猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒cDNA文库的构建及基因组序列的测定

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征自1987年首次在美国发现以来[1],几年之内便席卷了北美洲和欧洲大陆[2],后蔓延至许多亚太国家和地区 [3,4].我国1995年首次暴发此病,该病在我国普遍存在,给我国养猪业的健康发展造成巨大障碍[5].目前国内外尚无理想防疫疫苗.当前用于预防的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的主要疫苗是弱毒苗和灭活疫苗.灭活疫苗免疫效果差,弱毒苗能提供较好的免疫保护,但毒力返强的几率相当高,这一点已在几年前丹麦等国因广泛使用弱毒苗而导致该病大暴发中得以证实[6].     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗

针对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS),主要以疫苗预防为主.常规疫苗主要有灭活疫苗和弱毒疫苗,但前者的免疫原性差,保护效果不佳;后者又发现存在毒力返强的可能性,安全性低的问题.目前学者们主要集中在对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRS virus,PRRSV)基因工程疫苗进行研究.本文就PRRS的灭活疫苗、弱毒疫苗和基因工程疫苗的研究进展做详细的阐述.     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP3基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征 (porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome ,PRRS)是引起怀孕母猪早产、流产、死胎及仔猪呼吸系统疾病的一种新发现的病毒性传染病[1] .该病毒的基因组为单股正链RNA ,约15kb ,含有 8个开放阅读框架 (ORFs) ,ORF1编码病毒非结构蛋白 (依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶 ) ,ORF2 ORF7编码病毒的结构蛋白 .其中ORF3含有 2 6 5个氨基酸 ,编码的GP3蛋白为高度糖基化的结构蛋白 ,有 7个糖基化位点 ,具有免疫原性[2 ,3 ] .目前 ,用于预防PRRS的疫苗主要是弱毒苗和灭活苗 ,虽然都有一定的免疫效果 ,但由于PRRS抗体依赖性…     

马传染性贫血病毒美洲流行株与我国弱毒疫苗株鉴别诊断方法的研究

马传染性贫血病毒(Equine infectious anemia virus,EIAV)是反转录病毒科慢病毒属的成员,是马传染性贫血病的病原.二十世纪七十年代我国就研制出马传染性贫血驴白细胞弱毒疫苗,成为世界第一个成功地应用该疫苗控制了我国的马传贫的发生[1].而且我国的马传贫弱毒疫苗对异源的美国、古巴和阿根廷等毒株也有很高的保护率[2].因此将我国的马传贫驴细胞弱毒疫苗推向国际市场成为可能.然而目前制约该苗出口的技术问题是现行的OIE推荐的琼脂扩散实验和ELISA等血清学方法不能鉴别自然感染马与我国弱毒疫苗免疫马,针对这个关键问题,本试验采用PCR方法初步建立了一种能够鉴别美洲(美国和阿根廷)流行毒株感染马和我国弱毒疫苗免疫马的实验室检测方法,为我国疫苗能在世界范围内应用提供了配套技术.     

由灭活疫苗、弱毒活疫苗及DNA疫苗诱导的抗日本脑炎病毒免疫应答的特征

<正>预防接种是保护个体对抗日本脑炎病毒感染的最有效的手段。目前在中国使用了2种日本脑炎病毒疫苗;即Vero细胞衍生性灭活疫苗和弱毒活疫苗。在这项研究中,作者在小鼠模型中鉴定了由灭活疫苗、弱毒活疫苗以及DNA疫苗侯选物〔(pCAGJME),它表达了JEV-prM-E蛋白〕诱导的免疫应答的     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗致弱及免疫保护机制研究进展

马传染性贫血病毒(equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV)弱毒疫苗是中国科学家在20世纪70年代研制成功的世界上首例慢病毒疫苗,是迄今为止唯一在临床大规模应用的慢病毒弱毒疫苗。EIAV弱毒疫苗的成功应用不仅消除了该疫病对马业的威胁,而且在学术上突破了慢病毒不能免疫的理论。该疫苗克服了灭活疫苗免疫原性差的难点,能有效地提供对同源和异源毒株的免疫保护。因此,在分子水平上阐明EIAV弱毒疫苗的减毒机理和免疫保护机制对于研究慢病毒免疫保护具有极其重要的科学意义。作者所在的研究团队多年来一直从事EIAV弱毒疫苗的致弱机理及其诱导免疫保护机制的研究,解析了EIAV弱毒疫苗及其强毒株的基因组进化特征、揭示了疫苗致弱规律和疫苗有效组成、提出了"EIAV弱毒疫苗可能起源于EIAV准种的一个小分支"的假说;发现EIAV弱毒疫苗可有效激活天然免疫和特异性免疫,早期诱导的高水平细胞免疫与免疫保护呈正相关;证明了疫苗株的抗原多样性组成是其诱导保护性免疫应答的关键因素。相关研究成果拓展了慢病毒疫苗研究理论和实践认知,可为其他慢病毒尤其是HIV-1免疫原的设计以及免疫保护理论提供有价值的参考。     

