广州2006年乙型流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因特性分析

为了解2006年广州地区流行的乙型流感病毒株血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)的基因特性,选择病原学监测病毒株和暴发性疫情病毒株,提取病毒RNA并逆转录为cDNA,通过PCR方法扩增乙型流感病毒HA和NA全长基因,将扩增的DNA片段接入T-A克隆载体进行测序,并使用DNAStar软件对测序结果进行分析。结果显示:不同来源的流感病毒株HA的同源性为99%以上,都属于Victoria系;不同来源的病毒株NA同源性为98%以上。HA和NA的种系发生树分析表明:病原学监测毒株同源性更接近,而暴发性疫情毒株的同源性则相对较为分散。所有毒株与WHO推荐的2005~2006年度疫苗株B/Shanghai/361/2002的同源性只有88.9%~89.7%,说明该年度的流感疫苗对乙型流感不能提供最佳的保护。     

Identification of the Sites for Suppressor Mutations on the Hemagglutinin Molecule to Temperature-Sensitive Phenotype of the Influenza Virus

A temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of the influenza virus A/WSN/ 33 strain, ts-134, possessed a defect in intracellular transport at the nonpermissive temperature and marked thermolability of hemagglutinin (HA) activity at 51 C. These were caused by a change at amino acid residue 157 from tyrosine to histidine in the HA protein. We isolated 37 spontaneous revertant clones from ts-134 at the nonpermissive temperature and determined their HA sequences. The deduced amino acid sequences demonstrated that one was a true revertant and the others were revertants with suppressor mutations, each of which had an additional amino acid change besides those of ts-134. The changed amino acids were located at 14 positions on the HA molecule, and eight of them were found in multiple revertants. These were located in five to six distinct regions on the three-dimensional structure of the HA molecule. However, the heat stability of HAs in the revertants was recovered differently depending on the sites of the changed amino acids. The kinetics of transport of the HA protein in the revertants were slightly delayed compared to the wild-type both at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures.     

蛋氨酸脑啡肽（MEK）抗B型流感病毒感染作用的研究

研究MEK抗B型流感病毒感染的作用。采用MDCK细胞和9～10日龄鸡胚,按不同的顺序加入不同剂量MEK和B型流感病毒,共培养72 h后做血凝实验。所有加入B型流感病毒的MDCK细胞均培养出病毒,HA滴度为1：64。在鸡胚尿囊腔中,先注入MEK孵育24 h后,再注入B型流感病毒的鸡胚也培养出病毒,HA滴度为1：6.8,与病毒对照组比较P〈0.01,有统计学意义。实验结果未见MEK直接抗B型流感病毒感染MDCK细胞株的作用,但可见MEK抗B型流感病毒感染鸡胚的作用。     

A、B型流感病毒HA1嵌合基因疫苗的构建及免疫保护研究

为制备能提供交叉保护的疫苗,本研究在证实A型、B型流感病毒HA1 DNA能够提供抗流感病毒保护的基础上,将编码A型和B型流感病毒HA1的基因构建在同一质粒中,制备成嵌合DNA疫苗.将该重组质粒免疫小鼠,并以致死量同种流感病毒A/PR/8/34或B/Ibaraki/2/85攻击,通过测定小鼠的血清抗HA抗体和保护效果(包括存活率、肺部病毒量和体重丢失率)来评价DNA疫苗的免疫效果.结果表明:A、B型流感病毒HAl嵌合DNA疫苗能保护小鼠抵抗两种致死量流感病毒的攻击,具有提供交叉保护的能力.     

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Neuraminidase Gene Reveals that the H5N1 Strains Prevalent in Chickens During 2006 Bird Flu Outbreaks in Two Regions of Maharashtra, India Are Genetically Different

In February 2006, two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 occurred in chickens in two neighboring districts (first in Nandurbar and second in Jaigaon) of Maharashtra, India, in a span of 12 days. In the present study, the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the two Indian H5N1 isolates was taken into consideration to find if the two strains are genetically similar. Phylogenetic analysis of the NA gene showed that the H5N1 strains isolated from the two outbreaks were not originated from the same source. The first Indian isolate (Nandubar/7972/06) was clustered closest to an isolate from chicken in Vietnam in 2004, whereas the second Indian isolate (Jalgaon/8824/06) showed resemblance to strains isolated from swan in Italy and Iran in 2006. Moreover, amino acid sequence analysis showed varying hot spots for substitutions between these two Indian isolates, and three substitutions were found at functional domain sites. Secondary structure changes due to these substitutions were also reported. This study reveals that the H5N1 strains isolated from chickens during 2006 bird flu outbreaks in two neighboring districts of Maharashtra, India are genetically different.     

