辽宁省丽蝇总科新种记述

在整理辽宁本溪地区麻蝇科和丽蝇科标本过程中,发现槽叶亚麻蝇 Parasarcophaga uliginosa(Kra-mer,1908)应成立一新亚属,同时发现二新种和二新亚种,一并描述如下。     

肥须亚麻蝇幼虫不同发育阶段气门形态学变化

为了满足实际工作中利用蝇类幼虫日龄推断尸体死后间隔时间的需求,本文采用显微镜观察不同龄期肥须亚麻蝇 Parasarcophaga crassipalpis (Macquart)幼虫气门的形态学变化,通过计算机图像分析系统对幼虫的前、后气门等可用于判断幼虫生长发育的形态学指标进行测量。结果表明：肥须亚麻蝇幼虫前、后气门随时间而发生规律性的变化,幼虫前气门色素管部的平均光密度及其长宽比,以及后气门的平均光密度这 3 项指标是推算幼虫日龄较理想的指标,对法医学中尸体死亡时间的推测具有重要的指示意义。此外,叠龄期作为幼虫发育的必经阶段,可为特殊时间点的推测提供可靠依据。     

亚麻蝇属间性体二例记述

自然界亚麻蝇属(Parasarcophaga Johnston et Tiegs,1921)间性体(intersexes)的出现,国内尚未见报道。作者在川西地区蝇类生态地理区系调查中,发现该属间性体二例,经解剖,均属雌性伪雌雄同体(feminine hermaphroditism),现记述如下。 1.白头亚麻蝇P.(s.str)albiceps(Meigen, 1826)间性体 该间性体具有部分雄性外形特征:中足股节无中股器,该股节与后足股节后腹面具超过各该股横     

杭州地区猪尸体上昆虫群落的组成 与演替的初步观察

对杭州地区猪尸体的腐败过程及尸体上昆虫群落的演替规律,进行了初步观察和研究。结果表明,室外地表上猪尸体的腐败过程可以划分为新鲜、肿胀、腐烂、干化和残骸5个连续的阶段;常见昆虫包括3目、19科、33种,其中双翅目的巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、南岭绿蝇、大头金蝇、肥须亚麻蝇等为优势种。尸体上昆虫群落的演替有明显的时间规律可循。许多昆虫类群的出现时间与尸体腐败阶段有明确的对应关系,这种对应关系可以为法医科学中推测死后间隔时间(postmortem interval, PMI)提供依据。     

两种蝇类精细胞发育过程中细胞核的变态

本文用透射电子显微镜研究了大头金蝇(hrysomyia megacephala)和肥须亚麻蝇(Parasarcophaga crassipalpis)精细胞发育过程中细胞核的变态过程.精细胞从球形细胞演变为线形精子,核要经历四个时期,即:球核期,细胞为球形,核亦为球形,核膜与一般体细胞核无异;棒核期,核拉长如棒,顶体形成,核膜孔聚集于一侧;染色质凝聚期,染色质与核质分开,经过一系列变化,再凝聚成致密的块状,多余核质从核孔聚集处开口排出核外;成熟期,核变成一团电子密度极大的腊肠形.精细胞抛弃绝大部分细胞质和多余的结构,变成线形精子.以上演变过程两种蝇类完全相似,但在染色质凝聚期的变化中差异却很大:大头金蝇凝聚程序为:细纤维—粗纤维—块状—致密团;肥须亚麻蝇则为:蚁蚕状—纵列薄片状—厚片状—块伙—致密团.     

中国叉麻蝇属小志(双翅目:麻蝇科)

叉麻蝇属(Robineauella)系麻蝇科、麻蝇亚科中一个较小的属,由Enderlein氏在1928年以巨叉麻蝇(R.scoparia Pandell?,1896)为属模而建立。1937年Rohdendorf氏将它降为亚麻蝇属(Parasarcophaga)的一个亚属,并将伪叉麻蝇(R.pseudoscoparia Kramer,1911)归在该亚属内,翌年,氏记述了产于锡霍特山区的该亚属另一个种阔叶叉麻蝇(R.grunini)。此后,到1964年范滋德氏以伪叉麻蝇为亚属模建立了腹指麻蝇亚属(Digitiventra)与Robineauella并列为亚麻蝇属的两个亚属,并描述了锚形叉麻蝇(R.anchoriformis)隶属于前者,黄山叉麻蝇(R.huangshanensis)隶属于后者。同年,Kano et Field     

