Fatty acids of some algae from the Bohai Sea.

The fatty acid compositions of 22 species of marine macrophytes, belonging to the Ceramiales, Cryptonemiales, Nemalionales, Laminariales, Chordariales, Scytosiphonales, Desmarestiales, Dictyosiphonales, Fucales, Dictyotales and Ulvales and collected from the Bohai Sea, were determined by capillary gas chromatography. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) in the Bohai Sea algae, in comparison with the same species from the Yellow Sea were found to be lower. Red algae had relatively high levels of the acids 16:0, 18:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6), and those examined were rich in C(20) PUFAs, these chiefly being arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. The major FAs encountered in the Phaeophyta were 14:0, 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 18:4(n-3), 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3). C(18)PUFAs are of greater abundance in the brown algae than in the red algae examined. All three green algae from the Ulvales had similar fatty acid patterns with major components, 16:0, 16:4(n-3), 18:1(n-7), 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), and 18:4(n-3). They contained 16:3(n-3) and more 16:4(n-3), were rich in C(18)PUFAs, chiefly 18:3(n-3) and 18:4(n-3) and had 18:1(n-7)/18:1(n-9) ratios higher than 1.     

Polyunsaturated fatty acid status of Dutch vegans and omnivores

We compared the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status of Dutch vegans and omnivores to investigate whether disparities can be explained by different diets and long chain PUFA (LCP) synthesis rates. Dietary intakes and fatty acid compositions of erythrocytes (RBC), platelets (PLT), plasma cholesterol esters (CE) and plasma triglycerides (TG) of 12 strict vegans and 15 age- and sex-matched omnivores were determined. Vegans had higher omega 6 (CE, TG), 18:2 omega 6 (RBC, CE, TG), 18:3 omega 6 (TG), 20:3 omega 6 (TG), 22:4 omega 6 (TG), 22:5 omega 3 (RBC, PLT), 22:5 omega 3/22:6 omega 3 (RBC, PLT) and 22:5 omega 6/22:6 omega 3 (RBC, PLT), and lower 22:4 omega 6 (RBC, PLT), 22:4 omega 6/22:5 omega 6 (RBC, PLT), omega 3 (CE), LCP omega 3 (CE, TG), 20:5 omega 3 (RBC, PLT, CE), 22:5 omega 3 (TG) and 22:6 omega 3 (all compartments). Vegans had lower 20:4 omega 6 (TG) after normalization of PUFA to 100%, and normalization of eicosanoid precursors to 100% revealed similar 20:4 omega 6 (all), higher 20:3 omega 6 (TG) and lower 20:5 omega 3 (all). High omega 6 (notably 18:2 omega 6) and low omega 3 (notably 20:5 omega 3, 22:6 omega 3) status in Dutch vegans derives from low dietary LCP omega 3 and 18:3 omega 3/18:2 omega 6 ratio. Higher 18:3 omega 6 and 20:3 omega 6 in their TG may reflect higher hepatic 20:4 omega 6 production rate, whereas higher 20:4 omega 6 and 22:4 omega 6 in omnivores indicates 20:4 omega 6 intake from meat.     

Differentiation of free-living Anabaena and Nostoc cyanobacteria on the basis of fatty acid composition.

