鸽血变虫（Haemoproteus columbae Kruse,1980）生活史研究

本文首次报告我国鸽血变虫的生活史。自然和人工感染实验证明虱蝇是其昆虫媒介。本虫的配子体进入虱蝇体内6—10天后完成孢子有性增殖。 实验观察了本虫在鸽体内无性增殖期的形态、部位及在末梢血液中配子体的发育过程,并证明其潜隐期(prepatent period)为28—30天。 本工作亦对羽虱体腔中的卵囊和子孢子作了描述,提示羽虱也可能是本虫的媒介昆虫,有待今后研究证实。     

温度对以白茶为寄主的米缟螟生长发育的影响

为探明温度对以白茶为寄主植物的产虫茶昆虫米缟螟生长发育的影响,分别设置5个温度条件(31、28、25、22、19℃),研究温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期、发育速率和存活率的影响,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温.结果表明:温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期影响显著,除卵的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短外,幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育历期均在25℃达到最小值,分别为(249.53±23.83)d、(12.94±1.27)d和(273.00±24.19)d;除蛹外米缟螟各虫态发育速率与温度呈极显著相关,其中卵的发育速率与温度呈线性相关,幼虫、蛹和未成熟期则呈抛物线相关;温度显著影响各虫态存活率,卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期各虫态存活率均在25℃最高,分别为94.0％、73.8％、91.3％和63.4％,22和19℃次之,31℃最低;幼虫及蛹存活率在31℃均为0,表明米缟螟不耐高温;卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为13.21、17.12、14.76和16.47℃,有效积温分别为117.94、870.88、149.70和1442.75日·度.研究结果与米缟螟在贵州息烽地区一年发生2至3代的事实大致相符.     

两种昆虫生长调节剂对嗜虫书虱的致死作用

系统测定了灭幼宝（Pyriproxyfen)和烯虫酯（Methoprene) 2种昆虫生长调节剂对储藏物主要害虫嗜虫书虱（Liposcelis entomophila)的生物活性。采用饲料混药法,针对不同浓度的灭幼宝和烯虫酯分别对嗜虫书虱若虫的致死作用,对若虫发育历期,成虫繁殖力和卵孵化率的影响设置不同处理和重复。结果表明,灭幼宝对嗜虫书虱若虫的致死作用非常明显,其效果比烯虫酯好;不同浓度的灭幼宝使若虫的发育历期明显延长; 灭幼宝和烯虫酯对嗜虫书虱的成虫无杀伤作用,但对成虫的产卵量有明显的抑制作用,两者的作用浓度却相差5倍。灭幼宝对卵的孵化率影响更大,因而具有更显著的杀卵效果。     

外来害虫双钩巢粉虱在海南的发生及温度对其发育的影响

双钩巢粉虱Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjae Martin是近年来在我国南方新发现的一种外来害虫。本文对双钩巢粉虱在海南的发生情况进行了调查,并对各虫态形态特征及温度对其生长发育的影响进行了观察。结果表明,双钩巢粉虱在海南省的各个县(市)都有发现,其在海南省的寄主植物共有20科29属37种,主要为害椰子、槟榔、番石榴、柑桔及番荔枝。双钩巢粉虱的发育经卵、若虫(分4个龄期)发育到成虫。在18～27℃条件下,双钩巢粉虱世代发育随温度的上升而加快,在27℃时最短,为16.38 d,18℃最长,需37.41 d,在30℃发育减缓,各虫态发育速率与温度呈抛物线关系。双钩巢粉虱世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.56℃和307.75日.度,在海南一年可发生16～17代。     

灰飞虱发育起点温度及有效积温的探讨

利用培养箱在恒温条件下饲养灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén,测定了卵、若虫、成虫繁殖前和全世代发育历期,用直线回归法计算了灰飞虱各虫态和全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.06、6.43、10.29、8.08℃和102.3、365.2、87.5、552.1日·度。并根据有效积温法则预测了该虫在济宁市1年完成的代数为4～5代。     

