Effects of limiting nutrients and N:P ratios on the phytoplankton growth in a shallow hypertrophic reservoir

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of limiting nutrients and the N:P ratios on the growth of phytoplankton (mainly cyanobacteria) in a shallow hypertrophic reservoir between November 2002 and December 2003. Nutrient enrichment bioassays (NEBs) were conducted, along with analyses of seasonal ambient nutrients and phytoplankton taxa, in the reservoir. The average DIN:TDP and TN:TP mass ratios in the ambient water were 90 (range: 17–187) and 34 (13–60), respectively, during the study period. The dissolved inorganic phosphorus showed seasonal variation, but less than that of inorganic nitrogen. The TN:TP ratios ranged from 13 to 46 (mean: 27 ± 6) during June–December when the cyanobacteria, Microcystis, dominated the phytoplankton composition. The NEBs showed that phytoplankton growth was mainly stimulated by the phosphorus (all of total 17 cases), rather than the nitrogen concentration (8 of 17 cases). The rapid growth rate of cyanobacteria was evident with TN:TP ratios less than 30. According to the results of the NEBs with different N concentrations (0.07, 0.7 and 3.5 mg l⁻¹), but the same N:P ratios and when the nitrogen concentration was highest, the cyanobacterial growth reached a maximum at N:P ratios <1. Overall, the response of cyanobacterial growth was a direct function of added phosphorus in the NEBs, and was greater with increased N concentrations. Thus, cyanobacterial blooms favored relatively low N:P ratios in this hypertrophic reservoir system. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Effect of nutrient availability on the C, N, and P elemental ratios in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

To clarify whether nutrients limit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz during the growing season in Lake Yogo, we examined the cellular ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in the populations of M. aeruginosa from August to December 2001. We also measured cellular C, N, and P ratios of M. aeruginosa under batch culture conditions. The cellular levels of N and P of M. aeruginosa in natural population changed more than twofold. The atomic N: C ratio of natural populations of Microcystis fluctuated from 0.11 to 0.26. The atomic P: C ratio fluctuated from 0.0080 to 0.024. The N: C, P: C, and N: P ratios of exponentially growing M. aeruginosa in N-and P-rich medium were 0.19, 0.013, and 15 on average. The growth of M. aeruginosa was suppressed below the N: C ratio of 0.13 under the N-free condition and below the P: C ratio of 0.0026 in the P-free condition. In the natural population, the N: C ratio was low on August 1-2 (0.11) and the P: C ratio was low (less than 0.011) until September. The Microcystis population on August 1-2 was N limited, judging from the results of the culture experiment. In other periods, the population seemed to be supplied with a sufficient amount of N. Although the P: C ratio was low (approximately 0.01) during August and September, it was several times larger than the value of the reduction of growth rate that occurred in culture. P limitation did not occur during the study period. N became more of a limiting factor than P for the formation of blooms of Microcystis. No blooms were observed in August and September, in spite of the increase of cellular levels of N. The formation of Microcystis blooms in Lake Yogo seems to be affected by artificial manipulations such as pumping from Lake Biwa and outflow.     

大沙河水库冬季浮游植物群落结构与水华分析

于2009年12月、2010年1月和2月对广东省大沙河水库湖泊区距水表层0.5m、5m和10m三个水层的浮游植物进行了定性与定量分析,同时对环境变量进行了测定.采样期间三个月的总降雨量为263mm,水温范围在15.5～19.4℃之间,水体处于混合状态.三次采样中,共检测出浮游植物69种(属),隶属于6个门,浮游植物丰度范围在4.1×10⁶～14.8×10⁶cells·L^-1之间.三个水层的浮游植物优势种类差异不显著(p>0.05),丰度的主要优势种为蓝藻门的卷曲鱼腥藻(Anabaena circinalis)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa),这两个种的丰度之和占总丰度的70%以上,在2009年12月和2010年2月的表层出现了轻度鱼腥藻和微囊藻水华.蓝藻自身的浮力调节机制和适应低磷的生活策略是其成为优势种的重要原因,相对稳定的外部条件、水体混合与富营养共同导致的光的可获得性的减少是形成蓝藻水华的关键外部因子.     

