幌伞枫叶的化学成分研究

为了解幌伞枫(Heteropanax fragrans)的药理活性化学基础,从其叶的乙醇提取物中分离得到8个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为:(7S,8R)-蛇菰脂醛素-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、4β,10α-香木兰烷二醇(2)、原儿茶酸(3)、3′-甲氧基-槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)和山柰酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(8)。这8个化合物均为首次从幌伞枫中分离得到。     

珍珠菜中黄酮及Megastigmane类化学成分研究

对珍珠菜Lysimachia clethroides的化学成分进行研究。应用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20和制备型HPLC等柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,并运用现代波谱技术(ESI-MS,1H NMR,13C NMR)进行结构鉴定。从珍珠菜中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为山柰酚(1)、槲皮素(2)、cinchonain Ib(3)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃木糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4)、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(5)、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(6)、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、芹菜素-6-C-β-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(10)、blumenol A(11)、(3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-大柱香波龙-7-烯-3,5,6,9-四醇3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(12)。化合物3~8和11~12为首次从该属植物中分离得到。体外活性测试结果显示化合物1~12均没有明显的细胞毒活性(IC5010μM)。     

红豆树茎枝中黄酮类成分及其抑菌活性研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究红豆树茎枝抑菌活性成分,采用色谱法分离纯化得到16个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质及波谱技术分别鉴定为圆荚草双糖苷(1)、5,7-二羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、4',8-二甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基异黄酮(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、异樱黄素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、芦丁(6)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、染料木素(10)、异樱黄素(11)、2',4',5,7-四羟基异黄酮(12)、大豆素(13)、柚皮素(14)、二氢染料木素(15)、去甲基化美迪紫檀素(16)。其中化合物1～16为首次从红豆树植物中分离得到;化合物1、3、4、6～9、12、15、16首次从红豆属中分离得到;化合物2,5和14对禾谷镰刀菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌、茄病镰刀菌的菌丝生长显示出了中等强度的抑制作用。     

红豆树茎枝中黄酮类成分及其抑菌活性研究

为了研究红豆树茎枝抑菌活性成分,采用色谱法分离纯化得到16个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质及波谱技术分别鉴定为圆荚草双糖苷(1)、5,7-二羟基-4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、4',8-二甲氧基-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基异黄酮(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、异樱黄素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)、芦丁(6)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-木糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、染料木素(10)、异樱黄素(11)、2',4',5,7-四羟基异黄酮(12)、大豆素(13)、柚皮素(14)、二氢染料木素(15)、去甲基化美迪紫檀素(16)。其中化合物1～16为首次从红豆树植物中分离得到;化合物1、3、4、6～9、12、15、16首次从红豆属中分离得到;化合物2,5和14对禾谷镰刀菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌、茄病镰刀菌的菌丝生长显示出了中等强度的抑制作用。     

杜仲皮中木脂素类化学成分及其对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞保护作用研究

研究杜仲皮中的木脂素类化学成分,并评价其对高糖诱导的人肾小球系膜细胞的保护作用。将杜仲树皮粉碎后,纯化水提取,采用HPD-100大孔吸附树脂、硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、半制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离,根据理化性质和波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构,从杜仲皮水提物中分离鉴定了6个木脂素类化合物,包括caruilignan D(1)、(-)-表松脂素(2)、(+)-松脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、(-)-松脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、(+)-中脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)和(+)-中脂素4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6),化合物1为首次从杜仲中分离得到。在高糖诱导异常增殖的肾小球系膜细胞模型中,采用MTT法检测木脂素类化合物干预后的细胞活力。化合物5能剂量依赖性地抑制细胞增殖,对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞具有保护活性。     

珍珠菜中黄酮及Megastigmane类化学成分研究北大核心CSCD

对珍珠菜Lysimachia clethroides的化学成分进行研究。应用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20和制备型HPLC等柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,并运用现代波谱技术（ESI-MS,^1H-NMR,^13C NMR）进行结构鉴定。从珍珠菜中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为山柰酚（1）、槲皮素（2）、cinchonain Ib（3）、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃木糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（4）、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（5）、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（6）、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（7）、芹菜素-6-C-β-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（8）、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（9）、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（10）、blumenol A（11）、（3S,5R,6R,7E,9S）-大柱香波龙-7-烯-3,5,6,9-四醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（12）。化合物3-8和11-12为首次从该属植物中分离得到。体外活性测试结果显示化合物1-12均没有明显的细胞毒活性（IC50〉10 μM）。     

