冷应激致雏鸡肺脏DNA的氧化损伤作用

目的：探讨冷应激对雏鸡肺脏DNA氧化损伤的影响。方法：以健康15日龄雏鸡为试验对象,进行冷应激（12±1℃）处理。检测了肺脏MDA含量以及SOD和GSH-Px活性,并应用KCl-SDS沉淀法和荧光检测法检测肺细胞DNA-蛋白质交联（DPC）系数和DNA-DNA交联（DDC）系数。结果：冷应激时,肺脏MDA含量随应激时间的延长逐渐升高,SOD、GSH-Px活性随应激时间的延长呈现上升趋势,肺细胞DPC和DDC含量也均随应激时间的延长呈升高趋势。结论：揭示冷应激可使肺组织氧化-抗氧化平衡破坏,引起肺组织细胞DNA的氧化损伤。     

急性冷暴露和冷习服对大鼠和雏鸡某些内分泌活动影响的比较生理学研究

目的：探讨冷应激对哺乳类和禽类某些内分泌活动影响的比较生理学机制。方法：Wistar大鼠和罗曼雄性雏鸡进行急性冷暴露和冷习服实验,探讨急性冷暴露和冷习服对大鼠和雏鸡某些内分泌活动的影响。结果：大鼠在急性冷暴露后血清T3水平在4-36 h有不同程度的升高,而雏鸡的T3浓度则在冷暴露后除12 h有所升高外,其他时间均低于冷暴露前的水平;大鼠血清T4在冷暴露后2 h时升高,而后逐渐降低,而雏鸡冷暴露后2~4 h升高,12 h降低,而后又升高;血清胰岛素（Insulin）的变化趋势大鼠和雏鸡基本一致,均在冷暴露2 h升高,而后渐降;皮质醇（Cortisol）的变化,大鼠为冷暴露后2 h明显升高,而后渐降,而雏鸡则一直保持较高水平;冷习服后大鼠和雏鸡血清的几种激素水平变化趋势基本一致,即冷习服后血清T3升高,T4下降,胰岛素降低,而皮质醇则呈升高趋势。结论：冷应激对哺乳动物和禽类的内分泌活动具有差异性。     

冷拘束应激对大鼠心脏和肝脏HSP70表达及血清中CK、ALT含量的影响

目的通过研究冷拘束应激中大鼠心脏和肝脏组织热休克蛋白（HSP70）表达量以及血清中肌酸激酶（CK）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）含量的变化,探讨冷拘束应激对心脏和肝脏的影响和差异。方法选取50日龄清洁级大鼠77只,随机分为7组,即0h,0.5h,1.0h,1.5h,2.0h,2.5h,3.0h。采用拘束冷应激法,应激相应时间后,用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠心脏和肝脏组织HSP70的表达,并检测血清中CK和ALT含量。结果 （1）心脏中HSP70表达量随着应激时间的延长而增加,1.5h组较0h组有明显的增加（P〈0.05）,而2.0h后有极明显的增加（P〈0.01）。（2）肝脏中HSP70表达量随应激时间的延长呈缓慢增加,仅3.0h组有较明显的增加,与0h组、0.5h组及1.0h组比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。（3）应激开始阶段大鼠血清中的CK含量迅速上升,之后平缓升高;大鼠血清中的ALT含量呈现上升趋势,2.5h以前上升较平缓,2.5h以后急骤升高。结论冷拘束应激可使大鼠心脏中HSP70的表达量和血清中CK含量在较短的时间内显著上升,且随着时间的增加而递增,而肝脏中HSP70的表达量和血清中ALT含量在较短的时间内无明显变化,只有在3.0h时才显著增加,提示心脏对冷拘束应激较敏感,而肝脏对冷拘束应激有较强的耐受性。     

冷暴露对中缅树鼩褐色脂肪组织中解偶联蛋白1含量的影响

自备抗血清采用酶联免疫法测定了中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)在(5±1)℃冷暴露0 d、7 d、14 d、21d、28 d时,褐色脂肪组织(BAT)中解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)的含量.结果表明,随着冷暴露时间的延长,中缅树鼩的体重、褐色脂肪组织重量均表现出了增加的趋势,BAT线粒体总蛋白和UCP1的含量也呈增加的趋势,其中UCP1的含量在28 d时达到极显著水平,比对照组增加了55.9%.说明冷暴露能够诱导中缅树鼩UCP1表达增加,从而使其适应性产热增加.     