The dynamics of the N/P ratio and stratification in a large nitrogen-limited estuary as a result of upwelling: a tendency for offshore Nodularia blooms

The effect of upwelling on the preconditions for noxious cyanobacterial blooms in a nitrogen-limited estuary is studied with Nodularia blooms in the Gulf of Finland especially in mind. An idealised physical–chemical model is derived and integrated. The physical development in the model agrees with a classical picture of upwelling for the scales of interest. The chemical component indicates a transient minimum of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratio in the middle of the gulf, coinciding with the stratification maximum resulting from physical dynamics. A general tendency for offshore cyanobacterial blooms in similar physical and biological conditions is deduced from these results.     

Horizontal variation of biomass and C:N:P ratios of benthic algae in lakes

The horizontal variation of chlorophyll a (chl a) and C:N:P (carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus) ratio was estimated for benthic algal communities attached to living substrates (mussels and macrophytes) and to rocks and stones in three lakes of different trophy. Samples were taken in a nested hierarchical design with replicates separated by several cm, dm, 10 m, and km. The observed horizontal variation of chl a, C:N, and C:P ratios did not differ for horizontal scales, substrates, or lakes. Although the investigated lakes were quite unlike regarding nutrient status, light regime, or morphology, the patchiness was similar in all lakes. Moreover, patchiness was also similar on stones, macrophytes and mussels, although those substrates differed in longevity and surface structure. Similar patchiness regardless of scale, substrate, or sampled lake, implies the possibility of using an optimal sampling design calculated for one lake and substrate also in other lakes and on other substrates.     

Dominant roles but distinct effects of groundwater depth on regulating leaf and fine-root N,P and N:P ratios of plant communities

地下水位对植物群落叶片与细根氮磷化学计量特征的调控作用不同但影响显著 地下水作为干旱区水资源可利用性的决定因素,在调节植被分布和生态系统过程中具有至关重要的作用。尽管近年来在环境胁迫与群落水平性状的关系方面取得了较大的研究进展,但对于干旱区地下水变化所引起的水分胁迫如何影响植物群落水平化学计量比仍知之甚少。本研究的目的是评估植物群落地上地下部分化学计量比对地下水变化的不同响应。我们通过对典型干旱内陆河流域的110个样方进行调查,测定叶片和细根的氮磷含量,利用生物量加权法计算其化学计量比,并试图探究沿地下水位梯度,群落水平的化学计量比的变化模式及其关键驱动因素。研究结果表明,在群落水平上,地下水、植被类型以及物种组成是影响叶片与细根氮、磷与氮磷比的主要因素,其中地下水位起着主导性作用。地下水的作用主要表现为间接作用,其主要通过调控植被类型和物种组成来影响群落水平的氮磷化学计量比。植被类型和物种组成均对群落水平的氮磷化学计量比具有显著的直接作用。此外,在群落水平上,地下水对叶片与细根氮磷化学计量比的作用不同。地下水通过影响植被类型进而降低叶片氮、磷含量,以及增加叶片氮磷比与细根氮含量。地下水通过影响物种组成进而增加细根磷含量,降低细根氮磷比。综上所述,地下水而不是气候有效的调控了群落水平的氮磷化学计量比。此外,植物群落地上地下部分氮磷化学计量比对地下水位变化具有不同的响应。     

Seaweed biogeochemistry: Global assessment of C:N and C:P ratios and implications for ocean afforestation

Algal carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) and carbon-to-phosphorus (C:P) ratios are fundamental for understanding many oceanic biogeochemical processes, such as nutrient flux and climate regulation. We synthesized literature data (444 species, >400 locations) and collected original samples from Tasmania, Australia (51 species, 10 locations) to update the global ratios of seaweed carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) and carbon-to-phosphorus (C:P). The updated global mean molar ratio for seaweed C:N is 20 (ranging from 6 to 123) and for C:P is 801 (ranging from 76 to 4102). The C:N and C:P ratios were significantly influenced by seawater inorganic nutrient concentrations and seasonality. Additionally, C:N ratios varied by phyla. Brown seaweeds (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) had the highest mean C:N of 27.5 (range: 7.6–122.5), followed by green seaweeds (Chlorophyta) of 17.8 (6.2–54.3) and red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) of 14.8 (5.6–77.6). We used the updated C:N and C:P values to compare seaweed tissue stoichiometry with the most recently reported values for plankton community stoichiometry. Our results show that seaweeds have on average 2.8 and 4.0 times higher C:N and C:P than phytoplankton, indicating seaweeds can assimilate more carbon in their biomass for a given amount of nutrient resource. The stoichiometric comparison presented herein is central to the discourse on ocean afforestation (the deliberate replacement of phytoplankton with seaweeds to enhance the ocean biological carbon sink) by contributing to the understanding of the impact of nutrient reallocation from phytoplankton to seaweeds under large-scale seaweed cultivation.     