The cellular fatty acids of free-living, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria belonging to the genera Anabaena and Nostoc were analyzed to differentiate the genera. The fatty acid compositions of 10 Anabaena strains and 10 Nostoc strains that were grown for 12 days on BG-11o medium were determined by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Of the 53 fatty acids detected, 17 were major components; the average level for each of these 17 fatty acids was at least 0.9% of the total fatty acids (in at least one of the genera). These fatty acids included (with mean percentages in the Anabaena and Nostoc strains, respectively) the saturated fatty acids 16:0 (30.55 and 23.23%) and 18:0 (0.77 and 1.27%); several unsaturated fatty acids, including 14:1 cis-7 (2.50 and 0.11%), 14:1 cis-9 (3.10 and 3.41%), a polyunsaturated 16-carbon (sites undetermined) fatty acid with an equivalent chain length of 15.30 (1.20 and 1.03%), 16:4 cis-4 (0.95 and 0.87%), 16:3 cis-6 (2.16 and 1.51%), 16:1 cis-7 (1.44 and 0.36%), 16:1 cis-9 (6.53 and 18.76%), 16:1 trans-9 (4.02 and 1.35%), 16:1 cis-11 (1.62 and 0.42%), 18:2 cis-9 (10.16 and 12.44%), 18:3 cis-9 (18.19 and 17.25%), 18:1 cis-9 (4.01 and 5.10%), and 18:1 trans-9 (0.92 and 1.94%); and the branched-chain fatty acids iso-16:0 (2.50 and 1.14%) and iso-15:1 (0.34 and 2.05%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Composition and antimicrobial activity of fatty acids detected in the hygroscopic secretion collected from the secretory setae of larvae of the biting midge Forcipomyia nigra (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The hygroscopic secretion produced by the secretory setae of terrestrial larvae of the biting midge Forcipomyia nigra (Winnertz) was analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The viscous secretion is stored at the top of each seta and absorbs water from moist air. GC-MS analyses (four independent tests) showed that the secretion contained 12 free fatty acids, the most abundant of which were oleic (18:1), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and linoleic (18:2). Other acids identified were valeric (5:0), enanthic (7:0), caprylic (8:0), pelargonic (9:0), capric (10:0), lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0) and stearic (18:0). Two other compounds, glycerol and pyroglutamic acid, were also found. The antibacterial activity of the fatty acids and pyroglutamic acid was tested using the agar disc diffusion method and targeted Gram positive (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram negative bacterial strains (Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens). The antifungal activity was tested by determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of examined compounds. Fatty acids were tested against enthomopathogenic fungi (Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Lecanicillium lecanii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana (Tve-N39), Beauveria bassiana (Dv-1/07)). The most effective acids against bacterial and fungal growth were C(9:0), C(10:0) and C(16:1), whereas C(14:0), C(16:0,) C(18:0) and C(18:1) demonstrated rather poor antifungal activity and did not inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antimicrobial assay investigated mixtures of fatty and pyroglutamic acids (corresponding to the results of each GC-MS test): they were found to be active against almost all the bacteria except P. fluorescens and also demonstrated certain fungistatic activity against enthomopathogenic fungi. The hygroscopic secretion facilitates cuticular respiration and plays an important role in the antimicrobial protection of F. nigra larvae living in moist terrestrial habitats.     

Molecular Species of Diacylglycerols and Phosphoglycerides and the Postmortem Changes in the Molecular Species of Diacylglycerols in Rat Brains

The molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) from brains of adult rats (weighing 150 g) were determined. The DAG, isolated from brain lipid extracts by TLC, was benzoylated, and the molecular species of the purified benzoylated derivatives were separated from each other by reverse-phase HPLC. The total amount and the concentration of each species were quantified by using 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol (18:0-18:0) as an internal standard. About 30 different molecular species containing different fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of DAG were identified in rat brains (1 min postmortem), and the predominant ones were 18:0-20:4 (35%), 16:0-18:1 (15%), 16:0-16:0 (9%), and 16:0-20:4 (8%). The molecular species of PC, PE, PS, and PI were determined by hydrolyzing the lipids with phospholipase C to DAG, which was then benzoylated and subjected to reverse-phase HPLC. PIP and PIP2 were first dephosphorylated to PI with alkaline phosphatase before hydrolysis by phospholipase C. The molecular species composition of phosphoinositides showed predominantly the 18:0-20:4 species (50% in PI and approximately 65% in PIP and PIP2). PS contained mainly the 18:0-22:6 (42%) and 18:0-18:1 (24%) species. PE was mainly composed of the 18:0-20:4 (22%), 18:0-22:6 (18%), 16:0-18:1 (15%), and 18:0-18:1 (15%) species. In PC the main molecular species were 16:0-18:1 (36%), 16:0-16:0 (19%), and 18:0-18:1 (14%). Studies on postmortem brains (30 s to 30 min) showed a rapid increase in the total amount (from 40-50 nmol/g in 0 min to 210-290 nmol/g in 30 min) and in all the molecular species of DAG. Comparatively larger increases (seven- to 10-fold) were found for the 18:0-20:4 and 16:0-20:4 species. Comparison of DAG species with the molecular species of different glycerolipids indicated that the rapid postmortem increase in content of DAG was mainly due to the breakdown of phosphoinositides. However, a slow but continuous breakdown of PC to DAG was also observed.     