麻蝇族三种雌性的发现——(双翅目:麻蝇科)

叉形亚麻绳Parasarcophaga scopariiformis为Senior-White 1927年记述,仅有雄性,模式产地为斯里兰卡,当时被列为Sarcophaga dux Thomson的一个变种,1937年Rohdendorf将它归入亚麻蝇属并作为独立的种,至今未见到雌性的描述。1965年虞以新在广东海南岛蜈蚑洲采获一对正在交配的麻蝇,雄性已确认为叉形亚麻蝇,从而得到本种的雌性。胡氏亚麻蝇Parasarcophaga hui(Ho)和海南刺麻蝇Sinonipponia hainanensis(Ho)均为何琦1936年记述,仅有雄性,模式标本同时采自海南岛,至今亦未见到雌性描述。1982年     

四川麻蝇族一新种及一新纪录种(双翅目:麻蝇科)

作者在四川省西部山区蝇类调查中,发现麻蝇族钳麻蝇属(Bellieriomima)一新种及翼突亚麻蝇,后者为国内首次发现,一并记述如下。     

四川雅安地区室内蝇类监测简报

1988年至1989年,作者对雅安地区蝇类在年周期中室内数量变化用目测法在100间不同类型的房屋内进行了监测。共监测成蝇标本6714只,隶属3科7属8种。简报如下。1蝇类群落组成所观察6714只标本中,其群落组成(%)从大到小序列依次为:家蝇(84.56)、巨尾阿丽蝇(9.28)、丝光绿蝇(2.98)、大头金蝇(2.28)、厩腐蝇(0.31)、麻蝇(含棕尾别麻蝇、白头亚麻蝇与黑尾黑麻蝇,0.28)、斑蹠黑蝇(0.71)及巴浦绿蝇(0.14)。从上述情况可以看出,家蝇为当地室内绝对优势种。2阳房率及其密度指数所监测7200间住房中,有蝇房间465间,阳房率6.46%,成蝇密度指数为0.93。各该…     

中国酱麻蝇属一新种及云南酱麻蝇的新分布(双翅目:麻蝇科)（英文）

报告了发现于云南的缨尾酱麻蝇Liosarcophaga(s.str.)fimbricauda n.sp.新种。云南酱麻蝇是该属新组合的种,在广西首次发现。噶伦堡亚麻蝇和伊萨乌拉亚麻蝇都是云南酱麻蝇的新异名。     

幼虫密度对二点委夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】在不同幼虫密度饲养条件下,研究二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone生长发育及繁殖的情况,明确幼虫密度对该害虫的室内种群增长的影响。【方法】本实验设置5个幼虫饲养密度即1,5,10,20和30头/瓶(750 mL),分别观察5个饲养密度下该虫的各个龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况。【结果】幼虫密度对该虫幼虫各龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况均有显著性影响。整个幼虫发育历期随着密度的增加而缩短,10头/瓶达到最短(18.27 d),之后随着幼虫密度的增加而显著延长;幼虫至蛹的存活率随着密度增高而显著下降,30头/瓶最低(39.37%)。蛹期随着密度的增加而延长(10头/瓶除外)。蛹重和每雌产卵量均以1头/瓶最高,随着幼虫密度的增加而显著下降。雌雄蛾寿命均以10头/瓶最长,与1和5头/瓶没有显著性差异。生命表分析显示:二点委夜蛾的种群增长指数以5头/瓶最高,幼虫密度过低或者过高均不利于种群增长。【结论】幼虫密度是影响二点委夜蛾种群增长的重要因子之一。     

甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性及其与酶活力的关系

【目的】明确甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)不同龄期幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱的敏感性及其与羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的相关性。【方法】采用室内生物测定方法检测甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性,并检测了不同龄期幼虫体内羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力。【结果】在所测定的5个龄期中,随龄期增加,敏感性逐渐降低,其中1~5龄幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的LC50分别为0.1010、0.3561、0.7568、1.4325和8.4390 mg/L,对毒死蜱的LC50分别为27.4632、46.8495、87.5222、129.3217和1 356.6770 mg/L。单头幼虫的羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力随虫龄的增加而提高,与龄期间对药剂的敏感性呈负相关(由于外源化合物摄入量减少,5龄单头幼虫的多功能氧化酶活力略有降低)。【结论】甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性存在非常明显的差异,在田间防治中,应选择对杀虫剂敏感性较高的低龄幼虫作为最佳防治时期。     

