Determination of benflumetol in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of benflumetol in human plasma is described. Benflumetol in plasma samples was extracted with a glacial acetic acid-ethyl acetate (1:100, v/v) mixture at pH 4.0. Chromatography was performed on a Spherisorb C₁₈ column using a methanol-water-glacial acetic acid-diethyl amine (93:6:1:0.03, v/v) mixture as the mobile phase and UV-VIS detection at 335 nm. The identity and purity of the benflumetol peak were carefully examined, and the internal standard method was applied for its quantitation. The absolute recovery of benflumetol in spiked plasma samples was 92.91% over the concentration range 5–4000 ng/ml. The recovery of internal standard “8212” at a concentration of 300 ng/ml in spiked plasma was 84.85%. The detection limit of benflumetol was 11.8 ng/ml. Plasma concentration-time profiles in healthy volunteer adults were measured after a single-dose oral administration of 500 mg of benflumetol. The assay procedures were within the quality control limits.     

Determination of a novel sigma receptor antagonist, DuP 734, in rat plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for a sigma receptor antagonist, DuP 734 (I), in rat plasma has been developed. Compound I and internal standard, XC031 (I.S.), were first extracted from plasma into an ethyl acetate—toluene mixture (3:7, v/v) and then back-extracted into freshly prepared phosphoric acid (0.03 M). Separation of I and I.S. with no interference from endogenous substances was achieved on a reversed-phase octyl column and detection was by UV at 229 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile—glacial acetic acid—triethylamine—0.05 M ammonium acetate (670:4:2:2000, v/v). Using 0.5 ml of rat plasma for extraction, the limit of quantitation was 43 ng/ml and the assay was linear from 43 to 8536 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation ranged from 0.7 to 3.0%, and from 1.4 to 14.5%, respectively, over the entire concentration range. The accuracy was within 16.1% of the spiked concentrations. I was stable in frozen plasma at −20°C for at least 68 days.     

Determination of risperidone and its major metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV absorbance detection is described for the quantitation of risperidone and its major metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma, using clozapine as internal standard. After sample alkalinization with 1 ml of NaOH (2 M) the test compounds were extracted from plasma using diisopropyl ether–isoamylalcohol (99:1, v/v). The organic phase was back-extracted with 150 μl potassium phosphate (0.1 M, pH 2.2) and 60 μl of the acid solution was injected into a C₁₈ BDS Hypersil analytical column (3 μm, 100×4.6 mm I.D.). The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 3.7 with 25% H₃PO₄)–acetonitrile (70:30, v/v), and was delivered at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The peaks were detected using a UV detector set at 278 nm and the total time for a chromatographic separation was about 4 min. The method was validated for the concentration range 5–100 ng/ml. Mean recoveries were 98.0% for risperidone and 83.5% for 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 11% for both compounds, while accuracy, expressed as percent error, ranged from 1.6 to 25%. The limit of quantitation was 2 ng/ml for both analytes. The method shows good specificity with respect to commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs, and it has successfully been applied for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.     

Determination of stavudine, a new antiretroviral agent, in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been developed to determine the levels of a new antiretroviral agent, stavudine (2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine, d4T), in human plasma. Didanosine (2′,3′-dideoxyinosine, ddI) was used as the internal standard. The very selective sample pretreatment involved solid-phase extraction using silica gel columns. Chromatography was carried out on a μBondapak phenyl column, using a mobile phase of 0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8)—methanol (90:10, v/v) and ultraviolet detection at 265 nm. The method has been validated, and stability tests under various conditions have been performed. The detection limit is 10 ng/ml (using 500-μl human plasma samples). The bioanalytical assay has been used in a single pharmacokinetic experiment in a rat to investigate the applicability of the method in vivo.     

Determination of Ro 23-7637 in dog plasma by multidimensional ion-exchange—reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Ro 23-7637 (I) is a new drug under development for the treatment of metabolic diseases. A high-performance liquid chromatographic—ultraviolet detection (HPLC—UV) analytical procedure for its analysis in dog plasma was developed and is reported here. Following C₁₈ solid-phase extraction, the sample is applied to a strong cation-exchange column in the first dimension. The analyte and internal standard, Ro 24-4558 (II), are transferred to a base-deactivated C₁₈ reversed-phase column in the second dimension (orthogonal separation mechanism), with UV detection at 254 nm. The reversed-phase solid-phase extraction provides a gross isolation of the drug, based on hydrophobicity. The first-dimension ion-exchange separation allows neutral species and anions to elute with the column void volume, while separating basic species according to pK_a. The second dimension provides a high-resolution separation dependent upon the hydrophobicity of the sample species. The rationale for using orthogonal multidimensional chromatography was that an exhaustive examination of reversed-phase and normal-phase columns invariably resulted in co-elution of I with endogenous plasma components, which limited the sensitivity of the method. We have utilized C₁₈ solid-phase extraction, followed by multidimensional HPLC—UV, to develop an accurate and precise analytical method whose limit of quantitation, 5 ng/ml using 0.5 ml of plasma, is determined by inherent detector sensitivity. Increased sensitivity can be readily achieved by using more sample or by using microbore HPLC on the second dimension.     