黄芩苷干预甲型H1N1流感病毒感染诱导的A549细胞周期分布及凋亡

以甲型H1N1流感病毒作为刺激因素,在人肺腺癌A549细胞培养内采用MTT比色法和细胞病变(CPE)法观察黄芩苷不同作用时间的抗病毒效率;以碘化丙啶(Propidium iodide,PI)单染流式细胞仪分析细胞周期中各时期的细胞百分数和对细胞增殖的影响,以Hoechst33258染色荧光显微镜观察细胞凋亡的形态学变化,并采用免疫荧光实验测定膜受体通路Caspase 8和线粒体通路Caspase 9及作为细胞凋亡标志的Caspase 3的活性。结果显示:流感病毒感染36h后宿主细胞周期阻滞于S期(P<0.05),并在G0期细胞峰前出现一个亚二倍体细胞峰(凋亡细胞峰)。A549细胞中Caspase 8/3活性明显升高,但标记Caspase 9活性的荧光亮度增强不明显。黄芩苷对甲型流感病毒感染诱导的细胞损伤有较好的保护作用,最大剂量的黄芩苷100μg/mL无毒,可抑制病毒细胞病变的产生,50~100μg/mL治疗组可明显调节流感病毒感染诱导的细胞周期分布(P<0.05),细胞凋亡现象明显减少,100μg/mL黄芩苷治疗组Caspase 8/3活性显著降低,接近正常对照组细胞水平,有剂量依赖性。实验说明:黄芩苷可拮抗甲型流感病毒H1N1细胞病变,调控细胞周期分布,并通过抑制Caspase 8的激活,进一步抑制Caspase 3活性,从而发挥抗病毒作用。     

IL-12增强HBV融合抗原DNA疫苗在小鼠诱导的细胞免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)极易形成慢性感染,主要机制在于感染者不能产生强有力的细胞免疫应答以清除病毒[1].慢性HBV感染者体内虽然存在HBV抗原特异性T淋巴细胞,但对HBV抗原的反应性较低.研究发现,增强这类T淋巴细胞的反应性,可以促进HBV的清除[2].     

HBV包膜-核心蛋白融合基因DNA疫苗诱导小鼠持久的细胞免疫应答

构建编码HBV包膜-核心蛋白融合基因的DNA疫苗pSC、pSS1S2C和编码HBV包膜蛋白或核心蛋白基因的DNA疫苗pHBs、pHBc,分别肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测小鼠的血清抗体、T细胞增殖和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞反应,比较融合基因DNA疫苗与单基因DNA疫苗诱生免疫应答的强度,发现融合基因DNA疫苗诱生抗体的效率明显不及单基因DNA疫苗,但其能诱导更强、更持久的细胞免疫应答,表明HBV包膜-核心蛋白融合基因DNA疫苗对于治疗慢性乙型肝炎可能比单基因DNA疫苗更为有效.     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原S和前S1融合基因转基因细胞系的建立与细胞性质的研究

构建了ｐＣＨＢＳＳＩＧ质料,其特点是ＣＭＶ立即早期启动子调控乙型肝炎（乙肝）表面抗原Ｓ＋前Ｓ１融合基因在前,ＳＶ４０早期启动子调控ＧＳ扩增基因在后,此质粒转化到ＣＨＯ－ｄｈｆｒ＾－细胞中,经克隆加ＭＳＸ及ＭＴＸ筛选、扩增,建立了７个高效表达乙肝表达抗原Ｓ及前Ｓ１融合蛋白细胞系ＧｄＳＳ１,并检测了其中ＧｄＳＳ１－１８细胞系的生物学特性,结果表明：未发现微生物污染,无致瘤性、遗传稳定,电镜下可观察到２     

Cleavage of the Babuvirus Movement Protein B4 into Functional Peptides Capable of Host Factor Conjugation is Required for Virulence

