Estimation of genetic diversity among Turkish kale populations (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica oleracea</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">acephala</Emphasis> L.) using RAPD markers

Twenty populations of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) selected from 127 populations in terms of yield and leaf quality characteristics as superior types using weight-based ranking method from the Black Sea Region of Turkey were evaluated at the DNA level using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers compared to some morphological characters. The seven primers selected from 100 decamers used generated 110 bands, of which 60 (54.5%) were polymorphic. Jaccard’s genetic distances were calculated and dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA algorithm. The dendrogram obtained was classified into three main groups and four subgroups. The accessions showed a limited clustering as compared to morphological characters such as the number of leaves, intentation of the leaf margin, leaf and midrib color, and thickness of midrib, than geographical characteristics. Leaf color and midrib thickness characters clustered in the same group as OR49 and G18 accessions; S20, G6, and OR37 accessions, respectively. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Genomic variation and relationships in aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess intraspecific variability and relationships in aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera L.). A total of 23 accessions from different geographic locations in Africa, Asia, and Polynesia were analyzed by 10 arbitrarily chosen GC-rich decamer primers. Using cesium chloride purified genomic template DNA, highly reproducible polymorphic fingerprints were generated by all 10 primers, resulting in a total of 375 informative characters. Only eight bands were monomorphic among all investigated accessions. A binary character matrix was generated by scoring for presence/absence of a band at a particular position, transformed into a matrix of pairwise distances using either the Jaccard or a simple matching coefficient, and analyzed by neighbour joining, UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging) cluster analysis, or split decomposition. All methods of data evaluation resulted in similar groupings that reflected the geographical origin of the samples. The African accessions formed a distinct isolated group, whereas Asian and Polynesian accessions proved to be more heterogeneous. With two exceptions (var. suavior and var. sativa), the RAPD data supported previous varietal classification based on morphological characters. Stepwise reduction of the number of evaluated characters did not affect branching patterns of the trees above a minimum threshold of 150. Key words : Dioscorea bulbifera, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), genetic variation, genetic relatedness.     

Genetic diversity of some Iranian sweet cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus avium</Emphasis>) cultivars using microsatellite markers and morphological traits

The aim of this study was to characterize 23 important Iranian sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars collected from different provinces of Iran and 1 foreign cultivar, which was used as control, considered for breeding programs by using 21 microsatellite markers and 27 morphological traits. In sweet cherry (Prunus avium) accessions, leaf, fruit, and stone morphological characters were evaluated during two consecutive years. The study revealed a high variability in the set of evaluated sweet cherry accessions. The majority of important correlations were determined among variables representing fruit and leaf size and variables related to color. Cluster analysis distinguished sweet cherry accessions into two distinct groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters explained over 86.59% of total variability in the first seven axes. In PCA, leaf traits such as leaf length and width, and fruit traits such as length, width, and weight, and fruit flesh and juice color were predominant in the first two components, indicating that they were useful for the assessment of sweet cherry germplasm characterization. Out of 21 SSR markers, 16 were polymorphic, producing 177 alleles that varied from 4 to 16 alleles (9.35 on average) with a mean heterozygosity value of 0.82 that produced successful amplifications and revealed DNA polymorphisms. Allele size varied from 95 to 290 bp. Cluster analyses showed that the studied sweet cherry genotypes were classified into five main groups based mainly on their species characteristics and SSR data. In general, our results did not show a clear structuring of genetic variability within the Iranian diffusion area of sweet cherry, so it was not possible to draw any indications on regions of provenance delimitation. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of sweet cherry genetic variations in Iran, thus making for more efficient programs aimed at preserving biodiversity and more rational planning of the management of reproductive material.     

Genetic and phenotypic variation of Turkish Okra (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abelmoschus esculentus</Emphasis> L. Moench) accessions and their possible relationship with American,Indian and African germplasms