Fatty acid composition of the cold-water-inhabiting freshwater red alga Sirodotia Kylin

Four samples of freshwater alga Sirodotia (class Rhodophyceae) collected from two distinct streams in the Mahabaleshwar, Satara district (1,732 m a.s.l.) of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra (India) were analysed for their fatty acid content. The presence of 32 fatty acids was revealed, of which 13 were saturated (SFA), 8 were monounsaturated (MUFA) and 11 were polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. The major finding was the presence of three pharmaceutically and neutraceutically important PUFAs: arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentanoeic acid (EPA), and docosahexanoiec acid (DHA). The major fatty acids identified were palmitic (16:0), cis-11,14 icodienoic (20:2), behenic (22:0), cis-8,11,14 eicosatrienoic(20:3n6), cis-4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexanoeic (22:6n3), cis-13,16 docosadienoic (22:2), erucic (22:1n9), -5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoic (20:5n3), trichosonoic (23:0), nervonic (24:0), arachidonic (20:4n6), cis-10 pentadecanoic (15:1), cis-11,14,17 eicosatrienoic (20:3n3), and myristic acid (14:0). The total PUFA contents ranged from 31.45 to 40.37%. The fatty acids were characterised by the relatively high abundance of PUFAs, while C20 unsaturated acids were appreciably more abundant than C18 unsaturated acids. This is the first report on fatty acid profiles of the genus Sirodotia.     

Fatty acid composition of lipid A in Pseudomonas fluorescens

The fatty acid composition of lipid A was studied using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC-mass spectrometry in Pseudomonas fluorescens strains of biovars A, B, C, i, F and G, the type strain ATCC 13525 (biovar A) inclusive. The following fatty acids were identified as predominant in the composition of lipid A in the strains representing biovars A, B, C, i, F and G: 3-hydroxydecanoic (3-OH C10:0), 2-hydroxydodecanoic (2-OH C12:0), 3-hydroxydodecanoic (3-OH C12:0), dodecanoic (C12:0), hexadecanoic (C16:0), octadecanoic (C18:0), hexadecenoic (C16:1) and octadecenoic (C18:1) acids. Lipid A of a biovar G strain differed noticeably from other strains in its fatty acid composition. Its main components were as follows: 3-hydroxytetradecanoic (3-OH C14:0), 3-hydroxypentadecanoic (3-OH C15:0) and dodecanoic (C12:0) fatty acids. The coefficients of similarity were determined for lipid A specimens isolated from the studied strains of P. fluorescens by calculating their fatty acid composition with a computer.     

Effect of Substrate on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hydrocarbon-utilizing Microorganisms

The fatty acid pattern in three hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria during growth on various substrates was examined. The predominant fatty acids in acetate-grown cells were C(16), C(16:1), C(18:1), and Br-C(19) and the major fatty acids in propane-grown cells were C(15), C(17), C(17:1), C(18:1), and Br-C(18). When one organism (Mycobacterium sp. strain OFS) was grown on the n-alkanes from C(13) to C(17), the major fatty acid in the cells was of the same chain length as the substrate. Studies on the incorporation of acetate into the cellular fatty acids of microorganisms growing on C(15) and C(17)n-alkanes suggest that the oxidative products of the substrate are incorporated into the cellular fatty acids without degradation to acetate.     