劳氏粘虫发育起点温度和有效积温研究

【目的】明确劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi (Duponchel)各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。【方法】本研究在光照培养箱中,测定劳氏粘虫分别在18、21、24、27、30℃下各虫态的发育历期,并运用有效积温法则计算出劳氏粘虫各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温;采用Logisitic模型建立各虫态发育速率与温度的关系,进而求出各虫态的发育最适温度及适宜温区。【结果】劳氏粘虫各龄幼虫在18-30℃之间均能正常生长发育,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为11.83、13.89、14.20、﹣1.86和12.24℃,有效积温分别为52.55、254.53、118.15、121.89和542.26日·度。全世代的发育最适温度为20.71℃,发育适温区为12.65-28.78℃。【结论】根据广西代表地区气象资料,推算出劳氏粘虫在广西一年理论发生5.8-7.8代,与田间调查情况相符。     

嗜卷书虱的实验生态研究

在8种温度(17.5～35℃)及5种相对湿度(50%、60%、70%、80%和90%)条件下,以全麦粉、酵母粉、脱脂奶粉(10∶1∶1)为食料,系统研究了嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel实验种群生态学特性。获得了该虫在不同温、湿度条件下生长发育、生存和繁殖的一系列特性和参数,包括各虫态发育历期、存活率、发育起点温度、有效积温和平均繁殖力等,并建立了发育速率、存活率及繁殖力的理论模型。     

温度对产虫茶昆虫紫斑谷螟生长发育的影响

为探明温度对贵州主要产虫茶昆虫紫斑谷螟Pyralis farinalis (Linnaeus)生长发育的影响, 本研究以白茶Litsea coreana为寄主植物, 分别设置5个恒温（19, 22, 25, 28和31℃）条件, 研究温度对紫斑谷螟卵、 幼虫、 蛹和未成熟期平均发育历期、 发育速率和存活率的影响, 计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。 结果表明： 温度对紫斑谷螟各虫态发育历期、 发育速率和存活率影响显著。 在19 ~ 31℃范围内, 各虫态的平均发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短, 卵期、 幼虫期、 蛹期及未成熟期均在31℃达到最小值, 分别为4.56±0.24, 43.33±1.50, 7.89±0.20和55.78±1.69 d。 紫斑谷螟各虫态发育速率与温度呈二次回归关系, 且极显著相关。 此外, 温度显著影响各虫态存活率, 卵的存活率在28℃时最高, 为93%; 幼虫和蛹的存活率则在25℃最高, 分别为88%和93%; 温度过高或过低均不利于其生长发育。 由直接最优法计算得到紫斑谷螟卵期、 幼虫期、 蛹期及未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为13.30, 15.48, 13.19和14.82℃, 有效积温依次为88.36, 679.51, 159.73和952.04日·度。 这些结果为紫斑谷螟的繁殖提供了基础参考数据, 对指导虫茶生产有实用参考价值。     

枸杞负泥虫的发育起点温度和有效积温

根据室内饲养观察结果估测,枸杞负泥虫LemadecempunctataGebler各虫态的发育起点温度分别为卵期(7.8±2.2)℃,若虫期(7.6±2.1)℃,预蛹期(8.1±0.9)℃,蛹期(9.3±3.0)℃,产卵前期(8.2±3.2)℃;有效积温分别为卵期88.4日·度,若虫期138.3日·度,预蛹期71.3日·度,蛹期65.9日·度,产卵前期126.8日·度;全世代的发育起点温度为(7.7±1.9)℃,有效积温为526.8日·度。根据有效积温法则推算,枸杞负泥虫在宁夏地区年发生理论代数为3.81(代),与实际观察结果基本吻合。     

亚致死剂量溴氰虫酰胺对MED烟粉虱取食行为及传播TYLCV的影响

取食是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)传播植物病毒最重要的途径之一.本研究利用昆虫刺探电位(EPG)技术研究了杀虫剂溴氰虫酰胺亚致死浓度(LC15)对携带番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)MED烟粉虱取食行为和传毒效率的影响.结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺对未携毒和携毒MED烟粉虱的亚致死浓度(LC15)分别...     

Morphometric comparison of Simulium perflavum larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) in relation to season and gender in Central Amazônia, Brazil

