人乳头瘤病毒分型检测在宫颈病变中的研究进展

宫颈癌是感染性疾病,HPV感染是宫颈癌发生的主要因素。宫颈上皮内留样病变(CIN)是宫颈浸润癌演变发展过程中的癌前病变阶段,研究发现大多数CIN伴有人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染,不同HPV亚型的致病力不同,因此不同亚型的HPV感染可以导致不同的宫颈病变。对CIN早诊、早治是降低宫颈癌发生率和死亡率的关键,临床上应用HPV亚型检测对宫颈病变的初筛及治疗追踪具有重要意义。     

Direct Metagenomic Detection of Viral Pathogens in Nasal and Fecal Specimens Using an Unbiased High-Throughput Sequencing Approach

With the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic of 2003 and renewed attention on avian influenza viral pandemics, new surveillance systems are needed for the earlier detection of emerging infectious diseases. We applied a “next-generation” parallel sequencing platform for viral detection in nasopharyngeal and fecal samples collected during seasonal influenza virus (Flu) infections and norovirus outbreaks from 2005 to 2007 in Osaka, Japan. Random RT-PCR was performed to amplify RNA extracted from 0.1–0.25 ml of nasopharyngeal aspirates (N = 3) and fecal specimens (N = 5), and more than 10 µg of cDNA was synthesized. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing of these 8 samples yielded 15,298–32,335 (average 24,738) reads in a single 7.5 h run. In nasopharyngeal samples, although whole genome analysis was not available because the majority (>90%) of reads were host genome–derived, 20–460 Flu-reads were detected, which was sufficient for subtype identification. In fecal samples, bacteria and host cells were removed by centrifugation, resulting in gain of 484–15,260 reads of norovirus sequence (78–98% of the whole genome was covered), except for one specimen that was under-detectable by RT-PCR. These results suggest that our unbiased high-throughput sequencing approach is useful for directly detecting pathogenic viruses without advance genetic information. Although its cost and technological availability make it unlikely that this system will very soon be the diagnostic standard worldwide, this system could be useful for the earlier discovery of novel emerging viruses and bioterrorism, which are difficult to detect with conventional procedures.     

宫颈疾患中人乳头瘤病毒和疱疹病毒Ⅱ型DNA的检测

本文应用HPV11,16,18型和HSV-2N/BglⅡ、HSV-2L/HindⅢDNA片段等五个分子探针,通过斑点杂交技术对79例宫颈疾患(包括50例宫颈癌和29例宫颈糜烂)组织DNA进行了检测,结果发现宫颈癌组织HPV16,18和11的阳性率分别为44％,12％和4％,而宫颈糜烂组织中HPV16,18和11的阳性率分别为14％,7％和14％;且3例标本HPV16和HPV18均呈弱杂交反应;在被检的所有宫颈癌组织中各有2例分别与HSV-2N/BglⅡHSV-2L/HindⅢ弱杂交,宫颈糜烂组织无一例阳性。结果提示,HPV在宫颈癌的发生过程中可能起主要作用,HSV-2的作用尚不确定,可能与HPV起协同作用。     

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture ^1,2.Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus ³ to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells ⁴. MDCK cells (10⁴ or 5 x 10³ per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 ⁵ and hemagglutinin ¹ are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 10²-10⁵ PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 10²-10³ PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.     

蓝舌病毒核酸检测技术研究进展

蓝舌病毒（BTV）血清型较多,其核酸检测主要涉及通用型检测和分型检测,寻求相应的适宜检测靶基因尤为重要。BTV核酸检测技术是蓝舌病诊断的重要手段,其发展过程主要经历了基因杂交探针技术、RT-PCR检测技术、实时荧光定量PCR检测技术及基因芯片检测技术等;同时,建立和完善高通量BTV筛查技术成为迫切要求。     

Almost Unbiased Ratio and Product Type Estimators: A New Approach

In this paper, we have proposed a new method, consisting of a linear variety of the estimators and a linear constraint to remove the bias appearing in the estimators of the ratio R = Y/X and product P = YX. The percent relative efficiency of proposed estimators has also been demonstrated with numerical illustrations.