Chemical characterization of the immunomodulating polysaccharide of Aloe vera L

The polysaccharide isolated by alcohol precipitation of Aloe vera mucilaginous gel was found to have a Man:Glc:Gal:GalA:Fuc:Ara:Xyl ratio of 120:9:6:3:2:2:1 with traces of Rha and GlcA. Linkage analysis of the endo-(1-->4)-beta-d-mannanase-treated sample yielded Manp-(1--> (approximately 26%), 4-Manp (approximately 53%), 2,4-Manp (approximately 3%), 3,4-Manp (approximately 1%), 4,6-Manp (approximately 1%), 4-Glcp (approximately 5%), 4-Xylp (approximately 1%), Xylp-(1--> (approximately 2%), Galp-(1--> (approximately 5%), and traces of 4,6-Galp and 3,6-Galp. Hydrolysis with strong acids produced a mixture of short oligosaccharides and an acid-resistant fraction containing greater relative fractions of Manp-(1-->, Araf-(1-->, Xylp-(1-->, and 4-Xylp than the bulk polysaccharide. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides generated by endo-(1-->4)-beta-D-mannanase and acid hydrolysis showed the presence of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides of 4-beta-Manp, beta-Glcp-(1-->4)-Man, beta-Glcp-(1-->4)-beta-Manp-(1-->4)-Man, and beta-Manp-(1-->4)-[alpha-Galp-(1-->6)]-Man, consistent with a backbone containing alternating -->4)-beta-Manp-(1--> and -->4)-beta-Glcp-(1--> residues in a approximately 15:1 ratio. Analysis of the sample treated sequentially with endo-(1-->4)-beta-d-mannanase and alpha-D-galactosidase showed that the majority of alpha-Galp-(1--> residues were linked to O-2, O-3, or O-6 of -->4)-beta-Manp-(1--> residues, with approximately 16 -->4)-beta-Manp-(1--> residues between side chains. Our data provide direct evidence of a previously proposed glucomannan backbone, but draw into question previously proposed side-chain structures.     

Serologic prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in field mice, Microtus fortis, from Yuanjiang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were investigated in serum samples of field mice, Microtus fortis, from Yuanjiang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. The modified agglutination test (MAT) incorporating formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol was used to determine antibodies. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT > or = 1:20) were found in 36 (29%) of 124 trapped mice. The antibody titers of positive sera (percentage in parentheses) were 1:20 (8.9), 1:40 (3.2), 1:80 (3.2), 1:160 (1.6), 1:320 (1.6), 1:640 (1.6), 1:1,280 (1.6), 1: 2,560 (0.8), and > 1:2,560 (6.5). No antibody to T. gondii was found in 104 sera of laboratory-bred M. fortis infected with Schistosoma japonicum between 1 and 45 days after infection.     

Identification of the sulfolipids in the non-photosynthetic diatom Nitzschia alba

The four major sulfolipids in the non-photosynthetic marine diatom, Nitzschia alba, were isolated in pure form and their structures were established spectrometrically and by identification of their hydrolysis products as (a) 24-methylene cholesterol sulfate, (b) 1-deoxyceramide-1-sulfonate, (c) phosphatidyl sulfocholine (a sulfonium analogue of phosphatidylcholine) and (d) sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride. The major characteristic fatty acids of the sulfolipids were: for the deoxyceramide sulfonate, 16 : 0 (26%) and 16 : 1-delta3-trans (64%); for the sulfonium analogue, 14 : 0 (30%), 18 : 1 (12%), 18 : 2 (8%), 20 : 5 (27%) and 22 : 6 (4%); and for the sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride (two species, respectively), 14 : 0 (9%, 22%), 16 : 0 (16%, 28%), 18 : 1 (8%, 22%), 20 : 5 (42%, 23%) and 22 : 6 (14%, 2%). Traces of lyso-derivatives of sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride and phosphatidyl sulfocholine were also detected. The deoxyceramide sulfonate and the phosphatidyl sulfocholine represent novel membrane lipid components not previously detected in other organisms. They may however have a widespread distribution in marine diatoms and perhaps in marine organisms generally.     