Analysis of perillic acid in plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple and sensitive isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection for the quantitation of perillic acid, a major circulating metabolite of perillyl alcohol and d-limonene, in plasma is described. Sample preparation involved protein precipitation and subsequent transfer and dilution with 10 mM NaHCO₃. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (36%) and 0.05 M ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.0 (64%). Separations were achieved on a C₁₈ column and the effluent monitored for UV absorption at the analytes' respective UV_max. Separation was excellent with no interference from endogenous plasma constituents. This method was found suitable for quantifying drug concentrations in the range of 0.25 to 200.0 μg/ml using a 0.05-ml plasma sample, and was used to study the plasma pharmacokinetics of perillic acid in mice.     

Simultaneous determination of clofibrate and its active metabolite clofibric acid in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection method for simultaneous determination of clofibrate (I) and its major metabolite clofibric acid (II) in human plasma has been developed to support a clinical study. I, II and internal standard (I.S., III) are isolated from human plasma by 96-well solid-phase extraction (SPE) C(18)z.ccirf;AR plate and quantified by direct injection of the SPE eluent onto the HPLC with UV detection wavelength at 230 nm. Two chromatographic methods, isocratic and step gradient, have been validated from 1.0 to 100.0 microg/ml and successfully applied to plasma sample analysis for a clinical study. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) is 1.0 microg/ml for both I and II when 500 microl plasma sample is processed. Sample collection and preparation is conducted at 5 degrees C to minimize the hydrolysis of I to II in human plasma.     

Determination of ketorolac in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using solid-phase extraction and ultraviolet detection

An improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed to measure human plasma concentrations of the analgesic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac for use in pharmacokinetic studies. Samples were prepared for analysis by solid-phase extraction using Bond-Elut PH columns, with nearly complete recovery of both ketorolac and the internal standard tolmetin. The two compounds were separated on a Radial-Pak C₁₈ column using a mobile phase consisting of water–acetonitrile–1.0 mol/l dibutylamine phosphate (pH 2.5) (30:20:1) and detected at a UV wavelength of 313 nm. Using only 250 μl of plasma, the standard curve was linear from 0.05 to 10.0 μg/ml.     

Determination of rifampin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple, specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of rifampin in human plasma. Rifampin and sulindac (internal standard) are extracted from human plasma using a C₂ Bond Elut extraction column. A 100-μl volume of 0.1 M HCl is added to the plasma before extraction to increase the retenction of the compounds on the extraction column. Methanol (1 ml) is used to elute the compounds and 0.5 ml of 3 mg/ml ascorbic acid in water is added to the final eluate to reduce the oxidation of rifampin. Separation is achieved by reversed-phase chromatography on a Zorbax Rx C₈ column with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile (55:45, v/v). Detection is by ultraviolet absorbance at 340 nm. The retention times of rifampin and internal standard are approximately 4.4 and 7.8 min, respectively. The assay is linear in concentration ranges of 50 to 35 000 ng/ml. The quantitation limit is 50 ng/ml. Both intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision data showed good reproducibility.     

Determination of rifabutin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple, specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of rifabutin in human plasma. Rifabutin and sulindac (internal standard) are extracted from human plasma using a C₈ Bond Elut extraction column. Methanol (1 ml) is used to elute the compounds. The methanol is dried down under nitrogen and reconstituted in 250 μl of mobile phase. Separation is achieved by HPLC on a Zorbax Rx C₈ column with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.05 M sodium acetate at pH 4.0-acetonitrile (53:47, v/v). Detection is by ultraviolet absorbance at 275 nm. The retention times of rifabutin and internal standard were approximately 10.8 and 6.9 min, respectively. The assay is linear over the concentration range of 5–600 ng/ml. The quantitation limit was 5 ng/ml. Both intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision data showed good reproducibility.     

Determination of fluvastatin and its five metabolites in human plasma using simple gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple gradient reversed-phase high-performance chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection for the determination of fluvastatin (FV) and its five metabolites, (M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5 and M-7) in human plasma was developed and validated. The limit of quantification of FV and its five metabolites in human plasma was 10 ng ml⁻¹. The assay had satisfactory selectivity, recovery, linearity and precision accuracy. Stability studies showed that FV and its five metabolites were stable in plasma up to at least 1 month of storage at −30°C.     

Determination of scutellarin in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A validated high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of scutellarin in rat plasma using a liquid-liquid extraction and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection. The separation used a Diamonsil ODS column (250 mm x 4.6mm i.d., 5 microm particle size) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol-acetonitrile-50mM dihydrogen ammonium phosphate buffer (22:15:63 (v/v/v), adjusted to pH 2.5 with 1M phosphoric acid). The ultraviolet detector operated at 335 nm. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate after acidification. The extraction recovery of scutellarin ranged from 68.1 to 80.5%. High selectivity and a low quantitation limit (0.050 microg/ml) were achieved. The linear range was 0.050-12.5 microg/ml, correlation coefficient r=0.9981. The method has a good reproducibility, R.S.D. values were below 7.9% for within-day and between-day precision. The method is simple, rapid, and applicable to preliminary pharmacokinetic studies of scutellarin in rats.     

