水分因素对沙地柏实生苗水分和生长特征的影响

为探讨未来降雨变化对半干旱气候区毛乌素沙地常绿优势灌木沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)实生苗水分和生长特征的可能影响，在鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态站开展了模拟降雨变化的实验。水分饱和亏缺和组织密度随土壤水分含量提高而降低，失水系数却相反，这表明沙地柏实生苗的保水抗旱性随模拟降雨量增加而降低。水分梯度对枝茎面积比无显著影响，叶质量茎面积比和叶质量枝面积比随土壤水分含量增大而降低，这意味着实生苗分枝的供水潜力随水分可利用性提高而降低。水分变化显著影响生物量分配，而对形态和植冠生产力指数均无显著影响；生物量、株高和基茎增量的变化反映了沙地柏生长的缓慢性。根系对水分变化的敏感性高于叶和茎，地下部分生物量投资随水分可利用性提高而增大，这暗示沙地柏实生苗可能通过节约利用水分方式适应自然生境中的水分胁迫。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿和牛心朴子生理生态学研究

 作为毛乌素沙地植被主要建群种的油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)在一些地方出现了不同程度的退化,而萝摩科的一种多年生草本植物牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)却出现了繁茂的生长。它们之间存在着一定的演替关系。本文通过对油蒿和牛心朴子的生理生态学特性和生殖生物学特性的研究及对其生境各要素的分析,说明了油蒿具有变水植物的特点,牛心朴子具有恒水植物的特点。在不同立地条件下,两种植物的光合、蒸腾及气孔行为都不相同。即便是在相同立地条件下,牛心朴子的水分利用效率亦显著高于油蒿;并且,牛心朴子只受轻微水分胁迫或不受水分胁迫,而油蒿则始终处于水分胁迫之下,说明牛心朴子在竞争中比油蒿占有相对的优势。在生态诸因子中,土壤水分状况是演替的外因,两种植物的水分生理生态特性和生殖生物学特征的差异是演替的内因。     

毛乌素沙地沙地柏（Sabina vulgaris）的水发生态初步研究

对毛乌素沙地沙地柏群落的水分状况作了初步研究,在典型的沙地柏群群落中选取位于丘顶（水分条件较差）和丘间低地（水分条件较好）的两个样地作为研究对象,观测了植物叶子的蒸腾速率,气孔阻力及水势等生理生态指标,并结合群落特征和土壤水分状况,探讨了水分与亏缺对沙地柏的影响。研究结果表明：１）虽然沙地柏具有比多数沙生灌木国小的蒸腾速率和更强的抗旱性,但是在不能利用地下水的情况下,其过大的密度可经起大量蒸腾耗水     

毛乌素沙地沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)的水分生态初步研究

对毛乌素沙地沙地柏群落的水分状况作了初步研究。在典型的沙地柏群落中选取位于丘顶（水分条件较差）和丘间低地（水分条件较好）的两个样地作为研究对象,观测了植物叶子的蒸腾速率、气孔阻力及水势等生理生态指标,并结合群落特征和土壤水分状况,探讨了水分亏缺对沙地柏的影响。研究结果表明：１）虽然沙地柏具有比多数沙生灌木较小的蒸腾速率和更强的抗旱性,但是在不能利用地下水的情况下,其过大的密度可引起大量蒸腾耗水,并使植物处于严重的水分亏缺之中;２）在沙地柏群落的退化乃至于成片枯死过程中,水分胁迫是重要的因素之一;３）为了防风固沙,人工栽植沙地柏的适宜地段应选择水分条件较好的沙地（如滩地覆沙）,而在高大的沙丘或梁地栽植沙地柏,应该注意规模和密度。     

宁夏沙坡头地区人工固沙植被种间水分竞争的初步研究

本文通过研究沙坡头地区人工固沙植被中油蒿和柠条对环境资源利用（包括时间,空间和水资源）所表现出的不同生长状况和生理生态特性,阐明了环境条件的动态变化,尤其是沙地表面结皮的形成、降水入渗浅层化对固沙植物水分利用与竞争的重要影响,结果表明,油蒿以其较强蒸腾耗水能力和根系的浅层密集分布,在与柠条的水分竞争中占据优势,能够更好地利用作为唯一水分来源的降水补给。     

