云南莎草属一新种

根状茎短, 具许多须根。秆丛生, 粗壮, 高70~130cm, 钝三棱形, 平滑, 下面为叶鞘所包, 具3~5叶。叶短于秆, 宽8~12mm, 基部折合, 上部平张;叶鞘长10~35cm, 红褐色, 基部深褐色。     

莎草属果皮微形态特征及其分类学上的意义

首次报道了在立体显微镜及扫描电子显微镜下对莎草属(Cyperus Linn.)14种、2变种植物果皮微形态特征的观察结果。根据纹饰特点的不同,可分为三种类型:(1)网——瘤状复合纹饰;(2)网状纹饰;(3)疣状纹饰。莎草属植物在果皮微形态特征上存在的种间差异可为种的划分提供依据,并为探讨该属的系统演化提供有价值的资料。     

CONTROL OF THE INTERNODAL INTERCALARY MERISTEM OF CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS

In the growing culm of C. alternifolius, surgical removal of parts indicated that the stimulus for the prolonged activity of the internodal intercalary meristem (IM) came from the matured leaves and upper internode and that buds were not involved in maintaining internodal growth. Decapitation of the culm resulted in cessation of internodal extension. Various growth regulators were applied to the decapitated internode, and both the total extension and growth rates were analyzed statistically. Gibberellin A₃ (GA) and benzyladenine (BA) substituted for the excised parts in their effect on internodal extension. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) had little effect. (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) inhibited internodal growth, and its effects were reversed by GA. IAA was antagonistic to BA but not to GA. BA and GA were somewhat antagonistic. The quantitative effects of growth regulators on epidermal and ground parenchyma cell length and number of interstomatal cells were examined. Extension induced by GA was due to both cell division and cell elongation in the IM. Cells were longer, and fewer stomates differentiated than in the control. In internodes induced to extend by GA + BA cell division, cell length, and stomate differentiation were similar to the control. The results indicate that prolonged internodal IM activity is maintained by cytokinins and gibberellins coming from the matured upper portions of the culm. Changes in the levels of these regulators during growth presumably result in the histological gradient in the internode.     

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE UREDINIAL STAGE OF PUCCINIA CANALICULATA ON YELLOW NUTSEDGE,CYPERUS ESCULENTUS (CYPERACEAE)

The ultrastructure of the uredinial stage of the rust fungus, Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh., on yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) is described using scanning electron microscopy. This rust has been proposed as a potential biological control agent against this serious weed species. Urediniospores are ellipsoid to ovoid, and echinulate with the spines distributed over the surface except at basal portions. Spines are in circular depressions, encircled by annuli. Germination is through one of two equatorial germ pores. Germ tube growth is primarily perpendicular to the longitudinal orientation of epidermal cells. Appressoria completely cover stomata. Uredinia develop within linearly aligned intercellular cavities in substomatal regions. Uredinia become erumpent, exposing pedicellate urediniospores and smooth paraphyses scattered throughout the sori. Uredinia are nonperidiate.     

FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES OF CYPERUS AND THEIR EFFECT ON AN INSECT HERBIVORE

Populations of the sedges Cyperus virens Michx. and C. pseudovegetus Steud. (Cyperaceae) in Louisiana often contain individuals infected by the systemic fungal endophyte Balansia cyperi Edg. (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycetes). Related fungal endophytes infecting grasses are known to have detrimental effects on insect and mammalian herbivores consuming infected plants. In this study herbivory of infected and uninfected sedges was compared in two laboratory experiments. Newly hatched larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J. E. Smith], Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) were reared on leaves from either infected or uninfected plants of C. virens and C. pseudovegetus grown in the greenhouse. Survival, growth, and development of each insect were monitored. For both sedges larval survival and rate of weight gain were reduced, and length of the larval period was increased for larvae reared on leaves from infected plants compared to larvae reared on leaves from uninfected plants. The results of this study parallel results obtained from grasses, suggesting that the endophyte may defend its host against herbivory in natural populations.     