Regulation of phosphate uptake reveals cyanobacterial bloom resilience to shifting N:P ratios

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Phylogenetic ecology of foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratios across mediterranean‐type ecosystems

Aim Interpretations of global‐scale patterns in foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratios across climatic gradients and biomes often ignore complications imposed by taxonomic and phylogenetic structure in the nutrient concentrations of the constituent taxa. We analysed foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratios of species from similar climate zones, but with contrasting soil fertility, to determine the relative importance of phylogeny and geographic region in driving foliar nutrient concentrations. Location Mediterranean climate regions. Methods Mean foliar N and P concentrations of 564 species from five mediterranean climate regions were compiled. Regional comparisons of foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratios were performed using a phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC) procedure. We also evaluated phylogenetic structuring in these variables, determining for each clade whether (1) the mean trait value and (2) the variance in trait values deviate significantly from chance expectation. Results Foliar N and P concentrations were found to vary between regions, a result confirmed using PIC. Tests of phylogenetic structure identified lineages having unusually high or low N and P concentrations, these being largely consistent amongst two of the regions. There was a general pattern of conservatism in foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratios with localized instances of overdispersion. Main conclusions Our findings identify soil fertility as a strong environmental filter which has led to the dominance of low‐nutrient adapted lineages in the South African Cape and Western Australia. There is also a pronounced clade‐specific ‘stoichiometric homeostasis’ in foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratios and this strong phylogenetic conservatism, together with the narrow range of foliar concentrations, is an evolutionary outcome of factors associated with developmental and physiological nutrient requirements specific to each lineage. Our results reinforce the need to include phylogenetic considerations in discussions of the biological stoichiometry of plants if we are to expand our current knowledge of foliar N and P concentrations and N:P patterns from an ecological to a biogeographic scale.     

Relative costs and benefits of clonal integration of Zoysia japonica under various N:P ratios

Clonal plants adaptively respond to abiotic stress, but to date little is known about under what circumstanses clonal integration is beneficial, or costly. To study the costs and benefits of clonal integration on clonal growth, we cultivated Zoysia japonica under three ratios of N:P (N:P ≈ 7, 14:1 and 21:1), and four types of stolon severing treatments (connected stolon CS, light severing LS, moderate severing MS, serious severing SS). The results showed that Z. japonica performed best at a low ratio of N:P (N:P ≈ 7:1). When the stolons were connected (CS), the growth of primary A‐ramets, multiple‐nodes and stolons benefited from clonal integration; however, the growth of primary B‐ramets on the primary stolons, A and B ramets was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). In the moderate stolon severing treatment MS_7:1 (N:P ≈ 7:1), clonal integration appeared more cost effective than in all other treatments. On the whole, with increasing stolon severing intensity, the cost of clonal integration increased and the clonal growth of Z. japonica declined significantly. The pattern of biomass allocation may be useful for Z. japonica to adapt to the various environments, and clonal integration plays a significant role under adverse environmental conditions.     

The human‐induced imbalance between C,N and P in Earth's life system

Human‐induced carbon and nitrogen fertilization are generating a strong imbalance with P. This imbalance confers an increasingly important role to P availability and N : P ratio in the Earth's life system, affecting carbon sequestration potential and the structure, function and evolution of the Earth's ecosystems.     