严重急性呼吸道综合征相关冠状病毒疫苗的研制现状

新型冠状病毒作为严重急性呼吸道综合征暴发流行的病原体(SARS-CoV),目前仍无抗SARS-CoV的特效药物,因此疫苗的研究为预防SARS再次流行具有重大意义.目前研制的SARS-CoV疫苗有SARS-CoV灭活疫苗、SARS-CoV DNA疫苗、SARS-CoV腺病毒载体疫苗、重组SARS-CoV刺突蛋白-减毒痘苗病毒等.体外及体内动物攻毒保护实验结果显示,所研制的SARS疫苗均可诱生体液和细胞免疫应答,并对免疫动物具有保护性作用.本文将近期有关研究结果作了综述.     

融合表达牛疱疹病毒1型VP22及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5重组伪狂犬病毒TK-/gE-/VP22GP5+的构建

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive andrespiratory syndrome,PRRS)和伪狂犬病(pseudora-bies,PR)是两种严重危害养猪业的重要病毒性传染病。而引发PR的伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabiesvirus,PRV)是构建基因工程疫苗优良的活病毒载体[1]。已有报道将表达猪瘟病毒(hog cholera virus,HCV)囊膜蛋白E1基因的重组PRV(rPRV)二价基因工程疫苗免疫猪后,能同时抵抗HCV和PRV的强毒攻击[2],显示了PRV作为活病毒载体的可行性和“一针防两病”的独特优点。由ORF5基因编码的囊膜糖蛋白GP5是猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive …     

马传染性贫血病毒美洲流行株与我国弱毒疫苗株鉴别诊断方法的研究

马传染性贫血病毒(Equine infectious anemia virus,EIAV)是反转录病毒科慢病毒属的成员,是马传染性贫血病的病原。二十世纪七十年代我国就研制出马传染性贫血驴白细胞弱毒疫苗,成为世界第一个成功地应用该疫苗控制了我国的马传贫的发生[1]。而且我国的马传贫弱毒疫苗对异源的美国、古巴和阿根廷等毒株也有很高的保护率[2]。因此将我国的马传贫驴细胞弱毒疫苗推向国际市场成为可能。然而目前制约该苗出口的技术问题是现行的OIE推荐的琼脂扩散实验和ELISA等血清学方法不能鉴别自然感染马与我国弱毒疫苗免疫马,针对这个关键问题,本试验…     

应对日益严峻的挑战：中国禽传染性支气管炎研究

自1937年禽传染性支气管炎病毒在美国被首次分离以来,该病毒的传播给世界养禽业带来了严重的经济损失。中国地域辽阔、气候多样,国内该病毒的流行情况十分复杂。本文就传染性支气管炎在国内的病原分离、分子流行病学、检测技术、疫苗及综合防控技术等方面的研究与实践进行总结。目前,该病毒在中国多种类型毒株并存,优势流行毒株为QX基因型毒株。除广泛使用的H120等Mass血清型疫苗外,4/91血清型疫苗和LDT3-A株疫苗也被逐步使用,多采用弱毒疫苗和灭活疫苗联合免疫的方法有效控制了其对养禽业造成的经济损失。     

Comparison of molecular and biological characteristics of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine (ingelvac PRRS MLV), the parent strain of the vaccine (ATCC VR2332), ATCC VR2385, and two recent field isolates of PRRSV