Okra is an important vegetable crop that provides a significant portion of vitamins and minerals for populations in several countries. Okra has been cultivated in Turkey for centuries, and was likely introduced by the Arabs from Africa in ancient times. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genetic variation within 35 Turkish okra germplasm, by comparing it against 25 different genotypes from India, Africa, and the United States, using 30 morphological characters and 19 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primer combinations. Fruit, leaf, and stem color were the primary characteristics to distinguish the okra accessions. Those features, among 30 individual phenotypic traits, explained 42 % of phenotypic variation in the first three axes of the principal component analysis (PCA) with leaf shape, flower size, cotyledon length, fruit-surface angularity, cotyledon width, and petal color. Phenotypic observation results showed that while 1051 Togo (10.76), Red Wonder (7.99), TR-05-1 (7.2), 1159 Togo (7.17), and Red Balady (7.15) were found to be more divergent accessions, Cajun Queen (5.06), Perkins Spineless (5.09), Jade (5.18), TR-01-1 (5.2), and DLGG (5.32) were the closest okra accessions. According to phenotypic data, Turkish okra accessions were located adjacent to the Indian, American, and African okra accessions in clusters three and four. However, marker data showed that African okra possessed a more distinct form compared to the other okra germplasms. Nineteen SRAP primer combinations produced 92 bands and 29 (31.5 %) of them were found to be polymorphic among okra accessions. 1051 Togo was found to be the most divergent accession in phenotypic observation.     

利用SRAP标记分析四川省芋种质资源遗传多样性

在分子水平研究四川省芋资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为芋种质资源的分类、保护和有效利用遗传资源以及新品种选育提供依据。本研究利用SRAP分子标记技术,使用28对SRAP引物组合对65份四川省不同地区芋种质资源材料进行遗传多样性分析,采用NT-SYS 2.1统计软件对数据进行分析,建立树状聚类图。扩增出并检测到341条条带,平均每个引物组合扩增检测出12.18条带,多态性带251条,多态率73.6%。UPGMA树形图表明,所用的SRAP引物组合可以将65份材料分成5类,分别与这些材料在园艺分类学上按母芋和子芋的生长习性分类基本相符,与以芋叶心色斑颜色、叶柄中下部颜色、母芋芽色及母芋肉色4种形态性状组合描述具有相关性。研究表明,从四川省不同地区、不同生态环境下收集的不同类型芋种质资源间存在着较丰富的遗传多样性,SRAP分析聚类结果与主要形态学性状分类基本一致,可以解释芋栽培种的进化关系。     

江苏不同居群狗尾草叶片解剖特征的比较研究

为揭示不同居群狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.)叶片解剖特征的差异,了解不同生境下叶片形态的变异,本研究以江苏15个狗尾草居群为材料,采用石蜡切片法和改良的叶表皮制备方法对叶表皮及叶片横切面结构特征进行了显微观察和测定,并通过变异系数、主成分分析和聚类分析对叶表皮及叶片横切面的主要性状进行分析。结果表明,不同居群狗尾草的17个表型性状变异丰富,叶片中脉厚度和下表皮细胞厚度的变异程度较大;叶片厚度、平行脉维管束高度和宽度、叶中脉厚度、中脉维管束高度和宽度等指标是造成狗尾草不同居群表型差异的主要因素,同时这些结构特征也分别反映了狗尾草叶片的输导和支撑能力、表皮气孔器的特征和叶片抗逆能力。聚类分析结果显示,狗尾草的15个居群被划分为3类,且与生境分布基本吻合,即:水边和盐碱地居群、荒地居群、山地居群狗尾草的叶片厚度、维管束直径、泡状细胞厚度和气孔密度均依次增大,但气孔体积依次减小,表明这3个类群随海拔的升高抗旱性依次增强。本实验狗尾草叶片在不同生境中产生的不同程度变异分析对狗尾草的生态适应性研究具有重要意义。     

鼠尾藓不同居群间形态及RAPD 分析

选取采自黑龙江、内蒙古、陕西以及浙江地区的8个居群的鼠尾藓为实验材料,对不同居群的鼠尾藓叶片的形态、叶细胞的大小及植物体的形态进行了观察比较,同时运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）探讨了鼠尾藓的遗传多样性。利用13条随机引物共获得104个条带,其中多态性条带占84．62％。鼠尾藓各居群间的Dice遗传距离为0．37～0．66。POPGENE32软件分析得到种的Nei基因多样性指数（H）为0．3326,Shannon指数（I）为0．4877,遗传分化系数（GST）为0．3303。形态学观察的结果表明,鼠尾藓的植物体及叶片的形态在居群间变异较小,很好地代表了这个种的特征;而叶细胞的大小及叶尖长度的变异程度较大,说明这些形态特征易受环境影响,代表了种下水平的差异。不同居群的鼠尾藓无论在遗传上还是在形态上都表现出明显的多样性,说明鼠尾藓具有较强的适应环境的能力。     

Study of the origin of the rarely cultivated edible Solanum species: morphological and molecular data

The present study applies RAPD technique and morphometric analysis to study the diversity of some accessions belonging to section Solanum. A total of 252 products were amplified with 23 12-mer arbitrary primer pairs, among which 210 were found to be polymorphic. Sixteen morphological characters were measured and used to compile a dendrogram. Both the morphological and RAPD marker analysis clearly separated the different accessions into similar groups. The results indicate that the analyzed cultivars with unknown origin could be derived from S. retroflexum. We found morphological differences among the S. scabrum subsp. scabrum accession which were not reflected in the molecular data. Presumably these accessions represent cultivated forms selected for their habit, fruit quantity and/or quality and leaf size, respectively.     