Number of larval instars, age structure and environmental effects on these parameters represent basic information in the study of insect population biology. When species have economic importance, this information is essential in order to choose the best period to apply different control methods and to determine the stages of the life cycle of the insect that are most susceptible to each treatment. The family Simuliidae has many species of medical/veterinary importance in the world, and some studies in the temperate region have suggested that the number of larval instars and the larval size can vary according to the season, gender and some environmental factors, such as temperature and diet. This study, with the zoophilic species Simulium perflavum Roubaud, is the first in the Neotropics observing some of these factors and will serve as a template for other species of medical importance in the region. S. perflavum larvae were collected in five streams in Central Amaz?nia (Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo counties, State of Amazonas), in Sept./Oct. 1996 (dry season) and Feb./Mar. 1997 (rainy season). These larvae were measured (lateral length of head capsule and width of cephalic apodema) to determine the number of larval instars (n=3985), to compare the larval size between seasons and genders (last and penultimate larval instars, n=200). Seven larval instars were determined for this species using frequency distributions, t-tests and Crosbys growth rule. Significant differences were not detected (t-test, p>0.05) in larval size between seasons and genders. Our results differ from some found in temperate regions suggesting that in the Neotropical region the larval size in different seasons and different genders remains constant, although some environmental parameters, such as diet, change depending on the season.     

有效积温Sine函数拟合模型及其应用

阐述了昆虫物候分析的SSPM模型（single sine phonological model）计算方程和过程,该模型采用Sine函数拟合每天温度变化,并利用积分,获取每天有效积温和一定时间内日度累积值.SSPM重要的参数有发育起点温度和上限温度,参与模型计算包括日最高气温和日最低气温2个输入值,在输入值和参数值组合条件下,模型有6个不同计算方程.以棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）为例,介绍了SSPM在昆虫发育历期分析过程,简单表述了模型预测功能.随自动化气象站分布密度增加和Internet技术的发展,模型在区域化害虫管理中有着重要的应用前景.     

Effects of temperature on Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae and pupae

Developmental thresholds, degree-days for development, larval weights, and head capsule widths for each larval instar and the pupal stage of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were studied at eight constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C) for two source populations (Ravenswood, Chicago, IL [IL], and Bayside, Queens, NY [NY]). The estimated lower threshold temperature for development of instars 1-5 and the pupal stage was near 10°C and was near 12°C for the higher instars. Developmental rate was less temperature sensitive for instars 5-9 compared with instars 1-4. Development for all but the first instar was inhibited at constant temperatures >30°C, and all instars failed to develop at 40°C. Although the two source populations had similar responses to temperature, IL larvae were heavier than those from NY. Temperature and its influence on larval weight had profound impacts on whether a larva proceeded to pupation. Based on the temperature effects detailed here, larval development and pupation should be possible in most of the continental United States where suitable hosts are available. These data can be used to develop a degree-day model to estimate beetle phenology; however, at least 2°C should be added to air temperatures to adjust for the mediation of temperature by the wood. These data provide a basis for predicting the potential geographical range of this species and for developing phenological models to predict the timing of immature stages, both of which are important for management programs.     

Abundance, age structure, and voltinism of light brown apple moth populations in California

The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is native to Australia and first was detected in California in 2006. In this study, we regularly sampled populations on Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F.Muell. at two sites in San Francisco and on Arctostaphylos densiflora M.S. Baker at two sites in Santa Cruz over a 2-yr period to monitor the abundance, age structure, and voltinism of this potential pest in relation to degree-days. Our results showed that larval abundance declined at two sites, cycled with peaks in midsummer at one site, and remained steady at one site. Generations overlapped at all four sites with the full range of larval instars being present for most of the year, although populations during the winter were predominantly mid to late instars. Accumulated degree-days predict an average of 3.27 and 4.58 generations per year in San Francisco and Santa Cruz, respectively, which matched our observed peaks of late-instar larvae in the field remarkably well. This new information on light brown apple moth phenology in coastal California will be invaluable for the development of effective monitoring and management strategies for this new invader in the studied region.     

Size compensation in moth larvae: attention to larval instars

Environmental perturbations such as starvation and poor diet often prevent animals from attaining their optimal sizes. When the perturbation has a transient character, compensatory responses are expected in terms of faster growth or a prolonged developmental period. In the case of insect larvae, details of such responses are insufficiently known at the proximate level. Attention to responses at the level of particular larval instars should promote an understanding of insect developmental plasticity also in a more general context. To provide an instar‐specific analysis of compensatory growth, larvae of the moth Orgyia antiqua (L.) are reared on inferior diet during one larval instar. Responses in growth parameters are recorded in the course of the manipulated instars, as well as at the level of the entire larval period. The negative relationship between development time and size in response to the inferior food quality, typical of the entire larval periods, is also observed within the manipulated instars taken separately. The manipulated larvae remain smaller than the larvae of the control group (significant in males only), even by the end of the subsequent instar during which all individuals are provided with superior host. In males, close to full size compensation by the time of pupation is achieved only by means of adding an extra larval instar. The inability of larvae to fully compensate during one and even two instars is considered as an indication of the presence of constraints on the within‐instar growth pattern. An alternative, adaptational explanation for the incomplete compensation could be based on the cost of prolonged development period. Given the ecological context of the species' life history, such an explanation appears less likely.     