干旱胁迫下AM真菌对油蒿叶片保护系统的影响

基利用盆栽试验在正常水分和干旱胁迫条件下研究了灭菌土接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和土著AM真菌对油(蒿Artemisia ordosica)生长及叶片保护系统的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制了土著AM真菌对油蒿的侵染,但对G.mosseae的侵染影响较小。正常水分和干旱胁迫条件下,接种AM真菌显著增加了油蒿生物量和干重以及根系含磷量;提高了叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量并降低了脯氨酸和丙二醛含量;显著增强了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,增强了油蒿对干旱的防御能力。     

水分因对沙地柏实生苗水分和生长特征的影响

为探讨未来降雨条化对半干旱气候区毛乌素沙地常绿优势灌木沙地柏（Sabina vulgaris)实生苗水分和生长特征的可能影响。在鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态站开展了模拟降雨变化的实验,水分饱和亏缺和组织密度随土壤水分含量提高而降低,失水系数却相反,这表明沙地柏实生苗的保水抗旱性随模拟降雨量增加而降低。水分梯度对枝茎面积比无显著影响,叶质量茎面积比和叶质量枝面积比随土壤分含量增大击降低。这意味着实生苗分枝的供水潜力随水分可利用性提高而降低,水分变化显著影响生物量分配,而对形态和植冠生产力指数均显著影响;生物量、株高和茎茎增量的变化反映了沙地柏生长的缓慢性,系对水分变化的敏感性高于叶和茎,地下部分生物量投资随水分可利用性提高而增大,这暗示沙地柏实生苗可能通节约利用水分方适应自生境中的水分胁迫。     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的蒸腾作用及其群落的水分状况

 本文对比研究了处于不同生境的油蒿群落中油蒿的水分生理生态特性。结果表明：(1)半固定沙丘的油蒿比固定沙丘油蒿长势好,前者的生物量约为后者的4—5倍;(2)半固定沙丘土壤导水率是固定沙丘的10倍左右;(3)叶温与气温之差和水势能较好地反映油蒿的生长状况,而蒸腾速率与扩散阻力反映不十分敏感。     

植物生态学报第25卷总目次

第 1期 ( 2 0 0 1年 1月 )西双版纳片断化热带雨林常绿乔木幼树水分利用效率的边缘效应研究渠春梅　韩兴国　苏　波　黄建辉　蒋高明 (1)……………………沙坡头地区不同配置格局油蒿和柠条水分生态位适宜度研究唐海萍　史培军　李自珍 (6)……………………………………………………水分因素对沙地柏实生苗水分和生长特征的影响何维明 (11)………………………………………………………………………………………塔里木河冲积平原胡杨林的土壤水分状况研究季　方　马英杰　樊自立 (17)……………………………………………………………………白…     

根系固土主导力学因素与差异性评价

为了探究影响根系固土的主导力学因素,并为侵蚀区固土抗蚀植物种的筛选提供部分依据。以3—4年生(4年生为主)5种内蒙古干旱、半干旱地区常见的水土保持植物:柠条(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、沙柳(Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)、白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)为研究对象,针对春季土壤干旱和夏季暴雨(土壤湿润)两种自然条件,对影响5种植物根系固土的10项指标进行主成分分析。结果表明,根系抗拉力学特性是影响植物根系固土的主导力学因素,其次为根-土界面摩阻特性,最后是根-土复合体抗剪特性。在此基础上,从根系力学特性的角度出发,运用层次分析法对两个时期5种植物根系固土能力的差异性进行评价。在评价过程中,为了保证评价数据完整性,减小专家主观因素所带来的误差,使评价结果更具科学性,该文将两个时期主成分分析所得3个力学特性的方差贡献率作为权重。评价结果显示,根系固土指数为:春季土壤干旱时期,柠条(0.834)沙柳(0.330)沙地柏(-0.066)白沙蒿(-0.206)沙棘(-0.864);夏季暴雨时期分别为,柠条(0.876)沙地柏(0.218)沙柳(0.065)白沙蒿(-0.404)沙棘(-0.755)。5种植物中,柠条根系的抗拉力学特性显著优于其他植物,可作为干旱、半干旱地区固土抗蚀的重要参考树种。     

Comparative study on spatial patterns of the Artemisia ordosica population in the Mu Us sandy land