The Morphological and RAPD Analysis in Different Myuroclada maximowiczii (Brachytheciaceae) Populations

The shapes of leaves, sizes of median laminal cells and forms of plants were compared among eight Myuroclada maximowiczii populations from provinces Heilongjiang , Neimenggu , Shanxi and Zhejiang . The genetic diversities of different M. maximowiczii populations were also studied , using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) . 104 RAPD bands from 13 primers were analyzed , of which 84 .62% were polymorphic. The Dice genetic distances among eight M. maximowiczii populations varied from 0. 37 to 0. 66 . POPGENE analysis showed that the Nei’s gene diversity was 0. 3326 , Shannon’s Information index was 0. 4877 , GST was 0 .3303 . According to morphological observations, the shapes of leaves and plants are very stable in populations, which indicate the species characters; but the sizes of median laminal cells and leaf tips are different, suggesting that they are deperdent on environment and could be the subspecies characters. The results show that there are obvious diversities among different M. maximowiczii populations, in light of both genetic and morphological characters. The results indicates that M. maximowiczii can adapt to environment .     

Genetic and geographic variation of bulbous barley (Hordeum bulbosum L.) assessed by rapd markers

Estimated the genetic relationships among 21 barley accessions from 17 bulbous barley (H. bulbosum L.), 4 cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.) collected from different part of Turkey were investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Eleven informative primers amplified 111 markers of which 98 (89.8%) were polymorphic. A dendogram was constructed using the UPGMA method based on the RAPD markers. The range of genetic similarity was from 0.111 to 0.815. The accessions were grouped into two main clusters based on the molecular data. The H. vulgare and H. bulbosum separated into two groups in the Principle Component Analysis.     

Convergence of Goals: Phylogenetical,Morphological, and Physiological Characterization of Tolerance to Drought Stress in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

The aim of this study is to find Iranian tall fescue accessions that tolerate drought stress and investigation on phylogenetical, morphological, and physiological characterization of them. For this propose, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were used to examine the genetic variability of accessions from different provinces of Iran. Of 21 primers, 20 primers generated highly reproducible fragments. Using these primers, 390 discernible DNA fragments were produced with 367 (93.95 %) being polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.948 to 0.976, with a mean PIC value of 0.969. Probability identity (PI) and discriminating power (D = 1 ? PI) among the primers ranged from 0.001 to 0.004 and 0.998 to 0.995, respectively. A binary qualitative data matrix was constructed. Data analyses were performed using the NTSYS software and the similarity values were used to generate a dendrogram via UPGMA. To study the drought stress, plants were irrigated at 25 % FC condition for three times. Fresh leaves were collected to measure physiological characters including: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities and proline and total chlorophyll content at two times, before and after stress application. Relative water content, fresh and dry weight ratio, survival percentage, and visual quality were evaluated after stress. Morphological and physiological characters were assessed in order to classify accessions as either tolerant or sensitive using Ward’s method of Hierarchical cluster analysis in SPSS software. The results of present study demonstrated that the ISSR markers are useful for studying tall fescue genetic diversity. Convergence of morphological and physiological characterizations during drought stress and phylogenetic relationship results showed that accessions can be grouped into four clusters; drought-tolerant accessions that collected from west of Iran, drought-tolerant accessions collected from northwest of Iran, drought semi-tolerant accessions collected from center of Iran, and drought-sensitive accessions collected from north of Iran. Data presented could be used to classify the tall fescue accessions based on suitability of cultivation in the regions studied or the regions with the similar environmental condition.     