NaHCO3胁迫下朝鲜接骨木膜脂过氧化和渗透调节物质含量的变化

采用盆栽试验的方法研究NaHCO₃不同浓度和不同胁迫时间对朝鲜接骨木（Sambucus coreana(Nakai)Kom.et Alis.）叶片的膜脂过氧化和渗透调节物质含量的影响。研究表明,随盐浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,MDA含量和相对电导率明显升高,可溶性蛋白含量整体均呈上升趋势;随盐浓度的增加,脯氨酸含量上升趋势明显,可溶性糖含量也呈上升趋势。研究结果显示,朝鲜接骨木在低浓度（1 g·kg^-1）盐胁迫下相关生理指标相对稳定,且随胁迫时间延长变化相对较小,可在轻度盐碱化地区应用。     

低温应激对吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标及肝脏HSP70基因表达的影响

实验旨在探讨急性低温应激对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)血清生化、免疫指标以及肝脏HSP70 mRNA水平的影响。实验选取平均体重为(177±2.18)g左右的吉富罗非鱼作为实验对象,设定(25±1)℃对照组和低温(9±1)℃冷应激试验组,每组设定5个平行组,分别在0、2、6、12h随机采样,测定血清血糖(GLU)、胆固醇(CHOL) 、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、补体3 (C3)、补体4 (C4)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、皮质醇(COR)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)以及肝脏HSP70mRNA水平。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组GLU水平在冷应激后6h,TG水平在冷应激后2、6h,CHOL水平在冷应激后6、12h均有显著升高(P<0.05),ALT水平在冷应激后2、12h均有显著升高(P<0.05);试验组AST、COR、T3水平在冷应激2、6、12h时出现显著升高(P<0.05),C3、C4、LSZ水平在冷应激后2、6、12h均出现显著下降(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组HSP70mRNA水平在冷应激后的12h出现显著升高(P<0.05)。因此,急性低温应激可以提高吉富罗非鱼肝脏应激蛋白HSP70mRNA水平,影响该鱼的非特异免疫力和相关生理指标。     

慢性复合应激对大鼠学习记忆功能及脑ERK表达活化的影响

目的：研究慢性复合应激对大鼠学习记忆的影响,以及大脑细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）表达活化的变化,探讨慢性应激致学习记忆损害的分子机制。方法：采用低温暴露、足电击、白噪声、束缚、尾部悬吊、睡眠剥夺、水平震荡等刺激方式,建立慢性复合应激大鼠模型。Morris水迷宫实验观察应激对学习记忆的影响;放射免疫法检测血清皮质酮（CORT）含量;Western blot检测ERK的表达。结果：应激组大鼠水迷宫训练潜伏期较对照组延长,应激3周时有所恢复,但4周时大鼠的训练潜伏期再次显著延长（P〈0.05）。同时应激组大鼠血清CORT水平增高,海马、前额皮质P-ERK水平降低（P〈0.05）,两者在应激3周时均出现短时恢复,但4周时再次下调。结论：海马、前额皮质ERK蛋白磷酸化水平的改变可能参与了慢性复合应激损害学习记忆的分子机制。     

耐力训练抑制急性低氧时骨骼肌线粒体生物能学变化:ROS和UCP3的作用(英文)