高寒草甸植被退化过程中生物土壤结皮演变特征

对生物土壤结皮(BSCs)在青藏高原的分布和作用还知之甚少,为了解其在高寒草甸退化过程中的演变特征,以高寒草甸为对象,研究其退化和人工重建对BSCs生长和分布影响。结果表明:随草甸退化,植被盖度不断降低,苔藓类结皮在禾草嵩草草甸和6年人工草地出现频度最高,随植被退化出现频度降低,"黑土滩"阶段最低(43.6%);黑斑、菌斑和地衣都是在矮嵩草阶段形成,在小嵩草草甸裂缝期或者剥蚀期出现频度最高,在禾草嵩草群落、6年人工草地及黑土滩均未出现;相关分析表明,苔藓类结皮出现频率与植被盖度呈极显著相关(P0.01),而与黑斑和地衣出现频率呈负相关,菌斑与地衣出现频度呈显著相关(P0.05)。BSCs在高寒草甸广泛分布,不同演替阶段,其分布和物种组成存在较大差别。植被生长和表土稳定性状况导致了BSCs的异质性分布格局。     

Field Note: Phytoremediation of Petroleum Sludge Contaminated Field Using Sedge Species,Cyperus Rotundus (Linn.) and Cyperus Brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk

The aim of this study was to degrade total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in a petroleum sludge contaminated site (initial TPH concentration of 65,000–75,000 mg.kg^–1) with two native sedge species namely Cyperus rotundus (Linn.) and Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Fertilized and unfertilized treatments were maintained separately to record the influence of fertilizer in TPH degradation. The average biomass production (twenty plants from each treatment) of C. rotundus was 345.5 g and that of C. brevifolius was 250.6 g in fertilized soil during 360 days. Decrease in soil TPH concentration was higher in fertilized soil (75% for C. rotundus and 64% for C. brevifolius) than in unfertilized soil (36% for C. rotundus and 32% for C. brevifolius). In unvegetated treatments, decrease in soil TPH concentration in fertilized (12%) and unfertilized soil (8%) can be attributed to natural attenuation and microbial degradation. TPH accumulation in roots and shoots was significantly higher in fertilized soil in comparison to unfertilized soils (p < 0.05). Most probable number (MPN) in planted treatments was significantly higher than in unplanted treatments (p < 0.05).     

A NEW FUNGUS ON CYPERUS IRIA

Thind , K. S., and G. S. Rawla . (Panjab U., Chandigarh, India.) A new fungus on Cyperus iria. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(10): 859–862. Illus. 1961—Duosporium cyperi gen. et sp. nov., collected on Cyperus iria Linn., is characterized by the production of 2 types of conidia, macroconidia and microconidia. The macroconidia are straight, cylindrical, triseptate, with their middle cells dark brown, long, thick-walled, and end cells much paler or subhyaline, short, thin-walled, the middle and the end cells being equally wide. The microconidia are nonseptate, spherical, dark brown, prominently verrucose, and produced apically on the conidiophores like the macroconidia; occasionally also formed as secondary conidia on germinating 3-septate macroconidia in culture. The formation of 2 distinct types of conidia in Duosporium and the features of its macroconidia characteristically differentiate it from its close relative Helminthosporium, although Duosporium. cyperi is not unique among fungi in producing 2 types of conidia.     

Influence of senescence and of carbohydrate levels on the pattern of leaf proteases in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

Cyperus rotundus L. is a monocotyledonous perennial weed, which forms large numbers of tubers during its vegetative growth. Since these tubers represent major sinks, source/sink interactions are more complex, and leaf senescence and proteolytic processes in this species may be different from the situation in the well‐investigated annual crop plants characterized by monocarpic senescence. Judged by native PAGE and by inhibitor studies, three different aminopeptidases, one iminopeptidase, two or more carboxypeptidases and two or more different endopeptidases were present in mature green leaves. Exo‐ and endoproteolytic activities increased during the senescence of excised leaf segments. A marked change was observed in the endopeptidase pattern, since a cysteine proteinase activity was strongly induced during senescence of the segments. This endopeptidase was also found in naturally senescing leaves and may, therefore, participate in nitrogen salvage from these organs. An increase of different protease activities was demonstrated in leaf segments of C. rotundus in the presence of high carbohydrate levels. The mechanisms involved, and the importance of this phenomenon for the interaction between source/sink relations and senescence, remain to be demonstrated.     

我国油莎豆栽培品系表型特征的相关性分析

油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.)起源于地中海北非地区,是一种在块茎器官中储藏油脂的特殊油料作物。为了在我国推广油莎豆的种植,急需对我国油莎豆品系的基本生物学特性进行研究。我们收集了国内油莎豆主要种植地的种质资源(品系),经过大田种植后,比较分析了品系间块茎和植株部分性状及其相关性。根据块茎的大小和形态,将这些栽培油莎豆品系归为3个基本类型,即长粒型、大粒型和圆粒型。在大田种植条件下,油莎豆各品系都极少开花,品系之间块茎芽点数和茎环数无显著性差异。但是这3个类型油莎豆在块茎含油量、叶片和植株形态、分蘖特性等方面具有很大差异。叶片长宽比与块茎高宽比显著正相关,但叶片形态与块茎含油量的相关性不显著。该研究结果可为油莎豆的大田种植和品种选育提供重要参考。     