Growth characteristics in Hordeum spontaneum populations from different habitats

Hordeum spontaneum shows a large genetic variation and occupies a wide range of different habitats. The aim of this study was to quantify variation in growth characteristics of H. spontaneum from different sites in Israel and to relate this variation to different environmental conditions. To this end, 84 accessions of 21 populations were grown in a growth chamber in near-optimal conditions and a range of physiological, morphological, allocation- related and chemical characteristics were measured. These parameters included rates of photosynthesis, shoot and root respiration, specific leaf area, biomass allocation and seed mass. Averaged over all traits variation explained by differences between populations was 26%, between accessions 21%, whereas that within accessions was 53%. By contrast with most genetic studies, we found variation between populations larger than between accessions. The largest between-population variation (46%) was for morphological traits. In particular, seed mass, leaf thickness and leaf width differed strongly between populations. Variation in growth characteristics between populations was poorly related to mean annual rainfall, mean humidity or January temperature at the sites of origin. We expect that differences between populations to be larger and correlation with environmental parameters stronger in plants grown in stressful conditions. According to our study, seed mass is more important than relative growth rate in determining variation in early plant biomass in H. spontaneum .     

Identification of F1 hybrids of artichoke by ISSR markers and morphological analysis

Five different artichoke hybrid populations (crosses between a male sterile artichoke (MS6) and three American accessions (AMA3, AMA7, AMB1) and two Spanish accessions (SP2, SPA2)) plus a commercial hybrid population (Opal F1, Nunhems, Netherlands) were used for molecular and morphological characterisation in order to identify the purity of the F1 populations. Molecular analysis was carried out using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique with twenty primers. Out of these, nine were polymorphic, producing 82 DNA bands per primer on average, 56 of which were polymorphic among the populations. A dendrogram, drawn on the basis of a similarity matrix using the UPGMA algorithm, revealed that the 66 samples (10 plants per F1 populations and their respective progenitors) could be classified into two major clusters at a Nei’s genetic distance of 0.13. The male parents were genetically quite similar to all their respective progenies. In order to confirm hybrid purity, only the primers which amplified bands specific to the male parent of each hybrid were considered and the inheritance of the single locus for each cross-combination was analysed. Three ISSR markers (857c, 857g and 878) were able to confirm the hybrid purity. The morphological trait analysis showed that eight of the 17 morphological characters were significantly different among the six F1 populations. When the Mantel test was applied to the matrix of the Nei’s genetic distances and the matrix of morphological traits, a significant degree of correlation was observed between them. A selection method using ISSR markers based on cluster analysis is suggested to confirm the purity of artichoke hybrids and to predict the characters expected by any F1 hybrid offspring.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Korean wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) inferred from microsatellite markers

Korea is considered one of the centers of genetic diversity for cultivated as well as wild soybeans. Natural habitats of wild soybeans are distributed across the Korean mainland and the islands surrounding the Korean peninsula. In this study, the genetic diversity of 100 mainland Korean wild soybean accessions was evaluated by using 42 simple sequence repeat markers covering 17 soybean chromosomes. All analyzed loci were polymorphic and a total of 114 alleles were found. The observed average genetic diversity was low (0.4). The results showed that the 100 selected accessions did not exactly follow the geographical distribution. These results were further confirmed by the phylogeny inferred from five morphological characteristics (i.e., leaf shape, leaf area, plant shape, seed area, and 100-seed weight). Together, the genetic and morphological evaluations suggested conclusively that the selected population did not follow the geographical distribution pattern. The present study could provide useful information for the ex situ conservation and exploitation of wild soybean accessions in soybean improvement stratagems, and will aid in further understanding about the phylogeography of the species in the Korean center of diversity.     

Molecular evidence for hybridization ofIlex x wandoensis (Aquifoliaceae) by RAPD analysis

Based on the presence of intermediate morphological characters, such as serrated leaf margins and flower structures,Ilex x wandoensis was initially described as a putative natural hybrid betweenI. cornuta andI. Integra, and was formally described as a new hybrid species,I. x wandoensis C. F. Mill., and M. Kim. However, using molecular markers generated via random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), we have now discovered hybridization in populations of theI. x wandoensis complex collected from Wando and Jeju Islands, Korea. Marker bands of the putative parent taxa also were found in some populations ofI. x wandoensis, confirming its hybrid origin. Morphological variability within and among those populations was confirmed by model-based clustering methods, using multilocus genotype data. Phenograms generated from RAPD bands indicated that some accessions ofI. x wandoensis clustered with one of the parental species. This implied the occurrence of hybridization and recurring backcrosses of the hybrid to both parents, resulting in various hybrid derivatives because of the segregation and recombination of traits.Ilex x wandoensis was more closely related toI. cornuta than toI. integra suggesting that it backcrossed more with the former than with the latter.     