Artemisia ordosica is an under-shrub species, which dominates the vegetation of the Mu Us sandy land in North China. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in different sandy lands were compared with the methods of Spatial Auto-correlation Analysis, Semi-variance Analysis and Nine-Term Local Quadrat Variance (9TLQV). The results show that, by contrast with the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land, the population in semi-fixed sandy land is of stronger auto-correlation and greater spatial heterogeneity, and meanwhile it presents more intense differentiation between patches and gaps. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in semi-fixed sandy land are probably governed by drifting sand caused by strong winds. Drifting sand can easily put A. ordosica shrubs to death unless they live together in form of A. ordosica patches, where the distances between shrubs are short. In semi-fixed sandy land, patches are not only the form of the A. ordosica population to survive drifting sand, but also the foundation of the A. ordosica population to develop and broaden the area. The A. ordosica population is supposed to broaden the area through edge extending out from the patches scattering in semi-fixed sandy land. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land are possibly affected by intra-specific competition related to high plant coverage. This study is ecologically useful to improve the practice of vegetation restoration in sandy land. When transplanting A. ordosica shrubs to bare sandy land, one had better arrange them in form of patches separated by gaps, which can promote the survival of transplanted shrubs, and also help to take advantage of A. ordosica patches to revegetate bare gaps.     

Comparative study on spatial patterns of the Artemisia ordosica population in the Mu Us sandy land

Artemisia ordosica is an under-shrub species, which dominates the vegetation of the Mu Us sandy land in North China. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in different sandy lands were compared with the methods of Spatial Auto-correlation Analysis, Semi-variance Analysis and Nine-Term Local Quadrat Variance (9TLQV). The results show that, by contrast with the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land, the population in semi-fixed sandy land is of stronger auto-correlation and greater spatial heterogeneity, and meanwhile it presents more intense differentiation between patches and gaps. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in semi-fixed sandy land are probably governed by drifting sand caused by strong winds. Drifting sand can easily put A. ordosica shrubs to death unless they live together in form of A. ordosica patches, where the distances between shrubs are short. In semi-fixed sandy land, patches are not only the form of the A. ordosica population to survive drifting sand, but also the foundation of the A. ordosica population to develop and broaden the area. The A. ordosica population is supposed to broaden the area through edge extending out from the patches scattering in semi-fixed sandy land. The spatial patterns of the A. ordosica population in fixed sandy land are possibly affected by intra-specific competition related to high plant coverage. This study is ecologically useful to improve the practice of vegetation restoration in sandy land. When transplanting A. ordosica shrubs to bare sandy land, one had better arrange them in form of patches separated by gaps, which can promote the survival of transplanted shrubs, and also help to take advantage of A. ordosica patches to revegetate bare gaps.     

不同类型沙地上差巴嘎蒿细根的分布状态

 以生长于流动沙地和固定沙地上,处于植被演替不同阶段的半灌木差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)种群为对象,用土钻取样法研究了生长季（2000年）降雨期前后差巴嘎蒿的根系随土壤深度的分布、生长动态及其与根际土壤含水量的动态关系,观察到：1)降雨期前各土层的根际土壤含水量随深度的增加而升高,增加的幅度为流动沙地>固定沙地;降雨期后根际土壤含水量随深度的增加而减少,减少的幅度为固定沙地>流动沙地。2)表土层（0～15 cm）中差巴嘎蒿的主根分布量在流动沙地显著高于固定沙地。3)降雨期前,差巴嘎蒿细根(直径<1 mm)分布比例在两种不同类型沙地上的差异表现为:在土层0～45cm中固定沙地(84.9%)极显著高于流动沙地(61.9%),而在深土层（>45 cm）中流动沙地（38.1%）显著高于固定沙地（22%）;降雨期后,不论是在固定沙地还是流动沙地细根多集中于0～15 cm的表土层中,流动沙地的细根分布比例由降雨期前33%增至降雨期后的78%,固定沙地由降雨期前的49%增至降雨期后的63%。表明流动沙地差巴嘎蒿种群细根的生长比固定沙地活跃,能够在生长季降雨期后迅速调整细根的分布比例,使细根分布适应降雨期后浅层土壤含水量高的特点。固定沙地的细根分布难以迅速适应土壤水分的变化,不利于差巴嘎蒿对水分的吸收,成为种群衰退的一个重要因素。     

Experimental Measurement of the Water Relations Parameters of Nine Shrubs and Some Ecological Interpretations