New records of natural enemies of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Pernambuco, Brazil

We report the occurrence of natural enemies of Plutella xylostela (L.) in organically farmed kale in Pernambuco, Brazil. Seven natural enemies were observed parasitizing or preying on larvae and pupae of P. xylostella--three parasitoids: Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hym.: Braconidae), Conura pseudofulvovariegata (Becker) (Hym.: Chalcididae) and Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hym.: Eulophidae), and four predators: Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Araneae: Miturgidae), Pheidole sp.Westwood (Hym.: Formicidae), nymphs and adults of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hem.: Pentatomidae), and one unidentified species of solitary wasp. Beyond recording these natural enemies, data on predation of P. xylostella larvae in the field and laboratory by C. inclusum are presented.     

Changes in biogas production due to different ratios of some animal and agricultural wastes

The biogas production and some biochemical parameters of anaerobic fermentation at 30 degrees C for 40 days were studied for eight experimental groups of fermentation media, as affected by two factors: (1) the type of the animal waste (sheep waste, S and goat waste, G), and (2) the ratio of waste to olive cake which constitutes four levels (100:0 for S1 and G1; 80:20 for S2 and G2; 60:40 for S3 and G3 and 40:60 for S4 and G4). The results indicated that there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the biogas production with an increase in the proportion of olive cake in place of animal waste. However, there was a significant increase in the biogas production for the S4 treatment compared with G4, reflecting an effect induced by the type of animal waste. The biogas production amounted to (l/kg VS/40 d): 62 (S1), 53 (S2), 49 (S3), 40 (S4), 58 (G1), 50 (G2), 44 (G3) and 25 (G4). The reduction in total solid (TS) weight, volatile solids (VS), neutral-detergent fiber decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase in olive cake proportion in the digester. The reductions in VS were (% in DM): 58.2 (S1), 37.8 (S2), 26.6 (S3), 22.6 (S4), 58.1 (G1), 36 (G2), 33.4 (G3), 14.4 (G4). The rates of energy consumption were (MJ/kg DM/40 d): 15.36 (S1), 10.12 (S2), 7.84 (S3), 6.68 (S4), 14.16 (G1), 9.68 (G2), 8.41 (G3), 3.29 (G4).     

Neutral lipids, their fatty acids, and the sterols of the marine ciliated protozoon, Parauronema acutum

The neutral lipids and their fatty acids and the sterol fractions of the marine ciliated protozoon, Parauronema acutum, were characterized. The neutral lipids consisted of triglycerides (30%), sterols (29%), free fatty acids (24%), steryl esters (9%), and diglycerides (8%) and small amounts of fatty alcohols. The fatty acid profiles of these lipids were very similar although quantitative differences were detected. Saturated fatty acids, primarily 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0 constituted 20-30% of the total. Unsaturated fatty acids containing one to three double bonds, primarily 18:1(9), 18:2 (9,12), 18:3 (9, 12, 15) and 20:3 (11, 14, 17), constituted 35-50% of the total. Highly unsaturated fatty acids, 18:4 (6, 9, 12, 15), 20:5 (5, 8, 11, 14, 17) and 22:6 (4, 7, 10, 16, 19), constituted 16-25% of the total. The fatty alcohols consisted of 14:0 (2%), 16:0 (66%), 18:0 (3%), 20:0 (8%), and 22:0 (21%). The sterols of Parauronema acutum consisted of cholesterol (53%), campesterol (32%), desmosterol (7%), and beta-sitosterol (8%).     