青蒿蛀虫——白钩小卷蛾初步研究

白钩小卷蛾Epiblema foenella L.是药用植物青蒿(Artemisia apiacea Hance)的蛀干害虫,通过田间定点定时系统调查,得出该虫在长沙地区田间1年发生3代,以高龄幼虫在寄主残株及根部蛀洞内越冬,世代发育起点温度为12.122℃,有效积温为726.52日·度。描述了白钩小卷蛾各虫态及各龄幼虫的形态特征及生活习性,提出了有关预测技术及防治措施的建议。     

Temperature-dependent development of Chilocorus bipustulatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The effect of temperature on development and survival of Chilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of many scale insects, was studied under laboratory conditions. The duration of development of egg, first, second, third, and fourth larval instars, pupa, and preovioposition period at seven constant temperatures (15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, and 35°C) was measured. Development time decreased significantly with increasing temperature within the range 15-30°C. Survival was higher at medium temperatures (17.5-30(ο)C) in comparison with that at more extreme temperature regimens (15 and >30(ο)C). Egg and first larval instars were the stages where C. bipustulatus suffered the highest mortality levels at all temperatures. The highest survival was recorded when experimental individuals were older than the third larval instar. Thermal requirements of development (developmental thresholds, thermal constant, optimum temperature) of C. bipustulatus were estimated with application of linear and one nonlinear models (Logan I). Upper and lower developmental thresholds ranged between 35.2-37.9 and 11.1-13.0°C, respectively. The optimum temperature for development (where maximum rate of development occurs) was estimated at between 33.6 and 34.7°C. The thermal constant for total development was estimated 474.7 degree-days.     

Statistical estimation of degree days of mosquito development under fluctuating temperatures in the field.

Degree-days are important parameters for developing predictive models of mosquito populations. Conventional methods of estimation of degree-days are typically applied to observations under constant temperatures in the laboratory. These methods are difficult to apply in the field where temperatures fluctuate. For estimating degree-days of larval developments of mosquitoes in the field, we applied Dennis' stochastic phenological model to a semi-field observation of Culex restuans. A parametric bootstrap approach was introduced to estimate standard errors of the parameters. We found that the estimated degree-days varied with various assumptions about the temperature base. Given the latter, the model can satisfactorily estimate the degree-days of larval and pupal developments of Cx. resturans. This approach is especially useful to measure spatio-temporal variability in larval development among various types of aquatic habitats.     

Effect of temperature on the development of the West Indian sweet potato weevil, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euscepes postfasciatus</Emphasis> (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on an artificial diet

The relationship between temperature and the development of the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus, on an artificial larval diet containing powdered sweet potato root, was examined at different fixed temperatures from 22 to 31°C. The developmental periods for egg, larvae, and pupae stages shortened in correlation with increased temperature. The thermal constant was 769.2 degree-days and the developmental zero for female and male was 11.1 and 11.7°C, respectively. Although we can rear this weevil at temperatures ranging from 22 to 31°C, rearing temperatures should be kept between 25 and 28°C because the developmental stages were too long at 22°C and the larval period was delayed at 31°C. The basis for these developmental data will be a useful key factor in designing a plan to eradicate the weevil by using a mass-rearing system and SIT.     

Interactive effect of diet and temperature on instar numbers in Spodoptera litura,with reference to head capsule width and weight

The effects of diet and temperature on instar numbers and head capsule width in Spodoptera litura F. were compared among individuals reared on an artificial diet, lettuce and perilla leaves at 25 and 30 °C. The number of instars that the insect completed varied as diet and temperature were changed. All the larvae developed through seven instars at 25 °C regardless of diet, but at 30 °C, the number of instars varied depending on the diet. All larvae fed on lettuce leaves had six instars, while larvae fed on the artificial diet passed through seven instars. On perilla, 52% of larval individuals had six instars, and the rest had seven instars. Head capsule width could be used effectively to determine the developmental stage of individual larvae. The frequency distribution of head capsule width showed six or seven distinct peaks, depending on diet and temperature conditions. The relationship between mean head capsule width and weight of larvae was described using an exponential model.