Seedling Blights of Cyperaceae Weeds Caused by Curvularia tuberculata and C. oryzae

Two Curvularia tuberculata isolates (93-020 and 93-022) and one C. oryzae isolate (93-061) were obtained from diseased Cyperus difformis , C. iria , and Fimbristylis miliacea , respectively, in the Philippines in 1993. When inoculated onto their hosts at 1 ×10 8 conidia m -2 , and provided with 24-h dew at 28°C, a severe and rapid blighting of the leaves caused the weed seedlings to die within two weeks. The three Curvularia isolates were cross-pathogenic to C. difformis , C. iria , F. miliacea , and C. rotundus but exhibited varying degrees of virulence depending on the weed species being attacked. C. tuberculata isolates 93-020 and 93-022 effectively controlled C. difformis and C. iria but were less effective on F. miliacea.

C. oryzae was equally virulent on C. difformis , C. iria , and F. miliacea . C. rotundus was not killed by any of the three isolates and exhibited only minor flecking and leaf tip die-back. Sporulation of the three Curvularia isolates on necrotic leaf tissues occurred on the susceptible ( C. difformis , C. iria , and F.miliacea ) but not on the resistant ( C. rotundus ) weed hosts.     

The past,present and future of thermophilous Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. (Cyperaceae) on the island of Ischia (southern Italy)

Cyperus polystachyos is a hygrophilous, thermophilous and heliophilous plant with a punctiform distribution in southern Italy, where it is almost exclusively found on Ischia, an island in the Bay of Naples characterized by widespread volcanic hydrothermal activity. This species is a native of tropical and subtropical areas and there is evidence for ancient isolation events in the creation of its current distribution pattern. We have studied the historical literature available for this plant since 1800 and collected temporal and spatial presence data of this species in order to develop a habitat suitability map based on a GIS approach and using a multiple linear regression model. Moreover, we have used univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. The results show the importance of the environmental mosaic around fumaroles to preserve the species; urbanization and geothermal energy use of fumaroles in the past and the combination of abandonment of the typical agricultural system and the natural occurrence of reforestation in the present are the main causes of the decline in the number of populations.     

Chemical Constituents and Anti-Gastric Ulcer Activity of Essential Oils of Alpinia officinarum (Zingiberaceae), Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae), and Their Herbal Pair

The essential oil (EO) of the herbal pair (HP), Alpinia officinarum-Cyperus rotundus (HP G-X) has been conventionally used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for ‘warming the stomach’ and relieving pain. However, its pharmacologically active compounds, as well as the mechanism of its anti-gastric ulcer properties remain unclear. In this study, the EOs obtained from HP G-X and its corresponding single herbs were analyzed using GC/MS. A total of 74, 56, and 85 compounds were detected in A. officinarum (GLJ), C. rotundus (XF), and HP G-X, accounting for 93.2 %, 89.5 %, and 92.0 % of the total content, respectively. GLJ mainly contains 1,8-cineol (22.0 %) and α-terpineol (11.8 %), whereas cyperenone (22.4 %) and cyperene (12.3 %) were the major constituents in XF. These four compounds were also detected in the HP G-X with relatively high composition as 11.8 %, 5.5 %, 11.8 %, and 10.6 %, respectively. Although no new compounds were detected in HP G-X, the relative concentration of some compounds increased, while others decreased or even disappeared. HP G-X showed the lowest toxicity (TC₅₀ >800 μg/mL) against human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) and had the best protective effect against ethanol-induced GES-1 cell damage compared to the individual herbs. In vitro studies demonstrated that HP G-X and the corresponding single herbs significantly reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. In addition, in vivo investigations indicated that HP G-X can protect the gastric mucosa of mice from ethanol-induced damage by inhibiting the inflammatory reaction and providing analgesia. It can also inhibit the expression of NF-κBp65, COX-2, and TRPV1 protein, reduce the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, and relieve heat-induced pain. This study further substantiated the traditional application of HP G-X against gastric ulcers through both in vivo and in vitro investigations.     