Chemical composition of eggs of the Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) and it's potential as a food source

The Olive Ridley is a worldwide distributed species with high nesting production per season, and in La Escobilla Oaxaca, México, there is a 70% of non-hatched eggs that are lost. In order to evaluate their potential use as a source for human and animal food products, their chemical composition was analyzed. Lyophilized egg samples from 25 turtles were obtained and were analyzed following the analytical methods for fatty acids, protein, fat, ash, moisture, amino acids, vitamins, cholesterol and microbiological agents. The analytical composition obtained was (g/100g): moisture (4.7), ash (3.8), protein (53.7), and fat (47.4). The essential amino acid (g aa/100g protein) content was: Ile (4.4), Lys (6.6), Leu (7.4), Met+Cys (8.8), Phe+Tyr (10.8). The vitamin content was: retinol (340 microg/100g), cholecalciferol (5.91 microg/100g) and 8.6 mg/100 tocopherol, 0.3 mg/100g thiamine and 1.1 mg/100g riboflavin. The total lipid content (TL), fatty acids (FA), and cholesterol (Chol) were divided into three groups based on the weight of the turtle: (TL) (44.3-48.7-49.1g/100g) and (Chol) (518.4-522.5 mg/100g-728.7). A total of 17 Saturated FA (SFA), 8 Monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and 11 Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were identified. The most abundant SFA (mg/100g) were: C14:0 (445-772), C16:0 (485-1263); MUFA: C16:1 (456-716), C18:1n-9c (904-1754), and PUFA: C20:4n-6 (105-217); two n-3 fatty acids were identified EPA (48-103) and DHA (97-189).There were significant differences (Fisher, p < 0.05) for: (Chol), total FA, SFA, MUFA, PUFAs and n-3 (EPA + DHA) FA. It was not detected any microbiological agent. In conclusion, lyophilized L. olivacea eggs are an option for its inclusion in the development of food products as they can be used as a high quality biological protein and n-3 fatty acid source for fortification and enrichment.     

Dynamin-1 co-associates with native mouse brain BKCa channels: Proteomics analysis of synaptic protein complexes

In every synapse, a large number of proteins interact with other proteins in order to carry out signaling and transmission in the central nervous system. In this study, we used interaction proteomics to identify novel synaptic protein interactions in mouse cortical membranes under native conditions. Using immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry, we identified a number of novel synaptic protein interactions involving soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), calcium-activated potassium channel (BK_Ca) alpha subunits, and dynamin-1. These novel interactions offer valuable insight into the protein-protein interaction network in intact synapses that could advance understanding of vesicle trafficking, release, and recycling.