Determination of some water relations parameters of 9 shrubs with the Pressure-volume technique has shown that there were considerable variations in the water relations parameters of different shrubs and that some parameters were indicative for their adaptations to the ecological conditions. It has been found that two desert shrubs, Tetraena mongolica Maxim. and Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bge.) Maxim., exhibited strong ability of drought tolerance, whereas the typical sandy shrubs were quite diverse in adaptation strategy. Salix psammophila C. Wang et Ch. Y. Yang, Artemis& ordosica Krasch., Caragana intermedia Kuang et H. C. Fu and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) were more or less close to each other in water relations parameters. Their фπ, p ranged from - 1.4 MPa to -2.4MPa, and Vp/Vo lay between 62% and 76%. However, some special features of adaptation were found in the other three species, e.g., Sabina vulgaris Ant., Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. and Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.     

两种生境条件下差不嘎蒿细根寿命

细根寿命对细根周转具有重要影响, 是生态系统C分配格局和养分循环研究的重要内容。该文利用微管法研究了流动沙地和固定沙地生长的差不嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)灌丛细根生长的动态过程, 通过Kaplan-Meier方法估计了细根存活率和中位值寿命, 并做存活曲线, 用对数轶检验比较了不同生境、不同土壤层次和不同月出生细根寿命的差异程度, 同时分析了不同样地细根寿命同土壤全氮、有机质、体积含水量和容重的相关关系。结果表明, 流动沙地和固定沙地差不嘎蒿细根具有相似的存活曲线, 但在各观测点, 流动沙地的细根累积存活率均高于固定沙地, 流动沙地细根中位值寿命(47 d)显著高于固定沙地(35 d)。细根寿命同各样地的土壤全氮和土壤容重呈显著的负相关关系, 同土壤水分呈显著的正相关关系, 但多元回归分析表明, 土壤水分是引起细根寿命变异的关键因素。土层深度对流动沙地细根寿命没有显著影响, 但两生境深层30~50 cm的细根寿命均显著高于上层(10~30 cm)。不同出生月的细根寿命显著不同, 流动沙地和固定沙地细根寿命具有相似的季节变化规律, 春季(4、5月)细根的寿命最长(71 d), 秋季(8、9月)次之(61 d), 夏季(6、7月)最短(39 d)。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)种群空间格局对比

以空间自相关分析、半方差分析和九项轨迹方差分析等方法对比研究了毛乌素沙地优良固沙小灌木油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)在不同沙地条件下的小尺度种群格局.结果表明:在半固定沙地上油蒿种群的空间自相关性和空间异质性较强,同时斑块与斑块间隙的分化较为显著;在固定沙地上油蒿种群的空间自相关性和空间异质性较弱,同时斑块与斑块间隙的分化较轻微.半固定沙地油蒿种群的空间格局可能受控于地表风沙流,因为频繁而强烈的风沙流可以通过淘汰非聚集植株促使油蒿种群发生斑块分化.聚集斑块不仅是半固定沙地油蒿种群生存的重要形式,而且是半固定沙地油蒿种群继续发展的基础.在半固定沙地上油蒿种群的面积扩增很可能通过斑块边缘的连续性扩张过程实现.固定沙地油蒿种群缺乏斑块分化的现象可能与种群盖度高和种内竞争剧烈有关.研究结果对流沙治理具有指导意义,当把油蒿人工移栽到流动沙地时,如果将其配置为斑块与斑块间隙交替排列的格局,将有助于提高流沙固定和植被恢复重建的效率.     

Diversity of fungi in hair roots of Ericaceae varies along a vegetation gradient

Ericaceous dwarf shrubs including Calluna vulgaris and Vaccinium spp. occur both in open heathland communities and in forest ecosystems as understory vegetation. Ericaceous shrubs were once thought to form ericoid mycorrhizal associations with a relatively narrow range of ascomycetous fungi closely related to, and including, Rhizoscyphus ericae. However, perceptions have recently changed since the realization that a broader range of ascomycete fungi, and in some cases basidiomycete fungi, can also form associations with the roots of ericaceous plants. We used a combination of molecular approaches, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, cloning and sequencing, to investigate the diversity of fungi associated with C. vulgaris roots collected across a heathland/native Scots pine forest vegetation gradient. We also determined differences in fungal community composition between roots of co-occurring C. vulgaris and Vaccinium myrtillus in the forest understory. Collectively, the data show that a large diversity of potentially ericoid mycorrhizal fungal taxa associate with roots of C. vulgaris and V. myrtillus, and that ascomycetes were about 2.5 times more frequent than basidiomycetes. The assemblages of fungi associated with C. vulgaris and V. myrtillus were different. In addition, the community of fungi associated with C. vulgaris hair roots was different for samples collected from the forest, open heathland and a transition zone between the two. This separation was partly, but not entirely, due to the occurrence of typical ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes associated with the hair roots of C. vulgaris in the forest understory. These data demonstrate that forest understory ericaceous shrubs associate with a diverse range of ascomycete and basidiomycete taxa, including typical ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落的循环演替

