Synthesis and in vitro microbiological evaluation of novel diethyl 6,6′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(4-aryl-2-oxo-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylates)

Novel bis cyclohexenone ester derivatives 14–19 were synthesized and characterized by their spectral data. In vitro microbiological evaluations were carried out for all the novel compounds 14–19 against clinically isolated bacterial and fungal strains. Compounds 15, 16, 18 against Staphylococcus aureus, 14, 15 against β-Haemolytic streptococcus, 15, 19 against Micrococcus luteus, 17, 18 against Salmonella typhii, 14, 17 against Shigella flexneri, 15 against Escherichia coli, 16 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15, 18, 19 against Klebsiella pneumonia exhibited potent antibacterial activity at an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 6.25 μg/ml, whereas compound 16 against Aspergillus flavus, 17 against A. niger, 16, 18 against Mucor indicus, 15, 17–19 against Microsporum gypseum revealed excellent antifungal activity at an MIC value of 6.25 μg/ml.     

查尔酮衍生物对黑曲霉线粒体结构及功能的影响

本研究旨在探讨查尔酮衍生物对黑曲霉线粒体结构和功能的影响,评估查尔酮衍生物对黑曲霉的抗真菌效果.采用不同浓度查尔酮衍生物处理黑曲霉菌丝体,通过透射电子显微镜观察线粒体结构;并进一步对黑曲霉线粒体的活性氧、丙二醛水平、三羧酸循环相关酶活性和线粒体膜电位的变化进行测定.结果 表明,查尔酮衍生物以剂量依赖的方式诱导黑曲霉线粒...     

Study of antifungal activities of seven essential oils from some Iranian medicinal plants against various postharvest phytopathogenic fungi

The aim of this study was to find the antifungal activities of seven essential oils from some Iranian medicinal plants that have maximum (100%) inhibition effect on the mycelium growth of postharvest phytopathogenic fungi. Among 20 examined species belonging to three families, only 7 species could stop the mycelium growth of phytopathogenic fungi. The selected plants include Trachyspermum ammi, Zataria multiflora Boiss., Satureia hortensis, Caryophillum aromaticus, Menthe piperita, Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi, and fungi include Aspergillus flavus, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium commune, Rhizopus stolonifer and Rhizopus lyococcus. The results showed that the essential oil of these plants could stop the mycelium growth at 500 ppm, but could not completely inhibit the spore germination, however reduced the spore germination to 80–90%. Among the fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Rhizopus lyococcus are more resistant to the inhibition effects of essential oils. Among the plants, Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi were slightly weaker than other plants. Also except for Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi, the essential oils of other plants had fungicide effect while these two plants in most cases had fugistatic effect. The results showed that these essential oils can be used as an effective alternative control method.     

三种药用植物内生真菌抗真菌活性的研究

从雪上一枝蒿(Aconitumbrachypodum)、刺五加(Acanthopanaxsenticosus)和大血藤(Sargentodoxacuneata)分离获得的162株内生真菌进行抗真菌活性检测,结果具有抗菌活性菌株有74株,雪上一枝蒿15株,刺五加23株,大血藤36株,分别占3种植物各自内生真菌的44.12%,48.94%和44.44%。将具有抗菌活性的菌株进行分类鉴定,分属于6目、7科、23属。     

侧柏乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶、小枝、球果和种子4个不同部位乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果显示:(1)在供试浓度为50g/L(相当于干样)时,侧柏各部位乙醇提取物对4种供试植物病原真菌均具有较好抑制作用,其中侧柏叶提取物的抑菌效果最好,对供试葡萄白腐病菌(Conio-thyrium diplodiella)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Elsinoe ampelina)、番茄绵腐病菌(Phytophthora melongenae)和青霉病菌(Penicilliu mexpansum)的EC50分别为:5.424、3.186、8.913和19.000g/L。(2)侧柏叶乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性均较好,在供试浓度为0.5g/L时,石油醚萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)和葡萄黑痘病菌(E.ampelina)的抑菌率分别为80.35%和60.23%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对以上2种植物病原菌的抑菌率分别为81.88%和64.06%。结果表明:侧柏叶、小枝、球果和种子乙醇提取物均具有一定抑菌活性,叶乙醇提取物的活性最好,活性成分主要集中在石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

Antifungal activity of extracts from Atacama Desert fungi against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and identification of Aspergillus felis as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds

Fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides are responsible forparacoccidioidomycosis. The occurrence of drug toxicity and relapse in this diseasejustify the development of new antifungal agents. Compounds extracted from fungalextract have showing antifungal activity. Extracts of 78 fungi isolated from rocks ofthe Atacama Desert were tested in a microdilution assay againstParacoccidioides brasiliensis Pb18. Approximately 18% (5) of theextracts showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values≤ 125.0µg/mL. Among these, extract from the fungus UFMGCB 8030 demonstrated the bestresults, with an MIC of 15.6 µg/mL. This isolate was identified asAspergillus felis (by macro and micromorphologies, and internaltranscribed spacer, β-tubulin, and ribosomal polymerase II gene analyses) and wasgrown in five different culture media and extracted with various solvents to optimiseits antifungal activity. Potato dextrose agar culture and dichloromethane extractionresulted in an MIC of 1.9 µg/mL against P. brasiliensis and did notshow cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested in normal mammalian cell (Vero). Thisextract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation using analyticalC18RP-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and an antifungal assay usingP. brasiliensis. Analysis of the active fractions by HPLC-highresolution mass spectrometry allowed us to identify the antifungal agents present inthe A. felis extracts cytochalasins. These results reveal thepotential of A. felis as a producer of bioactive compounds withantifungal activity.     

Characterization of Chitinolytic and Antifungal Activities in Marine-Derived Trichoderma bissettii Strains

Trichoderma fungi have been intensively studied for mycoparasitism, and the latter is closely related to their cell-wall degrading enzymes including chitinase. Here, we studied marine-derived Trichoderma spp., isolated from distinct sources and locations, for chitinolytic and antifungal activity. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, two strains designated GJ-Sp1 and TOP-Co8 (isolated from a marine sponge and a marine alga, respectively) were identified as Trichoderma bissettii. This species has recently been identified as a closely related species to Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The extracellular crude enzymes of GJ-Sp1 and TOP-Co8 showed activities of chitobiosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (exochitinase) and chitotriosidase (endochitinase). The optimum chitinolytic activity of the crude enzymes was observed at 50 °C, pH 5.0, 0–0.5% NaCl concentrations, and the activities were stable at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 °C for 2 h. Moreover, the crude enzymes showed inhibitory activity against hyphal growth of two filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the chitinolytic and antifungal activity of T. bissettii.     

一株仙人掌植物内生真菌的分离鉴定及活性研究

从元江仙人掌的茎中分离到一株产广谱、高活性抑菌物质的内生真菌,经测定对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌共21种病原微生物有较为明显的抑制作用。形态特征表明,该菌株与曲霉属（Aspergillus）中的土生曲霉（Aspergillus terreus）的特征基本一致,18SrDNA序列分析显示本菌株与土生曲霉的同源性高于99％,但该菌株的分生孢子梗上有明显的瘤状突起,不同于模式菌株。因此认为该菌株为土生曲霉的一个变种,命名为土生曲霉云南变种（Aspergillus terreus vat．yunnanensis）。并对其活性物质的生产条件进行了初步摸索,确定用查氏培养基为最佳种子培养基,PDA培养基为最佳发酵培养基,4d为最适发酵时间。     

五种新疆植物的抗真菌活性

对采自新疆的黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)、北艾(Artemisia vulgaris)、梭梭(Halaxylon ammodendron)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)和多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)抗植物病原真菌的活性进行了研究,植物病原真菌包括番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium axysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)、烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)和瓜果腐霉(Pythium aphani-dermatum),其中黄花蒿对真菌菌丝生长、多枝柽柳对稻瘟病菌孢子萌发表现出强的抑制活性。本研究为植物病害防治和新疆植物资源的开发和利用提供了依据。     

Antifungal Activities of Four Fatty Acids against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

The effect of the fatty acids linolenic acid, linoleic acid, erucic acid and oleic acid on the growth of the plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, Pyrenophora avenae and Crinipellis perniciosa were examined in in vitro studies. Linolenic and linoleic acids exhibited activity against all of the fungi. However, whereas linolenic acid reduced mycelial growth of R. solani and C. perniciosa at 100 microM, the concentration had to be increased to 1000 microM before any effect on mycelial growth of P. ultimum and P. avenae was observed. Linoleic acid only reduced mycelial growth of R. solani, P. ultimum and P. avenae at 1000 microM, but led to a significant reduction in growth of C. perniciosa at 100 microM. In contrast, oleic acid had no significant effect on growth of R. solani or P. avenae, but gave significant reductions in mycelial growth of P. ultimum at 100 microM and reduced growth of C. perniciosa significantly at 1000 microM. All of the fatty acids reduced biomass production by all of the fungi significantly in liquid culture when added to the media at 100 microM. Erucic acid had no effect on fungal growth at any concentration examined. The antifungal activities exhibited by linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids may be useful in the search for alternative approaches to controlling important plant pathogens, such as those examined in this study.     