Structured summary

MINT-7543319: Snap-25 (uniprotkb:P60879) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Tubulin beta-5 chain (uniprotkb:P99024), V-type proton ATPase subunit d 1 (uniprotkb:P51863), Zinc finger homeobox protein 3 (uniprotkb:Q61329), Tubulin beta-2A chain (uniprotkb:Q7TMM9), Synaptophysin (uniprotkb:Q62277), Gapdh (uniprotkb:P16858), Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein (uniprotkb:Q05793), Tubulin alpha-4A chain (uniprotkb:P68368), Tubulin alpha-1A chain (uniprotkb:P68369), Microtubule-associated protein 6 (uniprotkb:Q7TSJ2), AP-2 complex subunit beta (uniprotkb:Q9DBG3), Phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 (uniprotkb:Q8K212), AP-2 complex subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:P17426), Kinesin-1 heavy chain (uniprotkb:Q617r68), Kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C (uniprotkb:P28738), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:Q8VDN2) and Nck-associated protein 1 (uniprotkb:P28660) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7543636: Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:Q08460) physically interacts (MI:0914) with AMP deaminase 2 (uniprotkb:Q9DBT5), Gamma-tubulin complex component 4 (uniprotkb:Q9D4F8), Gamma-tubulin complex component 2 (uniprotkb:Q921G8), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:Q8VDN2), Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 (uniprotkb:Q8VD65), Beta-centractin (uniprotkb:Q8R5C5), KIAA1107 (uniprotkb:Q80TK0), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 (uniprotkb:Q6PIE5), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 (uniprotkb:Q6PIC6), Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (uniprotkb:Q6PF93), KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 1 (uniprotkb:Q60749), Tubulin gamma-1 chain (uniprotkb:P83887), Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (uniprotkb:P63017), Alpha-centractin (uniprotkb:P61164), Gamma-tubulin complex component 3 (uniprotkb:P58854), Dynamin-1 (uniprotkb:P39053), Kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C (uniprotkb:P28738), Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (uniprotkb:P10126), Kinesin light chain 2 (uniprotkb:O88448), Activated CDC42 kinase 1 (uniprotkb:O54967) and Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (uniprotkb:O08599) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7544031: Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:Q08460) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (uniprotkb:O08599), Syntaxin-1A (uniprotkb:O35526) and Dynamin-1 (uniprotkb:P39053) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7543287: Syntaxin-1A (uniprotkb:O35526) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Vamp2 (uniprotkb:P63044), Snap-25 (uniprotkb:P60879), munc-18 (uniprotkb:O08599) and BK_Ca alpha subunit (uniprotkb:Q08460) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7543972: Vamp-2 (uniprotkb:P63044) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Dynamin-1 (uniprotkb:P39053), Snap-25 (uniprotkb:P60879), Syntaxin-1A (uniprotkb:O35526) and Synaptophysin (uniprotkb:Q62277) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7543728: Dynamin-1 (uniprotkb:P39053) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Clathrin heavy chain 1 (uniprotkb:Q68FD5) and Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:Q08460) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7543905: Snap-25 (uniprotkb:P60879) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Syntaxin-1A (uniprotkb:O35526) and Vamp-2 (uniprotkb:P63044) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7543476: Vamp-2 (uniprotkb:P63044) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Syntaxin-7 (uniprotkb:O70439), Neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6-a (uniprotkb:P35802), Syntaxin-1B (uniprotkb:P61264), Beta-soluble NSF attachment protein (uniprotkb:P28663), Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 (uniprotkb:Q61011), Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 (uniprotkb:P62874), Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (uniprotkb:P18872), V-type proton ATPase subunit d 1 (uniprotkb:P51863), Zinc transporter 3 (uniprotkb:P97441), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 (uniprotkb:Q6PIE5), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 (uniprotkb:Q6PIC6), Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 (uniprotkb:Q8VDN2), Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 (uniprotkb:Q64436), Synaptophysin (uniprotkb:Q62277), Syntaxin-1A (uniprotkb:O35526) and Dynamin-1 (uniprotkb:P39053) by anti bait co-immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)     

Identification of the sex pheromone of Isoceras sibirica Alpheraky (Lepidoptera, Cossidae)

We discovered that extracts of the female sex pheromone gland of the carpenterworm moth Isoceras sibirica Alpheraky, a pest of Asparagus officinalis Linn., contained (Z)-7-tetradecen-1-ol (Z7-14:OH), (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), and (Z)-9-hexadecadecenyl acetate (Z9-16:Ac). The average levels of the chemicals in a single sex pheromone gland of a calling moth were (0.71 +/- 0.24) ng, (1.42 +/- 0.44) ng, (4.36 +/- 0.32) ng, (8.71 +/- 0.26) ng, and (0.82 +/- 0.38) ng, respectively. The electroantennography (EAG) analysis of these chemicals and their analogues demonstrated that Z9-14:Ac triggered significantly the male EAG response. Traps with rubber septa lure impregnated with Z9-14:Ac (500 microg/septum), Z7-14:Ac (250 microg/septum), and Z9-16:Ac (50 microg/septum) were more effective in catching male moths than traps with other baits or virgin females. Addition of Z7-14:OH and Z9-14:OH to rubber septa did not enhance the efficiency of the trap.     