二月兰形态性状的变异分析

二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus)是集食用、保健、饲用和观赏于一身的优良地被植物。其遗传背景单一、生长周期短,是发展模式植物的优良材料。为了开发其育种价值,我们对二月兰的形态变异式样进行了初步分析。共选取了北京和南京地区的7个居群的34个表型性状进行观测。通过计算分析发现:株高、茎和花序分枝等性状受环境影响较大,因而其分类价值不大;叶形、毛被、叶缘锯齿等性状的变异在居群内是连续的,所以也不是可靠的分类性状;而花部性状的一些变异,包括花瓣的颜色、大小、形态,基本不受环境影响,且这些变异在居群内是不连续的,所以其分类价值相对较高。对17个数值性状的方差分析和多重比较结果表明,在同一年度内,大部分性状在不同地区间差异不显著,在居群间差异极显著;而在不同年度内,居群间差异不显著。最后,对7个居群和30个表型性状进行了数量分类:Q分析表明北京颐和园、南京紫金山山顶公园和南京中山植物园居群比较相似,而北京圆明园、北京海淀区后八家苗圃、南京情侣园和北京天坛公园居群较相似。R分析揭示了二月兰花部、叶部、反映植株毛被和颜色以及表现植株生长量的性状间均具有一定的相关性。这些研究可为种下等级的划分和进一步的遗传研究以及品种培育提供一定的参数资料。     

Differentiation of two hemp nettle species (Galeopsis bifida Boenn. and G. tetrahit L.) inferred from morphological characters and DNA markers

Two species of the genus Galeopsis L., G. tetrahit L. and G. bifida (family Lamiaceae), are problematic to distinguish often wrongly recognized, and treated by some taxonomists as a single species. Morphological diagnostical characters of these species are variable and partly overlap. Species independence of G. tetrahit and G. bifida was evaluated and their diagnostic characters verified using ISSR and RAPD markers. A total of 57 ISSR and 28 RAPD fragments were obtained providing distinct subdivision of the accessions examined into two groups. Analysis of molecular data using the neighbor-joining method showed that the accessions studied fell into two clades in the same way as demonstrated by the analysis of 20 morphological characters using single linkage method. The morphological characters were found to be more variable compared to the molecular markers, although the combined of these characters provided differentiation of the species.     

Genetic and geographic variation of bulbous barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum bulbosum</Emphasis> L.) assessed by RAPD markers

Genetic relationships among 21 barley accessions (17 of bulbous barley H. bulbosum L. and 4 of cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.) collected from different part of Turkey were investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Eleven informative primers amplified 111 markers of which 98 (89.8%) were polymorphic. A dendogram was constructed using the UPGMA method based on the RAPD markers. The range of genetic similarity was from 0.111 to 0.815. The accessions were grouped into two main clusters based on the molecular data. The H. vulgare and H. bulbosum separated into two groups in the principle component analysis. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

金银花五个品系的RAPD分析及DNA指纹图谱的建立

运用RAPD技术,对5个金银花品系进行遗传多样性研究并构建这5个金银花品系的DNA指纹图谱。从80个引物中筛选出25个带纹清晰,多态性好的引物用于实验。其中,引物SBSD06的扩增条带可以清楚明确区分5个品系,建立其DNA指纹图谱。在清晰、稳定出现的170条带中,153条带具有多态性。按UPGMA法进行聚类分析,计算其遗传相似系数,结果显示,金银花5个品系聚为两类,与其形态学分类结果相符。     

RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica) germplasm in Brazil

We evaluated genetic variability of mango (Mangifera indica) accessions maintained in the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Meio-Norte in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, using RAPDs. Among these accessions, 35 originated from plantings in Brazil, six from the USA and one from India. Genomic DNA, extracted from leaf material using a commercial purification kit, was subjected to PCR with the primers A01, A09, G03, G10, N05, and M16. Fifty-five polymorphic loci were identified, with mean of 9.16 ± 3.31 bands per primer and 100% polymorphism. Application of unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average cluster analysis demonstrated five genotypic groups among the accessions examined. The genotypes Rosa 41, Rosa 48 and Rosa 49 were highly similar (94% similarity), whereas genotypes Sensation and Rosa 18 were the most divergent (only 7% similarity). The mango accessions were found to have considerable genetic variability, demonstrating the importance of analyzing each genotype in a collection in order to efficiently maintain the germplasm collection.