骨骼肌线粒体解耦联蛋白3（uncoupling protein3,UCP3）在低氧时的生理作用尚不清楚。本研究观察了大鼠在耐力训练前后,模拟急性高原低氧各时间点的骨骼肌线粒体UCP3 mRNA和蛋白表达、线粒体呼吸功能、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）产生速率以及锰超氧化物歧化酶（manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD）表达和活性的变化。急性低氧导致线粒体一系列生物能学功能障碍。未训练大鼠UCP3蛋白在4h时比静息时升高了60％,而MnSOD蛋白含量及活性在低氧暴露过程中无显著变化;UCP3蛋白上调通过降低电子传递链耦联程度抑制O2-产生,但同时降低了ATP合成效率。耐力训练显著抑制急性低氧诱导的骨骼肌UCP3蛋白上调（67％;S42％）。训练组大鼠的ROS产生速率在低氧2h、4h和6h时显著低于未训练组;MnSOD蛋白含量及活性分别较术训练组提高了50％和34％。训练组人鼠MnSOD上调可增加线粒体对ROS的耐受力,进而抑制UCP3蛋白表达,从而提高氧化磷酸化效率。急性低氧中,未训练组大鼠呼吸控制比（respiratory control ratio,RCR）和磷氧比（ADP to oxygen consumption ratio,P／O）显著降低,而训练组RCR和P／O保持相对稳定。以上结果提示：（1）模拟急性高原低氧可诱导UCP3 mRNA及蛋白表达升高,从而降低升高了的线粒体膜电位（△ψ）,使ROS的产生减少;（2）耐力训练可抑制低氧诱导的UCP3表达上调,提高ROS酶学清除能力,从而提高线粒体氧化磷酸化效率。     

不同贮藏温度对彩色马蹄莲块茎内源激素变化及萌芽与生长的影响

以彩色马蹄莲（Zantedeschia hybrids）的‘Black Magic’为试材,研究其块茎经不同贮藏温度和时间处理后,块茎内源激素的变化及对块茎萌芽的影响。结果表明：在不同温度条件下,随贮藏时间的延长,GA,和IAA含量水平均呈上升的趋势,并且贮藏温度越高,GA,含量水平越高。脱落酸ABA含量与GA3呈相反的变化趋势,相同贮藏天数均为15℃处理ABA含量水平最低,6℃处理ABA含量水平最高。随着贮藏时间延长,GA3／ABA、IAA／ABA质量分数比值越大。GA3／ABA、IAA／ABA质量分数比值与块茎萌芽率之间存在一定程度的对应关系。     

维生素E和硒对大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病解偶联蛋白2及相关因子表达的影响

采用高脂饮食诱导大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病模型,分别给予维生素E、亚硒酸钠或两者合用干预5周,检测血清中甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力;观察肝脏病理变化,检测肝组织UCP2 mRNA与蛋白表达情况;从而探讨维生素E和硒对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝脏解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)及相关因子的影响。结果显示,维生素E和硒两者合用组大鼠血清中TG、TC含量明显降低,SOD活力升高显著,肝组织中UCP2 mRNA与蛋白表达下调明显。上述结果表明维生素E和硒合用降低氧自由基和脂质过氧化物的生成,下调UCP2表达水平的效果最好。     

Tissue-specific expression and cold-induced mRNA levels of uncoupling proteins in the Djungarian hamster

The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a mitochondrial transmembrane protein, is responsible for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Two UCP1 homologues, UCP2 and UCP3, were recently discovered, but it is controversial whether they also play a role in energy homeostasis. Djungarian hamster UCPs were found to exhibit high similarity with homologues known in other species. UCP1 mRNA was restricted to BAT, UCP2 mRNA was expressed in multiple tissues, and UCP3 mRNA was detected mainly in BAT and skeletal muscles. We examined the cold-induced regulation of hamster UCP mRNA levels and tested their correlation with serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. In BAT UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 expression was upregulated in the cold, but the increase and time course of increase differed. In skeletal muscle, UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA levels were not altered. Cold-induced changes of serum FFA levels correlated with the stimulation of UCP1 mRNA in BAT but not with UCP2 and UCP3.     