Determination of amidepin in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amidepin has been developed. The method is based on the extraction of alkaline plasma with diethyl ether—dichloromethane, and the injection into the Supelcosil LC-18 column of the evaporated and reconstituted organic phase. After separation, detection is carried out by a fluorescence detector (excitation at 195 nm with no filter). The limit of detection is 10 ng/ml of plasma. The mean coefficient of variation is 12%. The plasma levels after oral administration and after intravenous administration are shown.     

Determination of clozapine, desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection for the simultaneous determination of clozapine and its two major metabolites in human plasma is described. Analytes are concentrated from alkaline plasma by liquid–liquid extraction with n-hexane–isoamyl alcohol (75:25, v/v). The organic phase is back-extracted with 150 μl of 0.1 M dibasic phosphate (pH 2.2 with 25% H₃PO₄). Triprolidine is used as internal standard. For the chromatographic separation the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile–0.06 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.7 with 25% phosphoric acid (48:52, v/v). Analytes are eluted at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min, separated on a 250×4.60 mm I.D. analytical column packed with 5 μm C₆ silica particles, and measured by UV absorbance detection at 254 nm. The separation requires 7 min. Calibration curves for the three analytes are linear within the clinical concentration range. Mean recoveries were 92.7% for clozapine, 82.0% for desmethylclozapine and 70.4% for clozapine N-oxide. C.V. values for intra- and inter-day variabilities were ≤13.8% at concentrations between 50 and 1000 ng/ml. Accuracy, expressed as percentage error, ranged from −19.8 to 2.8%. The method was specific and sensitive with quantitation limits of 2 ng/ml for both clozapine and desmethylclozapine and 5 ng/ml for clozapine N-oxide. Among various psychotropic drugs and their metabolites, only 2-hydroxydesipramine caused significant interference. The method is applicable to pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.     

Determination of clozapine,and its metabolites,N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide in dog plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography

Clozapine and its two major metabolites, N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection in dog plasma following a single dose of clozapine. The analysis was performed on a 5-micrometer Hypersil CN (CPS-1; 250x4.6 mm) column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water-1 M ammonium acetate (50:49:1, v/v/v), which was adjusted to pH 5.0 with acetic acid. The detection wavelength was 254 nm. A liquid-liquid extraction technique was used to extract clozapine and its metabolites from dog plasma. The recovery rates for clozapine, N-desmethylclozapine, and the internal standard (I.S.) were close to 100% using this method. The recovery rate for clozapine N-oxide (62-66%) was lower as expected because it is more polar. The quantitation limits for clozapine, clozapine N-oxide, and N-desmethylclozapine were 0.11, 0.05 and 0.05 microM, respectively. Intra-day reproducibility for concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 microM were 10.0, 4.4 and 4.2%, respectively, for N-oxide; 11.2, 4.3 and 4.9%, respectively, for N-desmethylclozapine; and 10.8, 2.2 and 4.9%, respectively, for clozapine. Inter-day reproducibility was <15% for clozapine N-oxide, <8% for N-desmethylclozapine and <19% for clozapine. This simple method was applied to determine the plasma concentration profiles of clozapine, N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide in dog following administration of a 10 mg/kg oral dose of clozapine.     

Determination of exemestane, a new aromatase inhibitor, in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 6-methylen-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (exemestane) and its 17-dihydro metabolite in human plasma has been developed. The analytes and internal standard (Norgestrel) were extracted from plasma samples with a methylene chloride—iso—octane mixture; the organic phase was dried and the residue was reconstituted with an acetonitrile—water mixture, then analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Quantification was achieved by ultraviolet detection of the eluate. The linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated. No interference from the constituents of human blank plasma was observed. The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/ml plasma. The suitability of the method for in vivo samples was checked by analysis of plasma samples drawn from healthy male volunteers who had received a 200-mg single oral dose of the test compound.     

Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A method for the determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃, the major metabolite of vitamin D₃ in human plasma, using a non-radioactive internal standard and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (265 nm) has been developed. The method was applied to the determination of the metabolite in plasma from healthy subjects (n=25) and from patients with chronic renal failure (n=12). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ 3-sulfate, a major conjugated metabolite of 25-hyroxyvitamin D₃, was also determined and the correlation between the concentrations of these metabolites was examined. The study showed that almost equal amounts of both compounds were detected in the plasma of healthy subjects, however, in two subjects, the amount of sulfate in the free form was found to be about twice as high as normally detected. In contrast, the free form was predominant in the plasma of patients with chronic renal failure and the sulfate was not detected in four patients.