The objectives of this study were to compare the molecular and biological characteristics of recent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) field isolates to those of a modified live virus (MLV) PRRS vaccine and its parent strain. One hundred seventeen, 4-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to six groups. Group 1 (n = 20) served as sham-inoculated negative controls, group 2 (n = 19) was inoculated with Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine, group 3 (n = 20) was inoculated with the parent strain of the vaccine (ATCC VR2332), group 4 (n = 19) was inoculated with vaccine-like PRRSV field isolate 98-38803, group 5 (n = 19) was inoculated with PRRSV field isolate 98-37120, and group 6 (n = 20) was inoculated with known high-virulence PRRSV isolate ATCC VR2385. The levels of severity of gross lung lesions (0 to 100%) among the groups were significantly different at both 10 (P < 0.0001) and 28 days postinoculation (p.i.) (P = 0.002). At 10 days p.i., VR2332 (26.5% +/- 4.64%) and VR2385 (36.4% +/- 6.51%) induced gross lesions of significantly greater severity than 98-38803 (0.0% +/- 0.0%), 98-37120 (0.8% +/- 0.42%), Ingelvac PRRS MLV (0.9% +/- 0.46%), and negative controls (2.3% +/- 1.26%). At 28 days p.i., 98-37120 (17.2% +/- 6.51%) induced gross lesions of significantly greater severity than any of the other viruses. Analyses of the microscopic-interstitial-pneumonia-lesion scores (0 to 6) revealed that VR2332 (2.9 +/- 0.23) and VR2385 (3.1 +/- 0.35) induced significantly more severe lesions at 10 days p.i. At 28 days p.i., VR2385 (2.5 +/- 0.27), VR2332 (2.3 +/- 0.21), 98-38803 (2.6 +/- 0.29), and 98-37120 (3.0 +/- 0.41) induced significantly more severe lesions than Ingelvac PRRS MLV (0.7 +/- 0.17) and controls (0.7 +/- 0.15). The molecular analyses and biological characterizations suggest that the vaccine-like isolate 98-38803 (99.5% amino acid homology based on the ORF5 gene) induces microscopic pneumonia lesions similar in type to, but different in severity and time of onset from, those observed with virulent strains VR2385 and the parent strain of the vaccine. Our data strongly suggest that isolate 98-38803 is a derivative of Ingelvac PRRS MLV and that the isolate is pneumovirulent.     

Protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice by recombinant OprF-pulsed dendritic cell immunization

Background

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has now been widely recognized as an economically important disease. The objective of this study was to compare the molecular and biological characteristics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) field isolates in China to those of the modified live virus (MLV) PRRS vaccine and its parent strain (ATCC VR2332).

Results

Five genes (GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5 and NSP2) of seven isolates of PRRSV from China, designated LS-4, HM-1, HQ-5, HQ-6, GC-2, GCH-3 and ST-7/2008, were sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide sequence of the ORF2-5 and NSP2 showed that the seven Chinese isolates belonged to the same genetic subgroup and were related to the North American PRRSV genotype. Comparative analysis with the relevant sequences of another Chinese isolate (BJ-4) and North American (VR2332 and MLV) viruses revealed that these isolates have 80.8-92.9% homology with VR-2332, and 81.3-98.8% identity with MLV and 80.7-92.9% with BJ-4. All Nsp2 nonstructural protein of these seven isolates exhibited variations (a 29 amino acids deletion) in comparison with other North American PRRSV isolates. Therefore, these isolates were novel strain with unique amino acid composition. However, they all share more than 97% identity with other highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strains. Additionally, there are extensive amino acid (aa) mutations in the GP5 protein and the Nsp2 protein when compared with the previous isolates.

Conclusions

These results might be useful to study the genetic diversity of PRRSV in China and to track the infection sources as well as for vaccines development.     

Generation of an infectious clone of VR-2332, a highly virulent North American-type isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

A full-length cDNA clone of the prototypical North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate VR-2332 was assembled in the plasmid vector pOK(12). To rescue infectious virus, capped RNA was transcribed in vitro from the pOK(12) clone and transfected into BHK-21C cells. The supernatant from transfected monolayers were serially passaged on Marc-145 cells and porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Infectious PRRSV was recovered on Marc-145 cells as well as porcine pulmonary macrophages; thus, the cloned virus exhibited the same cell tropism as the parental VR-2332 strain. However, the cloned virus was clearly distinguishable from the parental VR-2332 strain by an engineered marker, a BstZ17I restriction site. The full-length cDNA clone had 11 nucleotide changes, 2 of which affected coding, compared to the parental VR-2332 strain. Additionally, the transcribed RNA had an extra G at the 5' end. To examine whether these changes influenced viral replication, we examined the growth kinetics of the cloned virus in vitro. In Marc-145 cells, the growth kinetics of the cloned virus reflected those of the parental isolate, even though the titers of the cloned virus were consistently slightly lower. In experimentally infected 5.5-week-old pigs, the cloned virus produced blue discoloration of the ears, a classical clinical symptom of PRRSV. Also, the seroconversion kinetics of pigs infected with the cloned virus and VR-2332 were very similar. Hence, virus derived from the full-length cDNA clone appeared to recapitulate the biological properties of the highly virulent parental VR-2332 strain. This is the first report of an infectious cDNA clone based on American-type PRRSV. The availability of this cDNA clone will allow examination of the molecular mechanisms behind PRRSV virulence and attenuation, which might in turn allow the production of second-generation, genetically engineered PRRSV vaccines.     