Effect of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic stimulation on energy expenditure,substrate oxidation,and UCP3 expression in humans

In humans, beta-adrenergic stimulation increases energy and fat metabolism. In the case of beta1-adrenergic stimulation, it is fueled by an increased lipolysis. We examined the effect of beta2-adrenergic stimulation, with and without a blocker of lipolysis, on thermogenesis and substrate oxidation. Furthermore, the effect of beta1-and beta2-adrenergic stimulation on uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) mRNA expression was studied. Nine lean males received a 3-h infusion of dobutamine (DOB, beta1) or salbutamol (SAL, beta2). Also, we combined SAL with acipimox to block lipolysis (SAL+ACI). Energy and substrate metabolism were measured continuously, blood was sampled every 30 min, and muscle biopsies were taken before and after infusion. Energy expenditure significantly increased approximately 13% in all conditions. Fat oxidation increased 47 +/- 7% in the DOB group and 19 +/- 7% in the SAL group but remained unchanged in the SAL+ACI condition. Glucose oxidation decreased 40 +/- 9% upon DOB, remained unchanged during SAL, and increased 27 +/- 11% upon SAL+ACI. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were increased by SAL (57 +/- 11%) and DOB (47 +/- 16%), whereas SAL+ACI caused about fourfold lower FFA levels compared with basal levels. No change in UCP3 was found after DOB or SAL, whereas SAL+ACI downregulated skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA levels 38 +/- 13%. In conclusion, beta2-adrenergic stimulation directly increased energy expenditure independently of plasma FFA levels. Furthermore, this is the first study to demonstrate a downregulation of skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA expression after the lowering of plasma FFA concentrations in humans, despite an increase in energy expenditure upon beta2-adrenergic stimulation.     

Expression of an uncoupling protein gene homolog in chickens

An avian uncoupling protein (UCP) gene homolog was recently sequenced from skeletal muscle and was proposed to have a role in thermogenesis in chickens, ducks and hummingbirds. Since mammalian UCP 2 and UCP 3 also appear to have functions associated with energy and substrate partitioning and body weight regulation, the purpose of this study was to further characterize chicken UCP under conditions of nutritional stress and/or leptin administration. Male 3-week-old chickens were starved for 24 or 48 h and then half of each group was refed for an additional 24 h. In a follow-up experiment, chickens were fed or starved for 48 h with or without leptin administration. Feed deprivation increased UCP mRNA expression in skeletal muscle by up to 260% (P<0.001), and in a time-dependent manner in pectoralis muscle. Refeeding for 24 h normalized muscle UCP mRNA levels. Leptin administration had no effect on muscle UCP. Chicken muscle UCP mRNA levels were highly correlated with plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, and with circulating levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II. These results suggest that, as in mammals, avian UCP is up-regulated during feed deprivation and is highly correlated with increased fatty acid oxidation and flux into skeletal muscle.     

Role of IL-6 in Exercise Training- and Cold-Induced UCP1 Expression in Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue

Expression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) associated proteins like uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in inguinal WAT (iWAT) has been suggested to alter iWAT metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in exercise training and cold exposure-induced iWAT UCP1 expression. The effect of daily intraperitoneal injections of IL-6 (3 ng/g) in C57BL/6 mice for 7 days on iWAT UCP1 expression was examined. In addition, the expression of UCP1 in iWAT was determined in response to 3 days of cold exposure (4°C) and 5 weeks of exercise training in wild type (WT) and whole body IL-6 knockout (KO) mice. Repeated injections of IL-6 in C57BL/6 mice increased UCP1 mRNA but not UCP1 protein content in iWAT. Cold exposure increased iWAT UCP1 mRNA content similarly in IL-6 KO and WT mice, while exercise training increased iWAT UCP1 mRNA in WT mice but not in IL-6 KO mice. Additionally, a cold exposure-induced increase in iWAT UCP1 protein content was blunted in IL-6 KO mice, while UCP1 protein content in iWAT was lower in both untrained and exercise trained IL-6 KO mice than in WT mice. In conclusion, repeated daily increases in plasma IL-6 can increase iWAT UCP1 mRNA content and IL-6 is required for an exercise training-induced increase in iWAT UCP1 mRNA content. In addition IL-6 is required for a full induction of UCP1 protein expression in response to cold exposure and influences the UCP1 protein content iWAT of both untrained and exercise trained animals.     

