器,可以实现RNA链上腺嘌呤核苷到次黄苷的转换。本文对不同类型碱基编辑器的开发过程、适用范围和编辑特点等进行梳理,并对其在细菌基因组编辑中的应用进行了介绍;最后简要探讨了细菌中碱基编辑器的缺点以及将来可能的研究方向。     

Engineering plant virus resistance: from RNA silencing to genome editing strategies

Viral diseases severely affect crop yield and quality, thereby threatening global food security. Genetic improvement of plant virus resistance is essential for sustainable agriculture. In the last decades, several modern technologies were applied in plant antiviral engineering. Here we summarized breakthroughs of the two major antiviral strategies, RNA silencing and genome editing. RNA silencing strategy has been used in antiviral breeding for more than thirty years, and many crops engineered to stably express small RNAs targeting various viruses have been approved for commercial release. Genome editing technology has emerged in the past decade, especially CRISPR/Cas, which provides new methods for genetic improvement of plant virus resistance and accelerates resistance breeding. Finally, we discuss the potential of these technologies for breeding crops, and the challenges and solutions they may face in the future.     

Gene editing: from technologies to applications in research and beyond

Science China Life Sciences -     

Rising from the dead: the power of genome editing

<正>To protect themselves against diverse pathogens, plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms. Hypersensitive response or the rapid localized death of plant cells is a major defense strategy deployed by plants to kill the invading pathogens(Wu et al., 2014). In the last several decades,     

Gene delivery methods and genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from normal somatic cells could be utilized to study tumorigenesis through overexpression of specific oncogenes, downregulation of tumor suppressors and dysregulation of other factors thought to promote tumorigenesis. Therefore, effective approaches that provide direct modifications of induced pluripotent stem cell genome are extremely needed. Emerging strategies are expected to provide the ability to more effectively introduce diverse genetic alterations, from as small as single-nucleotide modifications to whole gene amplification or deletion, all with a high degree of target specificity. To date, several techniques have been applied in stem cell studies to directly edit cell genome (ZFNs, TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9). In this review, we summarize specific gene delivery strategies that were applied to stem cell studies together with genome editing techniques, which enable a direct modification of endogenous DNA sequences in the context of cancer studies.     

Gene targeting: attention to detail

When it comes to silencing genes in mice, not all approaches are equal. An example published in this issue of Cell (Patrucco et al., 2004) suggests that caution should be used when validating potential drug targets by genetic disruption.     

Recombineering to homogeneity: extension of multiplex recombineering to large-scale genome editing

Recombineering has been an essential tool for genetic engineering in microbes for many years and has enabled faster, more efficient engineering than previous techniques. There have been numerous studies that focus on improving recombineering efficiency, which can be divided into three main areas: (i) optimizing the oligo used for recombineering to enhance replication fork annealing and limit proofreading; (ii) mechanisms to modify the replisome itself, enabling an increased rate of annealing; and (iii) multiplexing recombineering targets and automation. These efforts have increased the efficiency of recombineering several hundred-fold. One area that has received far less attention is the problem of multiple chromosomes, which effectively decrease efficiency on a chromosomal basis, resulting in more sectored colonies, which require longer outgrowth to obtain clonal populations. Herein, we describe the problem of multiple chromosomes, discuss calculations predicting how many generations are needed to obtain a pure colony, and how changes in experimental procedure or genetic background can minimize the effect of multiple chromosomes.     

植物基因组编辑新工具——引导编辑技术

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的引导编辑(prime editing,PE)技术作为一种新兴的基因组编辑技术,能在不产生双链断裂的情况下实现所有12种单碱基替换和小片段DNA的缺失或插入.引导编辑技术已经在多种植物中成功应用并将在植物精准育种中发挥重要作用.虽然植物引导编辑(plant prime editing,PP...     

Barriers to genome editing with CRISPR in bacteria

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology - Genome editing is essential for probing genotype–phenotype relationships and for enhancing chemical production and phenotypic...     

Precision genome editing in plants via gene targeting and piggyBac‐mediated marker excision

Precise genome engineering via homologous recombination (HR)‐mediated gene targeting (GT) has become an essential tool in molecular breeding as well as in basic plant science. As HR‐mediated GT is an extremely rare event, positive–negative selection has been used extensively in flowering plants to isolate cells in which GT has occurred. In order to utilize GT as a methodology for precision mutagenesis, the positive selectable marker gene should be completely eliminated from the GT locus. Here, we introduce targeted point mutations conferring resistance to herbicide into the rice acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene via GT with subsequent marker excision by piggyBac transposition. Almost all regenerated plants expressing piggyBac transposase contained exclusively targeted point mutations without concomitant re‐integration of the transposon, resulting in these progeny showing a herbicide bispyribac sodium (BS)‐tolerant phenotype. This approach was also applied successfully to the editing of a microRNA targeting site in the rice cleistogamy 1 gene. Therefore, our approach provides a general strategy for the targeted modification of endogenous genes in plants.