Genetic analysis of ORF5 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated in Vietnam

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important swine pathogens because it is highly infectious and causes economic losses due to decreased pig productivity. In this study, the 603 bp complete major envelope protein encoding gene (ORF5) of 32 field PRRSV isolates from Vietnam collected during 2008–2012 were sequenced and analyzed. Multiple nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) alignments of ORF5 were performed on the 32 isolates: the representative strains (European and North American genotypes), Chinese strains available in GenBank and vaccine strains licensed for use in Vietnam. The results showed 94.8–100.0% nt identity and 94.0–100% aa similarity among the 32 isolates. These isolates shared similarities with the prototype of the North American PRRSV strain (VR‐2332; nt 87.8–89.3%, aa 87.5–90.0%), and Lelystat virus, the prototype of the European PRRSV strain (LV; nt 61.1–61.9%, aa 55.1‐57.0%). There was greater similarity with QN07 (nt 96.5‐98.5%, aa 96.0‐99.0%) from the 2007 PRRS outbreak in QuangNam Province, CH‐1a (nt 93.2–95.1%, 91.5–93.5%) isolated in China in 1995 and JXA1 (nt 96.5–98.6%, aa 95.0–98.0%), the highly pathogenic strain from China isolated in 2006. The Vietnamese isolates were more similar to JXA1‐R (nt 96.5–98.6%, aa 95.0–98.0%), the strain used in Chinese vaccines, than to Ingelvac MLV/BSL‐PS (nt 87.2–89.0%, aa 86.0–89.0%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 32 isolates were of the North American genotype and classified into sub‐lineage 8.7. This sub‐lineage contains highly pathogenic Chinese PRRSV strains. This study documents genetic variation in circulating PRRSV strains and could assist more effective use of PRRS vaccines in Vietnam.     

Genetic diversity of the ORF5 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in southwest China from 2007 to 2009

To gain insight into the molecular epidemiology and possible mechanisms of genetic variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in Yunnan Province of China, the ORF5 gene of 32 PRRSV isolates from clinical samples collected from 2007 to 2009 were sequenced and analyzed. Nucleotide and amino acid analyses were carried out on 32 isolates and representative strains of the North American genotype, European genotype and two representative Chinese isolates. Results revealed that these isolates share 86.9-99.0% nucleotide and 87.5-98.0% amino acid identity with VR-2332 the prototypical North American PRRSV, 61.7-62.9% and 54.3-57.8% with Lelystad virus (LV) the representative strain of European genotype, 91.2-95.4% and 90.0-94.5% with CH-1a that was isolated in mainland China in 1996, 88.1-99.3% and 85.5-99.0% with JX-A1 the representative strain of High pathogenic PRRSV in China, and 86.2-99.8% and 85.5-100.0% between isolated strains of different years, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 32 PRRSV isolates belonged to the North American genotype and were further divided into two different subgenotypes. Subgenotype 1 comprised twenty two Yunnan isolates which divided into two branches. Subgenotype 2 comprised ten isolates which closely related to the RespPRRS vaccine and its parent strain VR-2332. The functional domains of GP5 such as the signal peptide, ectodomain, transmembrane regions and endodomain were identified and some motifs in GP5 with known functions, such as primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) and decoy epitope were also further analyzed. Our study shown the great genetic diversity of PRRSV in southwest China, rendering the guide for control and prevention of this disease.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征与伪狂犬病混合感染的分子生物学快速诊断

According to the nucleotide sequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus VR2332 strain and Pseudorabies virus shanghai strain provided in GenBank, two pairs of primers were designed to amplify the N gene of PRRSV by RT-PCR and Tk gene of PRV by PCR. As a result, a rapid molecular diagnosis with high specificity and accuracy was set up.The result indicated that PRRSV was detected from 11 out of 33 samples, PRV was detected from 9 out of 33 samples, and co-infection by PRRSV and PRV was confirmed in 8 samples, the rate of co-infection was at 24.2%.     