海洋曲霉属真菌抗菌活性物质的研究进展

海洋微生物由于其独特的生存环境造就了许多结构新颖、具有特殊生物活性的代谢产物。随着科学技术的发展,科学界掀起了对海洋微生物代谢物的研究浪潮。近年来的研究表明,海洋曲霉属真菌及其次级代谢产物具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等生物活性。通过查阅文献与资料,对近年来海洋曲霉属真菌及其次级代谢产物的化学结构及生物活性研究与开发的进展进行综述总结,以期有助于后续研究及应用。     

The endophytic Aspergillus strains: A bountiful source of natural products

Fungi that invade plant inner tissues without inducing disease symptoms are known as fungal endophytes. They represent a promising and tremendous reservoir of natural products with valuable biological potentials for application in medicine, agriculture and industry. Among the numerous existing endophytic fungi, Aspergillus strains constitute one of the most prolific sources of secondary metabolites with diverse chemical classes and interesting biological activities. This review covers the literature of the year 2020, reporting the isolation of 202 compounds obtained from more than 10 different endophytic Aspergillus species associated with different host plants. Analysis and interpretation of the collected data revealed that chemical investigation of endophytes belonging to the genus Aspergillus may greatly contribute to the discovery of potential drug leads. The isolated metabolites were chemically various and exhibited diverse biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-plasmodial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. Moreover, adoption of advanced technology in molecular biology together with modern chemical tools is anticipated to improve the discovery of new biopharmaceuticals from this valuable microbial world in the future.     

真菌诱导的植物几丁酶蛋白

几丁酶,水解几丁质-真菌细胞壁的主要成分,该酶广泛存在于微生物和动植物中.近年来,植物几丁酶在植物抗真菌侵染过程中的作用和巨大的应用前景,已引起了人们的广泛关注.重点综述亲和组合、不亲和组合及内生菌根中真菌对植物几丁酶蛋白的诱导、几丁酶的组织细胞学定位及其抗真菌活性研究.     

灰毛豆内生真菌淡紫拟青霉菌(TPL04)代谢产物的研究

从灰毛豆叶片中分离出内生真菌-淡紫拟青霉菌Purureocillium lilacinum(TPL04),对其发酵产物采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱、制备薄层色谱、中压柱色谱及制备液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,共获得8个单体化合物。通过波谱学方法并结合相关文献数据比对,化合物结构鉴定为5-羟基己酸-4-内酯(1)、(R)-4-苄基-2-噁唑烷酮(2)、2′-脱氧胸苷(3)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(4)、光色素(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、尿嘧啶核苷(7)、己六醇(8)。其中化合物1、2、4是首次从淡紫拟青霉菌中分离得到,抑菌实验表明化合物4对水稻纹枯菌(Pellicularia sasakii)、辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)、草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)、油菜菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)四种植物病原菌生长有抑制作用。     

Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

The antifungal and fungicidal effects of two chemotypes of basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil and its major individual components were studied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Mycelial growth of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis fabae was reduced significantly by both the methyl chavicol chemotype oil and the linalol chemotype oil, and the major individual components of the oils all reduced fungal growth, with methyl chavicol, linalol, eugenol and eucalyptol reducing growth significantly. Combining the pure oil components in the same proportions as found in the whole oil led to very similar reductions in fungal growth, suggesting that the antifungal effects of the whole oils were due primarily to the major components. When the fungus was exposed to the oils in liquid culture, growth was reduced by concentrations considerably smaller than those used in the Petri dish studies. Botrytis fabae and the rust fungus Uromyces fabae were also controlled in vivo, with the whole oils of both chemotypes, as well as pure methyl chavicol and linalol, reducing infection of broad bean leaves significantly. Most effective control of fungal infection was achieved if the treatments were applied 3 h postinoculation.     

(−)-3β-Acetoxydrimenin from the leaves of Drimys winteri

A new natural product, 3β-acetoxydrimenin was isolated from the petrol extract of the leaves of Drimys winteri which also contains the known compounds safrol, drimenol and polygodial. The structure of the new compound was determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods.     

Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

The antifungal and fungicidal effects of hyssop ( Hyssopus officinalis ) oil and its individual components were studied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Mycelial growth of the plant pathogenic fungi Pyrenophora avenae and Pyricularia oryzae was completely inhibited by 0.4% hyssop oil. Volatile components diffusing from agar medium containing 0.4% hyssop oil also completely inhibited the growth of these two fungi. Various components of hyssop oil ( L -bornyl acetate, isopinocampheol and pinocamphone), used individually, reduced growth of P. avenae and, where combinations of individual components were used, any mixture containing isopinocampheol completely inhibited fungal growth. Growth of P. oryzae was less affected by individual components of the oil. Hyssop oil reduced germination of Botrytis fabae conidia and uredospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae , but in contrast to the data from in vitro experiments, its effects on pathogen infection were less clear cut. Thus, although 0.05% hyssop oil reduced rust infection of broad bean when applied 1, 2 or 3 days before, or 1 or 2 days after inoculation, its effects against barley powdery mildew and apple powdery mildew were variable. It is suggested that this variability might be the result of the volatile components of the oil diffusing away from leaf surfaces, thus reducing the concentration of active components on the leaf surface.