Banana bunchy top virus(BBTV) poses a serious danger to banana crops worldwide. BBTV-encoded protein B4 is a determinant of pathogenicity. However, the relevant molecular mechanisms underlying its effects remain unknown. In this study, we found that a functional peptide could be liberated from protein B4, likely via proteolytic processing. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the functional processing of protein B4 is required for its pathogenic effects, including dwarfism and sterility, in plants. The released protein fragment targets host proteins, such as the large subunit of RuBisCO(RbcL)and elongation factor 2(EF2), involved in protein synthesis. Therefore, the peptide released from B4(also a precursor) may act as a non-canonical modifier to influence host–pathogen interactions involving BBTV and plants.     

Expression of Functional Recombinant Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Proteins from the Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus Using the Baculovirus Expression System

The baculovirus expression system is a powerful tool for expression of recombinant proteins. Here we use it to produce correctly folded and glycosylated versions of the influenza A virus surface glycoproteins - the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). As an example, we chose the HA and NA proteins expressed by the novel H7N9 virus that recently emerged in China. However the protocol can be easily adapted for HA and NA proteins expressed by any other influenza A and B virus strains. Recombinant HA (rHA) and NA (rNA) proteins are important reagents for immunological assays such as ELISPOT and ELISA, and are also in wide use for vaccine standardization, antibody discovery, isolation and characterization. Furthermore, recombinant NA molecules can be used to screen for small molecule inhibitors and are useful for characterization of the enzymatic function of the NA, as well as its sensitivity to antivirals. Recombinant HA proteins are also being tested as experimental vaccines in animal models, and a vaccine based on recombinant HA was recently licensed by the FDA for use in humans. The method we describe here to produce these molecules is straight forward and can facilitate research in influenza laboratories, since it allows for production of large amounts of proteins fast and at a low cost. Although here we focus on influenza virus surface glycoproteins, this method can also be used to produce other viral and cellular surface proteins.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白结构和功能研究进展

自2009年3月,甲型H1N1流感疫情相继在包括我国在内的许多国家暴发,对人体健康和社会经济发展造成了严重危害。血凝素（HA）蛋白是重要的病毒表面糖蛋白,主要有3种功能：①与宿主细胞表面受体结合;②引起病毒包膜与靶细胞间的膜融合;③刺激机体产生中和性抗体。本文综合了近年来的研究成果,对甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白结构、主要功能、进化、抗原性的研究进展进行了综述。     

Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells

It has been previously reported that green-tea extract (GTE) inhibits the growth of influenza virus by preventing its adsorption. In this study, we further investigated whether GTE exerts an additional inhibitory effect on the acidification of intracellular compartments such as endosomes and lysosomes (referred to as ELS) and thereby inhibits the growth of influenza A and B viruses in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The vital fluorescence microscopic study showed that GTE inhibited acidification of ELS in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the growth of influenza A and B viruses was equally inhibited when the cells were treated with GTE within as early as 5 to 15 min after infection, depending on the virus strains. The fact that (-)epigallocatechin (EGC), one of major catechin molecules in GTE, exerts the inhibitory effects on the acidification of ELS and virus growth in a manner similar to that of GTE strongly suggests that EGC is one of the active components in the extract.     

Identification of Yeast Factors Involved in the Replication of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus Using Yeast Temperature-Sensitive Mutants

正Dear Editor,The geminiviruses are small single-stranded plant DNA viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae, which cause serious diseases in many economically important     

黑色素抑制流感病毒诱导宿主细胞凋亡

报道了流感病毒体外诱导狗肾细胞系（ＭＤＣＫ）细胞凋亡的检测结果,对黑色素选择性抑制流感病毒诱导细胞凋亡的可能性进行了探讨,同时与临床上常用的抗病毒药物病毒唑的效果进行比较。结果显示：病毒感染６ｈ后,即可观测到宿主细胞核固缩现象、ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳出现特征性的梯状图谱,感染１２ｈ后,细胞核可见明显的裂解;并且流感病毒株Ａ１／京防８６１诱导细胞凋亡能力强于Ｂ沪防／９３－１;在２０～１２５μｇ／ｍＬ浓度范围内,黑色素可有效抑制６４个血凝单位（ＨＵ）的流感病毒感染诱导的细胞凋亡而无细胞毒性作用,其抑制效率类似病毒唑。初步研究结果表明：黑色素抗流感病毒诱导细胞凋亡机理与其阻断病毒吸附侵入宿主细胞有关     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及其诱导肺腺癌细胞A549凋亡的研究