幼虫密度对斜纹夜蛾抗病能力的影响

为了阐明斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius幼虫密度对其抗病能力的影响,在室内条件下(温度23℃±1℃,相对湿度75%)对不同幼虫密度(1、2、5、10、15头/皿(直径为12cm))饲养的斜纹夜蛾幼虫抵抗斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒侵染的能力及其免疫指标进行了研究。结果表明:幼虫密度对斜纹夜蛾幼虫接种核型多角体病毒后的存活率、存活时间及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性影响显著。随着幼虫密度的增加,接种核型多角体病毒后幼虫的存活率降低,存活时间缩短。当幼虫密度达到15头/皿时,幼虫存活率显著低于其它幼虫密度。不同幼虫密度幼虫的存活时间以1头/皿的最高,15头/皿的最低,且二者之间差异显著。幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性随幼虫密度的增加而明显降低,当幼虫密度达到5头/皿时,幼虫酚氧化酶活性显著低于1头/皿的。另外,幼虫溶菌酶活性和血细胞总数受幼虫密度影响不显著。不同密度幼虫抗病性的变化与其血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性的变化趋势较为一致。所以斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗病能力的降低可能与幼虫酚氧化酶活性的下降有关。因此,幼虫密度是影响斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗病性变化的重要因子。     

Travel with your kin ship! Insights from genetic sibship among settlers of a coral damselfish

Coral reef fish larvae are tiny, exceedingly numerous, and hard to track. They are also highly capable, equipped with swimming and sensory abilities that may influence their dispersal trajectories. Despite the importance of larval input to the dynamics of a population, we remain reliant on indirect insights to the processes influencing larval behavior and transport. Here, we used genetic data (300 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms) derived from a light trap sample of a single recruitment event of Dascyllus abudafur in the Red Sea (N = 168 settlers). We analyzed the genetic composition of the larvae and assessed whether kinship among these was significantly different from random as evidence for cohesive dispersal during the larval phase. We used Monte Carlo simulations of similar‐sized recruitment cohorts to compare the expected kinship composition relative to our empirical data. The high number of siblings within the empirical cohort strongly suggests cohesive dispersal among larvae. This work highlights the utility of kinship analysis as a means of inferring dynamics during the pelagic larval phase.     

二种改进人工饲料对红脉穗螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在温度(29±1)℃和相对湿度75%±5%条件下,研究了2种改进人工饲料和天然饲料椰子幼果对红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker生长发育、繁殖力和营养的影响。结果表明:与天然饲料相比,用改进人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫生长发育速度、幼虫存活率、蛹重及产卵量均提高;幼虫相对生长率(RGR)、食物利用率(ECI)及食物转化率(ECD)均显著提高,而相对取食量(RCR)则显著降低。表明红脉穗螟幼虫对2种人工饲料有很好的适应性,可用于大量饲养。     

Utilization of larval and pupal detritus by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

The utilization of detritus sources by mosquito larvae during development may significantly affect adult life history traits and mosquito population growth. Many studies have shown invertebrate carcasses to be an important detritus source in larval habitats, but little is known regarding how invertebrate carcasses are utilized by mosquito larvae. We conducted two studies to investigate the rate of detritus consumption and its effect on larval development and life history traits. Overall, we found that Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae rapidly consumed larval detritus, while pupal detritus was consumed at a significantly slower rate. We also found that the consumption of larval detritus significantly increased larval survivorship and decreased male development time but did not significantly influence female development time or pupal cephalothorax length for either sex. Our results suggest that the direct consumption of larval detritus can support the production of adults in larval habitats that lack allochthonous detritus inputs or where such organic inputs are insufficient. These studies indicate that different forms of invertebrate detritus are utilized in distinct ways by mosquito larvae, and therefore different forms of invertebrate detritus may have distinct effects on larval development and adult life history traits.     