不同PRRSV毒株间ORF1a基因密码子偏爱性差异分析

运用CodonW、ClustalX、TreeView软件及EMBOSS（,rIleEuropean MolecularBiologyOpenSoftwareSuite）、CIMMiner在线分析软件对选取的29株PRRSVORFla基因进行密码子偏爱性聚类分析．CAI、CBI、Fop、Nc、GC3s和GC含量、基因长度等相关性分析显示PRRSV各毒株编码的ORFla基因密码子偏爱性各有差异,其中Lelystadvirus、LV4-2．1、VR-2332、RespPRRSMIV与国内分离的高致病性PRRSV变异株之间差异较大．密码子使用概率聚类分析表明CC．1、NVSL．97．7895、CH—1a、RespPRRSMLV、LV4．2．1、Lelystadvirus与高致病性PRRSV变异株距离较远．而国内分离株相互间的聚类距离则较接近。此结果与基于氨基酸序列比对构建的系统进化树图谱基本一致．由此可见．PRRSV病毒ORF1a基因密码子使用偏爱性的差别与病毒的遗传多样性密切相关．     

我国两个不同地区猪繁殖和呼吸综合征病毒分离株ORF5基因序列比例

猪繁殖和呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)为动脉炎病毒科成员之一,可引起感染母猪流产、死胎及断奶仔猪呼吸困难和死亡.该病毒呈球形,有囊膜,大小45nm～83nm,基因组为单股RNA,大小约15kb,有8个阅读框(ORF),分别编码2种非结构蛋白和6种结构蛋白,其中ORF5编码病毒糖基化膜蛋白(GP5)[1,2].GP5蛋白为该病毒主要结构蛋白之一,含有病毒线性中和抗原表位.该蛋白可诱导感染细胞发生细胞凋亡[3,4].目前,PRRSV有欧洲型和美州型两个血清型,其结构蛋白基因同源性为54%～70%[5,6].不同美洲型PRRSV野毒株基因也有一定差异.由ORF5基因推导的氨基酸序列有4个相对保守区,但其N端和C端氨基酸残基可变性较大.由该基因构建的重组质粒具有良好免疫原性[7,8].尽管一些欧美国家已普遍使用Resp PRRS弱毒疫苗,但该病仍时有发生[9,10].我国于1996年亦已证实存在该病,并有不断蔓延趋势,已造成我国养猪业严重经济损失.     

Genetic Variation of Chinese PRRSV Strains Based on ORF5 Sequence

Thirteen isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from different provinces of China were studied and compared with several PRRSV isolates from other countries. Phylogenetic analysis shows that all Chinese isolates of PRRSV in this study belong to the American genotype, except for one strain, B13, which clustered as a European genotype. Sequence analysis revealed that PRRSV Chinese isolates of the American genotype were highly similar in the ORF5 sequence and could be classified into two subclades. One contains PRRSV isolates that are more closely related to the American vaccine strain MLV Resp and its parent strain VR-2332, and the other contains ones only distantly related to them. Within the Chinese isolates slight genetic variation occurred, and some strains may originate directly from the vaccine virus.     

我国猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NT0901分离株分子特征

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)是目前引起国内外养猪业严重经济损失的重要病原之一,病毒基因和毒力变异较大。PRRSV NT0801株分离自我国发病猪群,毒力较强,但NSP2基因不存在高致病性PRRSV 30个氨基酸的缺失。为了进一步阐明该分离株的分子特征,本研究对该毒株全基因序列进行了测定和分析,结果该毒株基因组全长15 439 bp,其中包含29 nt Poly(A)。与高致病性PRRSV毒株JXA1比较,核酸序列同源性为96.7%,推导的GP3和GP5氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.2%和98.5%,但NSP2基因无30个氨基酸的缺失;与传统型毒株ch-1a比较,推导的GP3和GP5氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.9%和91.5%;基因进化树分析结果显示其介于高致病性和传统PRRSV毒株之间。与其它不同毒力PRRSV分离株基因序列比较,未发现明显重组信号。不同毒力毒株氨基酸残基比对分析结果显示,15个位点潜在毒力相关氨基酸残基中,该毒株有9个与高致病性PRRSV毒株一致,3个与高致病性PRRSV毒株不同,但与传统型和JXA1疫苗株相同,1个位点只与JXA1疫苗株相同,2个与其它毒株都不相同。表明该分离株与高致病性PRRSV密切相关,PRRSV流行毒株变异与基因突变有关,从而为该病毒毒力基因定位研究奠定了基础。