Phospholipids of Fusobacterium spp.

The aim of this study was to analyse individual polar lipid analogues, within each lipid family present, of fusobacteria using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). Polar lipid extracts were prepared, washed and dried. Samples, dispersed in a matrix of m -nitrobenzyl alcohol, were analysed by negative ion FAB-MS using xenon as the reagent gas. Major anion peaks observed in the low mass region of mass/charge (m/z), 211, 221, 225, 227, 239, 241, 249, 251, 253, 255, 273, 277, 279, 281, 289 and 291, were consistent with the presence of C_13:1, C_14:3, C_14:1, C_14:0, C_15:1, C_15:0, C_16:3, C_16:2, C_16:1, C_16:0, unknown, C_18:3, C_18:2, C_18:1, unknown and C_19:3 carboxylate anions. In the high mass region, major anion peaks observed with m/z 644, 646, 648, 660, 662, 672, 673, 674, 686, 688, 689, 690, 698, 700, 701, 703, 714, 716, 717 and 719 were consistent with the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (29:2), PE (29:1), PE (29:0), PE (30:1), PE (30:0), PE (31:2), first isotope of PE (31:2), PE (31:1), PE (32:2), PE (32:1), first isotope peak of PE (32:1), PE (30:0), PE (33:3), PE (33:2), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (31:3), PG (31:2), PE (34:2), PE (34:1), PG (32:2) and PG (32:1). We conclude that FAB-MS can provide data on individual analogues of PE and PG from Fusobacterium spp. not readily obtained by other means. Furthermore, the phospholipid profile is diagnostic for the genus.     

Characterization of the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Sendai virus

The lipid composition of Sendai virus, propagated in chicken eggs, was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Phosphatidylcholine was found to be the dominant phospholipid (37.3%) with phosphatidylethanolamine (26.8%) and phosphatidylserine (12.0%) also present in significant amounts. Analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters revealed that the dominant fatty acids in total phospholipid were: C16:0 (17.6%), C18:0 (15.4%), C18:1 (n-9) (22.0%), and C24:0 (6.0%). Cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin contained higher levels of saturated fatty acids relative to phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine.     

Helminths of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey

Fifteen roe deer were examined at necropsy from Northern Turkey in the period 2006-2010 for the helminth infections. Totally 6470 helminth specimens were collected and identified by morphological criteria. Twenty-five helminth species were identified (1 of the Class Trematoda, 1 of Cestoda and 23 of Nematoda). Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Prevalence 20%) was found in liver. Cysticercus tenuicollis (6.6%) was found in mesentery. Haemonchus contortus (53.3%), Ostertagia leptospicularis (73.3%), O. leptospicularis (minor morph: kolchida) (53.3%), Ostertagia ostertagi (26.6%), Spiculopteragia spiculoptera (66.6%), S. spiculoptera (minor morph: mathevossiani) (6.6%), Teladorsagia circumcincta (40.0%), T. circumcincta (minor morph: davtiani) (6.6%), T. circumcincta (minor morph: trifurcata) (6.6%), Trichostrongylus axei (66.6%) were found in abomasum. Trichostrongylus andreevi (6.6%), T. colubriformis (6.6%), T. longispicularis (26.6%), T. vitrinus (40.0%), T. capricola (6.6%), Cooperia oncophora (26.6%), C. punctata (6.6%), Nematodirus filicollis (66.6%), and Capillaria bovis (26.6%) were found in small intestine. Oesophagostomum venulosum (46.6%), Chabertia ovina (26.6%), and Trichuris ovis (13.3%) were found in large intestine. Dictyocaulus capreolus (6.6%) was found in lungs.