南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中N、P的化学计量特征

选择南亚热带森林演替过程3个阶段(初期、中期和后期)的典型森林生态系统为研究对象, 在测定植物与土壤中全N、全P含量的基础上, 阐明了森林演替过程中植物与土壤的N、P化学计量特征。结果显示: 1)土壤中全N含量随演替进行而增加, 马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(初期)、混交林(中期)和季风林(后期) 0-10 cm土层中全N含量分别为0.440、0.843和1.023 g·kg^-1; 混交林0-10 cm土层中全P的含量最为丰富, 为0.337 g·kg^-1, 马尾松林和季风林土壤全P含量分别为0.190和0.283 g·kg^-1。2)植物叶片中全N、全P的含量随演替呈减少的趋势, 但根系中全N、全P的含量都以马尾松林为最多, 混交林和季风林含量彼此相当。3)各土层中N:P随演替的进行呈现明显增加趋势, 马尾松林、混交林和季风林0-10 cm土层中N:P分别为2.3、2.5和3.6; 植物各器官中N:P随演替的进行也呈增加趋势, 且叶片和根系中的N:P相近, 马尾松林、混交林和季风林叶片中N:P分别为22.7、25.3和29.6。基于上述结果, 探讨了南亚热带森林生态系统植物与土壤中N:P特征、森林演替过程中植物与土壤中N:P变化规律以及P对南亚热带森林生态系统的限制作用。结果表明, P已经成为南亚热带森林生态系统生物生长和重要生态过程的限制因子。     

黑果枸杞功能性状对氮磷添加的响应及其可塑性

分析养分添加对荒漠植物功能性状的影响,对揭示其响应和适应环境变化的规律至关重要.本研究以黑果枸杞为材料,设置3个氮磷(NP)添加量(低、中、高)和N/P(5∶1、15∶1、45∶1),量化分析了整株、根、茎、叶和果实性状对NP添加的响应.结果 表明:黑果枸杞功能性状差异化响应了NP添加量和比例,随NP添加量的增加,生物...     

The C:N:P ratio of phytoplankton determines the relative amounts of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus released during aerobic decomposition

Three phytoplankton assemblages, with different C:N:P ratios of 314:55:1, 103:17:1, and 57:5.5:1 (by weight), were prepared by growing lake phytoplankton in artificial media with different N:P supply ratios and then decomposed under aerobic conditions for three months.There was no net release of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the phytoplankton assemblage with the highest C:N:P ratio, in contrast with an abundant liberation of DIP from that with the lowest C:N:P ratio. On the other hand, there was an abundant release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from the phytoplankton assemblage with the highest C:N:P ratio, in contrast with little or virtually no release of DIN from those with lower C:N:P ratios. Thus, it was concluded that the C:N:P ratio of phytoplankton is an important parameter to determine the relative amounts of DIP and DIN released, when they are decomposed under aerobic conditions.Contribution from Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, No. 316 (Foreign Language Series).Contribution from Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, No. 316 (Foreign Language Series).     

天童常绿阔叶林演替系列植物群落的N：P化学计量特征

土壤氮磷养分对植物生长的限制性可通过植被的N：P化学计量特征来反映。该研究以常绿阔叶林演替系列为对象,将N：P作为诊断指标,揭示常绿阔叶林次生演替过程中植物群落的N：P化学计量特征和养分限制作用。结果显示：1）物种水平的N：P大小不一,但演替系列总体的变化特征表现出了较高的一致性。2）在群落水平上,次生演替初期的灌草丛N：P极小（7．38）,远远低于14,当演替进入灌丛阶段,N：P显著增高到19．96,在进入演替中期的针叶林（14．29）和针阔混交林（14．21）时,N：P显著下降到14～16之间,演替中后期的木荷（Schima superba）群落（18．77）和栲树（Castanopsis fargesii）群落（20．13）的N：P发生了显著的升高过程。根据以往对N：P临界值的确定,可以认为,常绿阔叶林次生演替初期的植物群落生产力主要受到氮素的限制作用;演替中期的针叶林和针阔混交林主要受氮磷的共同限制,但以氮素的限制作用更为强烈;演替中后期植物群落主要受到土壤磷素的限制作用。     