通过RT-PCR的方法克隆H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因,并构建了真核表达载体pCMV-Myc/NS1。将此真核表达质粒转染肺腺癌细胞A549,48 h后,经Western印迹检测,NS1基因能在细胞中正确表达。经荧光显微镜、透射电镜观察和流式细胞仪检测,发现该株流感病毒的NS1蛋白可诱导肺腺癌细胞A549凋亡。     

Energetics of the loop-to-helix transition leading to the coiled-coil structure of influenza virus hemagglutinin HA2 subunits

Fusion of influenza virus with the endosomal membrane of the host cell is mediated by the homotrimer-organized glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Its fusion activity is triggered by a low pH-mediated conformational change affecting the structure of the HA1 and HA2 subunits. The HA2 subunits undergo a loop-to-helix transition leading to a coiled-coil structure, a highly conserved motif for many fusion mediating viral proteins. However, experimental studies showed that the HA2 coiled-coil structure is stable at neutral and low pH, implying that there is no direct relationship between low pH and the HA2 loop-to-helix transition. To interpret this observation, we used a computational approach based on the dielectric continuum solvent model to explore the influence of water and pH on the free energy change of the transition. The computations showed that the electrostatic interaction between HA2 fragments and water is the major driving force of the HA2 loop-to-helix transition leading to the coiled-coil structure, as long as the HA1 globular domain covering the HA2 subunits in the nonfusion competent conformation is reorganized and thereby allows water molecules to interact with the whole loop segments of the HA2 subunits. Moreover, we show that the energy released by the loop-to-helix transition may account for those energies required for driving the subsequent steps of membrane fusion. Such a water-driven process may resemble a general mechanism for the formation of the highly conserved coiled-coil motif of enveloped viruses.     

Involvement of the S100B in cAMP-Induced Cytoskeleton Remodeling in Astrocytes: A Study Using TRTK-12 in Digitonin-Permeabilized Cells

1. Stellation of astrocytes in culture involves a complex rearrangement of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, which reflects in part the plasticity of these cells observed during development or after injury.2. An astrocytic calcium-binding protein, S100B, has been implicated in the regulation of plasticity due to its ability to interact with cytoskeletal proteins.3. We used digitonin-permeabilized astrocytes to introduce TRTK-12, a peptide that binds to the C-terminal of S100B and blocks its interaction with cytoskeletal proteins.4. TRTK-12 was able to block cAMP-induced astrocyte stellation and this effect was dependent on the concentration of the peptide. These results support the idea that S100B has a modulatory role on astrocyte morphology.     

基因芯片分析干扰素对乙型肝炎病毒转染细胞基因表达的影响

乙型肝炎病毒 (HepatitisBvirus ,HBV)的持续性感染是影响人类健康的重大问题 ,而α 干扰素 (IFN α)和γ 干扰素(IFN γ)分别具有抗HBV的作用。为了研究HBV持续存在对IFN效应基因表达的影响 ,将HepG2细胞和来源于HepG2细胞并整合有HBV基因组的HepG2 .2 .15细胞经IFN α或IFN γ处理 6h后 ,用含 14 112个靶基因的人cDNA基因芯片检测了各组基因表达谱的差异。结果证实 ,许多与细胞周期、增殖、凋亡相关的基因及部分EST和功能未知基因受IFN调节 ;IFN诱导后 ,一些与激酶和信号转导、转录调节、抗原递呈和处理相关的基因在两株细胞间表达存在差异 ,提示HBV影响IFN诱导的细胞基因的表达。进一步挑选部分显著差异表达的基因 ,研究其对HBV复制的影响 ,结果发现在两个细胞株中IFN诱导后基因表达差异的双遍在蛋白 (Diubiquitin)和髓样细胞分化蛋白 (MyD88)均可显著降低HBV抗原表达 ,并证实MyD88能抑制HBV复制。这有助于揭示IFN抗病毒效应及HBV持续性感染机制 ,为分子水平寻找新型抗HBV药物的靶点打下基础。