流动沙地→半流动沙地白沙蒿群落→半固定沙地油蒿＋白沙蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿＋本氏针茅＋苔藓群落→地带性的本氏针茅草原及其迅速沙化的植被发展过程是毛乌素沙地植被自发演替的基本过程。油蒿具有耐沙埋、抗风蚀、耐土壤贫瘠等特性,是该地区最主要的优良固沙植物和重要牧草。半固定、固定沙地池蒿群落在毛乌素沙地的生态环境保护和农牧业生产方面发挥着极其重要的作用,维持其稳定十分重要。然而,其沙化的现     

Species interactions at the level of fine roots in the field: influence of soil nutrient heterogeneity and plant size

Interference at the level of fine roots in the field was studied by detailed examination of fine root distribution in small soil patches. To capture roots as they occur in natural three-dimensional soil space, we used a freezing and slicing technique for microscale root mapping. The location of individual roots intersecting a sliced soil core surface was digitized and the identity of shrub and grass roots was established by a chemical technique. Soil patches were created midway between the shrub, Artemisia tridentata, and one of two tussock grasses, Pseudoroegneria spicata or Agropyron desertorum. Some soil patches were enriched with nutrients and others given only deionized water (control); in addition, patches were located between plants of different size combination (large shrubs with small tussock grasses and small shrubs with large tussock grasses). The abundance of shrub and grass roots sharing soil patches and the inter-root distances of individual fine roots were measured. Total average rooting density in patches varied among these different treatment combinations by only a factor of 2, but the proportion of shrub and grass roots in the patches varied sixfold. For the shrub, the species of grass roots sharing the patches had a pronounced influence on shrub root density; shrub roots were more abundant if the patch was shared with Pseudoroegneria roots than if shared with Agropyron roots. The relative size of plants whose roots shared the soil patches also influenced the proportion of shrub and grass roots; larger plants were able to place more roots in the patches than were the smaller plants. In the nutrient-enriched patches, these influences of grass species and size combination were amplified. At the millimeter- to centimeter-scale within patches, shrub and grass roots tended to segregate, i.e., avoid each other, based on nearest-neighbor distances. At this scale, there was no indication that the species-specific interactions were the result of resource competition, since there were no obvious patterns between the proportion of shrub and grass roots of the two species combinations with microsite nutrient concentrations. Other potential mechanisms are discussed. Interference at the fine-root level, and its species-specific character, is likely an influential component of competitive success, but one that is not easily assessed.     

EFFECTS OF AM FUNGI AND WATER STRESS ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF ARTEMISIA ORDOSICA IN DIFFERENT SOILS

 利用两种不同土壤研究了水分胁迫和接种AM真菌(摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)根际土著AM真菌)对毛乌素沙地重要演替物种油蒿生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明, 两种土壤中水分胁迫没有显著影响油蒿的植株形态和含水量, 但严重抑制了菌根侵染率。水分胁迫促使油蒿提高叶片保水能力, 抑制N、P在地上部的分配。在胁迫前期SOD活性较高, 而POD活性在后期较高。同一水分条件下接种AM真菌显著提高了AM真菌侵染率, 土壤中孢子数显著增多, 提高了植株分枝数并促进侧根发育, 显著提高根冠比和植株保水能力, 加强了根系对全磷、全氮的吸收。接种AM真菌的植株可溶性糖和丙二醛含量较低, 可溶性蛋白含量无显著变化, SOD和POD活性提高, 油蒿抗旱性加强。水分胁迫下在不同土壤中接种不同AM真菌对油蒿的促进效应差异较大, 接种土著AM真菌的效果优于摩西球囊霉单一接种。干旱导致菌根侵染率下降是宿主植物吸水能力下降的原因之一, 在植物生长前期接种AM真菌可以增强植物抵抗生长中后期环境干旱的能力。