Establishing Restoration Strategy of Eastern Oyster via a Coupled Biophysical Transport Model

For marine fish and invertebrates, larval dispersal plays a critical role in determining connections among source and sink habitats, and the lack of a predictive understanding of larval dispersal is a fundamental obstacle to the development of spatially explicit restoration plans for marine populations. We investigated larval dispersal patterns of eastern oyster in an estuary along the Northern Gulf of Mexico under different simulation scenarios of tidal amplitude and phase, river discharge, wind direction, and larval vertical migration, using a coupled biophysical transport model. We focused on the dispersal of larvae released from the commercially exploited (Cedar Point, CP) and non‐exploited (Bon Secour Bay, BSB) oyster populations. We found that high flushing rates through the dominant inlet prevented larval exchange between the commercially exploited and non‐exploited populations, resulting in negligible connectivity between them. Variations in tidal amplitude, river discharge and wind direction played a more important role in the amount of larvae retained in Mobile Bay when they are released from CP than from BSB. Under most of the scenarios, larvae from BSB were retained around the spawning area, while larvae from CP showed a predominant westward flow. Net sinking behavior of late‐stage larvae increased larval retention in the bay, but physical transport showed a higher impact in the amount of larvae retained. These findings have enhanced our understanding of larval dispersal of eastern oyster in a wide, shallow estuarine system, and been used to establish spatially explicit strategies for oyster restoration in the Mobile Bay system, Alabama.     

Feeding damage by larvae of the mustard leaf beetle deters conspecific females from oviposition and feeding

Herbivorous insects may be informed about the presence of competitors on the same host plant by a variety of cues. These cues can derive from either the competitor itself or the damaged plant. In the mustard leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), adults are known to be deterred from feeding and oviposition by the exocrine glandular secretion of conspecific co-occurring larvae. We hypothesised that the exocrine larval secretion released by feeding larvae may adsorb to the surface of Chinese cabbage leaves, and thus, convey the information about their former or actual presence. Further experiments tested the influence of leaves damaged by conspecific larvae, mechanically damaged leaves, larval frass and regurgitant on the oviposition and feeding behaviour of P. cochleariae. Finally, the effect of previous conspecific herbivory on larval development and larval host selection was assessed. Our results show that (epi)chrysomelidial, the major component of the exocrine secretion from P. cochleariae larvae, was detectable by GC-MS in surface extracts from leaves upon which larvae had fed. However, leaves exposed to volatiles of the larval secretion were not avoided by female P. cochleariae for feeding or oviposition. Thus, we conclude that secretion volatiles did not adsorb in sufficient amounts on the leaf surface to display deterrent activity towards adults. By contrast, gravid females avoided to feed and lay their eggs on leaves damaged by second-instar larvae for three days when compared to undamaged leaves. Mechanical damage of leaves and treatment of artificially damaged leaves with larval frass or regurgitant did not affect oviposition and feeding of P. cochleariae. Since no adverse effects of previous herbivory on larval development were detected, we suggest that female P. cochleariae avoid Chinese cabbage leaves damaged by feeding larvae for other reasons than escape from competition or avoidance of direct negative effects that result from consuming induced plant material.     

幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

室内观察了块茎中不同虫口密度(5、10、15、20、25、30头/块茎)对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)生长发育、后代发育和繁殖的影响。结果显示:幼虫密度显著影响马铃薯块茎蛾的生长发育及繁殖。对其生长发育影响的结果表明:幼虫的发育历期(7.1～9.1d)、蛹的历期(8.8～9.9d)、雌雄成虫的历期(分别为6.4～12.9d,6.7～11.6d)随幼虫密度的增加而延长;幼虫存活率(70.3%～93.3%)、蛹的羽化率(69.8%～91.7%)随幼虫密度的增加显著下降;单头蛹重(9.2～11.4mg)、单雌产卵量(136.8～166.0粒)、成虫的雌∶雄比(0.54～2.17)随幼虫密度的增加而下降。对其后代发育及繁殖的影响的结果表明:卵的发育历期(3.0～4.4d)、幼虫的发育历期(6.2～10.8d)、蛹的历期(8.1～10.0d)、雌雄成虫的历期(分别为7.4～11.8d,6.6～10.5d)、世代发育历期(24.4～36.1d)随幼虫密度的增加而从延长;卵的孵化率(73.1%～79.0%)、幼虫存活率(55.0%～96.8%)、蛹的羽化率(63.3%～93.3%)、世代的存活率(25.6%～71.5%)随虫口密度的增加而下降;单头蛹重(8.9～9.9mg)、单雌产卵量(93.5～155.6粒)、成虫的雌∶雄比(0.45～2.20)随虫口密度的增加而下降;种群趋势指数(I)(7.44～76.43)随幼虫密度的增加而下降。马铃薯块茎蛾的饲养密度建议以1头/13.0～26.0g块茎为宜。