地枇杷的化学成分及抗氧化活性研究CSCD

本文对土家族民间药材地枇杷进行化学成分及抗氧化活性研究。运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、大孔树脂柱色谱结合半制备高效液相色谱等手段对其乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,利用核磁共振波谱、质谱等方法对化合物进行结构鉴定,分离得到17个化合物,分别鉴定为高山金莲花素(1)、(+)-儿茶素(2)、异紫花前胡苷(3)、补骨脂素(4)、佛手柑内酯(5)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、异落叶松脂素-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、ssioriside(9)、华中冬青素(10)、异落叶松脂素(11)、(7R,8S)-3,5′-二甲氧基-4′,7-环氧-8,3′-新木脂烷-5,9,9′-三醇(12)、6,7-二甲氧基-4-羟基-1-萘甲酸(13)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸乙酯(14)、bluemenol A(15)、3,3′,4,4′-四羟基联苯(16)、绿原酸乙酯(17)。化合物1~4、6~17为首次从该植物中分离得到。使用DPPH自由基清除率、总抗氧化能力、超氧阴离子清除能力三个指标来测定17个化合物的抗氧化活性。结果显示木脂素类化合物9、10,多酚类化合物13、14、16具有良好的DPPH自由基清除能力及总抗氧化能力,表现出的抗氧化活性与同浓度抗坏血酸活性相当。     

水栀子醋酸乙酯部位化学成分研究CSCD

为探究水栀子(Gardenia jasminoides var.radicans)醋酸乙酯部位的化学成分。本研究采用硅胶、MCI gel CHP-20、ODS、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱和制备液相色谱等手段对水栀子醋酸乙酯部位的化学成分展开了系统研究,根据波谱数据结合参考文献鉴定所得化合物结构,并对部分化合物进行了体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性筛选。从水栀子醋酸乙酯部位分离得到17个化合物,分别鉴定为5,3′,5′-三羟基-6,7,4′-三甲氧基黄酮(1)、5,7,3′-三羟基-6,4′,5′-三甲氧基黄酮(2)、5,7,4′-三羟基-6,3′,5′-三甲氧基黄酮(3)、黄芪苷(4)、山奈酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、山奈酚-3-O-洋槐糖苷(6)、表丁香树脂酚(7)、medioresinol(8)、浙贝素(9)、salicifoliol(10)、芥子酸甲酯(11)、methyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzenepropanoate(12)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基桂皮酰基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、1-芥子酰基-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14)、2,2′-oxybis(1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene)(15)、对羟基苯乙酸(16)和1-O-香草酰基-β-D-葡萄糖(17)。化合物1、3、7、9~15和17为首次从栀子属中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性测试结果显示,当浓度为100μM时,有9个化合物对该酶表现出微弱的抑制作用。     

桃金娘叶的化学成分研究

为了解桃金娘[Rhodomyrtus tomentosa(Ait.) Hassk.]的化学成分,从其叶的醇提物中分离得到10个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为羽扇豆醇(1)、杨梅素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2)、rhodomyrtone (3)、4,8,9,10-四羟基-2,3,7-三甲氧基蒽醌-6-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、豆甾醇(5)、山奈酚-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖苷(6)、杨梅素(7)、23-羟基委陵菜酸(8)、2α,3β,19α,23-四羟基乌苏-12-烯-28-酸28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)和laricitrin (10)。其中化合物5~10均为首次从桃金娘中分离得到。化合物3对金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌表现出显著的抗菌活性(MIC=0.78μg mL–1)。     

白粉藤的木脂素和三萜成分

从白粉藤（Cissus repens Lank）地上部分分离得到5个木脂素和8个三萜,其中一个木脂素是新化合物,它的结构通过波谱分析和碱水解的方法鉴定为：（＋）-异落叶松树脂醇-9′-（2-对-香豆酰）-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（1）。其余化合物分别是：（＋）-异落叶松树脂醇-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（2）,（＋）-Lyoniside（3）,（—）-开环异落叶松树脂醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（4）,（7′R,8′S）-4′-hydroxy-3′,5-dimethoxy-7,8′-dihydrobenzofuran-1-propanolneolignan-9′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside（5）,木栓酮（6）,表木栓醇（7）,蒲公英赛醇乙酸酯（8）,熊果酸（9）,2α-羟基乌索酸（10）,积雪草酸（11）,Niga-ichigoside F1（12）,羽扇豆醇（13）。这些化合物都是首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.