黄体酮对3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞成脂分化后细胞中UCP2基因表达的影响

目的：观察体外培养条件下3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化成的成熟脂肪细胞中解偶联蛋白2（UCP2）mRNA表达水平及黄体酮对其表达的影响。方法：体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3．L1脂肪细胞分化成熟后,经不同黄体酮浓度10μm／25μM／50μM／75μM/100μM刺激后,抽提总RNA,用RT—PCR检测UCP2mRNA的表达。结果：黄体酮会促进成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2mRNA的表达,（P〈0．05）其中25μM浓度刺激下UCP2mRNA表达量最高。结论：体外培养中,黄体酮对成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2mRNA的表达与调控具有一定的影响。     

Expression of uncoupling protein 3 is upregulated in skeletal muscle during sepsis

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a member of the mitochondrial transporter superfamily that is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle. UCP3 is upregulated in various conditions characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy, including hyperthyroidism, fasting, denervation, diabetes, cancer, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs). The influence of sepsis, another condition characterized by muscle cachexia, on UCP3 expression and activity is not known. We examined UCP3 gene and protein expression in skeletal muscles from rats after cecal ligation and puncture and from sham-operated control rats. Sepsis resulted in a two- to threefold increase in both mRNA and protein levels of UCP3 in skeletal muscle. Treatment of rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-38486 prevented the sepsis-induced increase in gene and protein expression of UCP3. The UCP3 mRNA and protein levels were increased 2.4- to 3.6-fold when incubated muscles from normal rats were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and/or free fatty acids (FFA) ex vivo. In addition, UCP3 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in normal rat muscles in vivo with treatment of either DEX or FFA. The results suggest that sepsis upregulates the gene and protein expression of UCP3 in skeletal muscle, which may at least in part be mediated by GCs and FFA.     

Comparison of metabolic substrates between exercise and cold exposure in skaters

To test the effect of a cold condition on metabolic substrate and possible development of muscle injuries, short track skaters (n=9) and inline skaters (n=10) took rest and submaximal cycled (65% V(.)O2max) in cold (ambient temperature: 5+/-1 degrees C, relative humidity: 41+/-8%) and warm conditions (ambient temperature: 21+/-1 degrees C, relative humidity: 35+/-5%), for 60 min, each. Blood glucose (BG), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and total cholesterol (TC) were determined to investigate the effect on energy metabolism. To estimate possible muscle injury in the cold condition, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myoglobin (Mb) were also measured. TG and FFA levels were increased during exercise in the cold condition, but were unaffected by the difference of skaters. Of the myocellular enzymes, CK was significantly higher during the transition from submaximal exercise to recovery phase in a short track skater compared with inline skater group, indicating a higher physical strain. Additionally, the level of Mb in the inline skater group significantly elevated during recovery phase in the cold compared with in the warm condition. It is concluded that exercise caused stress that was dependent on the ambient temperature. Therefore, exercise in the cold condition altered the circulating level of energy substrate and increased muscle injuries.     

The role of heat shock proteins in inflammatory injury induced by cold stress in chicken hearts

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cold stress on the expression levels of heat shock proteins (Hsps90, 70, 60, 40, and 27) and inflammatory factors (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, TNF-α, and PTGEs) and oxidative indexes in hearts of chickens. Two hundred forty 15-day-old male chickens were randomly divided into 12 groups and kept at the temperature of 12 ± 1 °C for acute and chronic cold stress. There were one control group and five treatment groups for acute cold stress, three control groups, and three treatment groups for chronic cold stress. After cold stress, malondialdehyde level increased in chicken heart; the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the heart first increased and then decreased. The inflammatory factors mRNA levels were increased in cold stress groups relative to control groups. The histopathological analysis showed that heart tissues were seriously injured in the cold stress group. Additionally, the mRNA levels of Hsps (70, 60, 40, and 27) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the cold stress groups relative to the corresponding control group. Meanwhile, the mRNA level and protein expression of Hsp90 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the stress group, and showed a gradually decreasing tendency. These results suggested that the levels of inflammatory factors and Hsps expression levels in heart tissues can be influenced by cold stress. Hsps commonly played an important role in the protection of the heart after cold stress.