Identification of human cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors from Cyperus scariosus (R.Br) rhizomes

Cyperus scariosus (R.Br) belongs to the family Cyperaceae and it has a diverse medicinal importance. To identify human cyclooxegenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors from C. scariosus, the rhizome powder was exhaustively extracted with various solvents based on the increasing polarity. Based on the presence and absence of secondary metabolites, we have selected the methanolic extract to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The same extract was further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis to identify the active compounds. Binding affinities of these compounds towards anti-inflammatory protein COX-2 were analyzed using molecular docking interaction studies. Phytochemical analysis showed that methanol extract is positive for all secondary metabolites. The antioxidant activity of the C. scariosus rhizomes methanolic extract (CSRME) is half to that of ascorbic acid at 50 µg/ml. The anti-inflammatory activity of CSRME is higher than that of diclofenac sodium salt at high concentration, which is evident from the dose dependent inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation at 40 µg/ml–5 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of nine compounds, among all N-methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide and 1,5,diphenyl-2H-1,2,4- triazine form a hydrogen bond interactions with Ser-530 and Tyr-385 respectively and found similar interactions with crystal structure of diclofenac bound COX-2 protein. Benzene-1, 2-diol, 4-(4-bromo-3 chlorophenyl iminomethyl forms hydrogen bond interactions with Thr-199 and Thr-200 as similar to crystallized COX-2 protein with valdecoxib. Collectively our results suggest that CSRME contains medicinally important anti-inflammatory compounds and this justifies the use of this plant as a folklore medicine for preventing inflammation associated disorders.     

脉红螺Rapana venosa(Valenciennes)生殖系统的组织解剖学研究

脉红螺为雌雄异体。雄性生殖系统包括8部分:精巢、输精小管、贮精囊、输精管、前列腺、输精管外套段Ⅰ、输精管外套段Ⅱ和阴茎。雌性生殖系统包括7部分:卵巢、输卵小管、输卵管Ⅰ段、纳精囊、输卵管Ⅱ段、蛋白腺和产卵器。 脉红螺精子形成过程中有精子细胞团形成。精子线形,由头段、中段和尾段构成。头段核基部内凹形成倒“U”形管;中段有丝状线粒体鞘,螺旋缠绕轴丝;尾段由9条粗纤维包围‘9+2’型轴丝构成。 本文亦对前列腺、蛋白腺及蛋白质卵黄粒等的超微结构作了观察。     

Antifungal efficacy of some ethyl acetate extract fractions of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes against spore germination of some fungi

Plant products play an important role as safe and ecofriendly method in controlling various plant diseases. Ethyl acetate fractions of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been found highly effective against some species of Alternaria (A. alternata, A. brassicola, A. solani, Alternaria chearanthi), Colletotrichum (C. musae, Colletotrichum sp.), Curvularia (C. lunata, C. maculans, C. pallescens, C. pennisetti), Helminthosporium (H. pennissetti, H. spiciferum, H. echinoclova and Heterosporium colocasiae) in vitro. A. brassisicola was highly sensitive to all the fractions at all the concentrations. Fractions 4–7 inhibited complete spore germination at 2000 and 3000 μg/ml as compared to control. However, 100% spore germination inhibition was found in Colletotrichum species in all the fractions at 2000 and 3000 μg/ml but at lower concentrations 50–60% spore germination and 90% reduction of germ tube elongation were observed. Curvularia species was highly sensitive to all concentrations of all the fractions as 50–100% spore germination inhibition was recorded at 500 μg/ml dose. Some species of Helminthosporium were sensitive at 3000 μg/ml in some fractions but other test fractions showed least efficacy. Fractions 4–7 were 100% inhibitory for H. colocasiae. Germ tube elongation was also affected by 60–90%. The germ tube branching and their elongation were affected in almost all species at 30 to 95%. The high efficacy of ethyl acetate fractions of rhizomes of C. rotundus against some fungi indicates that they can be very well tried under field conditions against some important plant diseases as an ecofriendly method of plant disease control.     

海南莎草属植物叶下表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜对海南莎草属(Cyperus Linnaeus)15个种1个变种的叶下表皮微形态进行了研究。结果显示:(1)该属叶下表皮微形态基本特征如下:长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形,边缘波状、深波状;无短细胞的存在;副卫细胞为高圆屋顶形、圆屋顶形、圆屋顶至三角形或三角形;(2)根据保卫细胞的形态将海南莎草属分为两大类型即保卫细胞两端明显加厚型和保卫细胞两端不明显加厚型;(3)海南莎草属叶下表皮微形态一致,表明莎草属是一个自然类群,但在莎草属种间叶下表皮的长细胞形态、保卫细胞及副卫细胞形态、气孔长宽等存在一定的差异,可作为本属种间分类鉴别的参考依据。