RESPONSE OF A LENTIC PERIPHYTON COMMUNITY TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT AT LOW N:P RATIOS1

We examined the effect of nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios and nutrient concentrations on periphyton when nutrients (N and P) are provided in excess. A gradient of seven N:P ratios ranging from 7.5:1 to 1:7.5 and each at three absolute concentrations, was established using nutrient‐releasing substrata placed in a meso‐oligotrophic lake. Differences in total algal biovolume among nutrient ratios were significant (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]) when P concentration was entered as the co‐variate. In addition, total algal biovolume was significantly correlated with N concentration but not P. To further evaluate the relationship between nutrient ratios and biovolume, we analyzed (using four 1‐way analysis of variances [ANOVAs]) four subsets of data defined as a series of treatments where one nutrient concentration remained relatively constant as the other changed creating different N:P ratios. Ratios of data subsets ranged from 1:1 to 7.5:1 and 1:1 to 1:7.5 with low and high concentrations of both series. Only diatom biovolume varied with ratio but these differences are most likely related to increased green algal abundance. Species richness and diversity differed among N:P ratios (ANCOVA) when P concentration was used as the co‐variate. Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Gomont, which generally accounted for the increase in green algal abundance, varied with nutrient ratio (ANCOVA) when P was the co‐variate. Based on the ANCOVAs, correlations, and one‐way ANOVAs, periphyton in this system appears to be affected by N concentration but not by N:P treatment ratios under nutrient‐rich conditions. When compared with previous studies, these data also suggest that the response of periphyton to in situ treatments constructed with nutrient‐releasing substrata vary between years.     

青藏高原草地植物群落冠层叶片氮磷化学计量学分析

叶片氮(N)和磷(P)的化学计量学研究涉及到植物生态学的众多领域与多个尺度, 然而各个尺度上的化学计量学研究并未同步展开。通过对青藏高原47个草地样地连续3年的调查, 分析了当地群落水平上的植物叶片N、P含量及其化学计量学特征, 并结合温度和降水气候数据研究了N、P含量及N:P比值与这两个气候因子的相关关系。研究结果显示: 青藏高原草地群落水平的叶片N含量变化范围为14.8-36.7 mg·g^-1, 平均为23.2 mg·g^-1; P含量变化范围为0.8-2.8 mg·g^-1, 平均为1.7 mg·g^-1; N:P比值变化范围为6.8-25.6, 平均为13.5。群落叶片N含量与P含量呈显著正相关关系, 叶片的N:P比值与P含量呈显著负相关关系, N:P比值的变化主要由P含量变化决定。另外发现: 群落水平叶片N、P含量及N:P比值存在着显著的年际变化, 叶片的N、P含量及N:P比值与年平均气温之间存在着极显著的相关关系。通过该研究结果推测: P含量较高的变异系数及其与环境因子表现出的显著相关性, 在一定程度上体现了植物群落对当地气候条件的一种适应。     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林与落叶阔叶林的C:N:P化学计量特征

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林和落叶阔叶林为对象, 通过对叶片和凋落物C:N:P比率与N、P重吸收的研究, 揭示3种植被类型N、P养分限制和N、P重吸收的内在联系。结果显示: 1)叶片C:N:P在常绿阔叶林为758:18:1, 在常绿针叶林为678:14:1, 在落叶阔叶林为338:11:1; 凋落物C:N:P在常绿阔叶林为777:13:1, 常绿针叶林为691:14:1, 落叶阔叶林为567:14:1; 2)常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林叶片与凋落物C:N均显著高于落叶阔叶林; 叶片C:P在常绿阔叶林最高, 常绿针叶林中等, 落叶阔叶林最低, 常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林凋落物C:P显著高于落叶阔叶林; 叶片N:P比也是常绿阔叶林最高、常绿针叶林次之, 落叶阔叶林最低, 但常绿阔叶林凋落物N:P最低; 3)植被叶片N、P含量间(N为x, P为y)的II类线性回归斜率显著大于1 (p < 0.05), 表明叶片P含量的增加可显著提高叶片N含量; 凋落物N、P含量的回归斜率约等于1, 反映了凋落物中单位P含量与单位N含量间的等速损耗关系; 4)常绿阔叶林N重吸收率显著高于常绿针叶林与落叶阔叶林, 落叶阔叶林P重吸收率显著高于常绿阔叶林和常绿针叶林。虽然植被的N:P指示常绿阔叶林受P限制, 落叶阔叶林受N限制, 常绿针叶林受N、P的共同限制, 但是N、P重吸收研究结果表明: 受N素限制的常绿阔叶林具有高的N重吸收率, 受P限制的落叶阔叶林并不具有高的P重吸收率。可见, 较高的N、P养分转移率可能不是植物对N、P养分胁迫的一种重要适应机制, 是物种固有的特征。