Structural changes in the erythrocyte membrane of the trout Salmo irideus at seasonal acclimatization

Differences of thermostability were studied in red blood cells of the trout Salmo irideus differing in sex and age, as well as structural-dynamic characteristics of erythrocyte membrane proteins at seasonal acclimatization in the interval of reservoir water temperature of 0–19°C. An increase of resistance of erythrocytes to temperature lysis with elevation of the environmental temperature was revealed to be accompanied by a rise of the proteins segmental mobility and a decrease of intermolecular interactions in spectrin-actin cytoskeleton from the data of the ESR spin labeling method. Regulation of erythrocyte stability during acclimation was concluded to occur both changes of the fatty acids chain package at the variations of lipid composition and by changes of the cytoskeleton structural lability. Thereby this provides an increase of the bilayer firmness, on the one hand, while, on the other hand, a rise of elasticity and expansibility of the membrane on the whole, which increases resistance of cells to colloidal-osmotic hemolysis. Changes of concentration of oxygen dissolved in water, which are caused by temperature fluctuations, do not deem to be of crucial importance for structural stability of erythrocytes, as it can be compensated by another mechanism, specifically by changes of affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen.     

The effect of different levels of dietary fat on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson)

Two types of fat, represented by cod liver oil and lard, were added at various levels to the diet of rainbow trout. The food intake of the trout and their growth rate were measured. The results indicated that when cod liver oil was used as the fat supplement, the amount and the water temperature affected food intake and weight gain; fish fed on lard showed only a slight loss of appetite.     

B-naphthoflavone induction and its effect on hepatic phospholipid metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1. B-naphthoflavone (BNF) induction of microsomal cytochrome P-488 and its effect on liver phospholipid metabolism were examined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) 24 and 96 hr after intraperitoneal injection. 2. Cytochrome P-448 content increased at 96 hr to approximately double the cytochrome content of control fish. 3. Computer-analyzed laser densitometry scans of LDS-polyacrylamide gels of 96 hr BNF-treated liver microsomes showed a 90% increase in cytochrome P-448 levels. 4. A 34% increase in microsomal phospholipid (mumol/mg protein) was observed 24 hr after BNF injection, with a marked increase in choline, ethanolamine and inositol phospholipids. 5. Following 96 hr of exposure to BNF some differences in enzyme activity were noted; choline kinase and cytidylyltransferase activities were reduced, while a marked increase was observed in choline phosphotransferase activity. In light of current information on induction of liver microsomal phospholipid metabolism in mammals, the results of the this study suggest that trout do not respond like mammals to inducers of monooxygenase activity.     

The influence of social rank on adenohypophysial cell activity in Salmo irideus

Summary In nine cell types of the adenohypophysis in untreated adult rainbow trout, histologically different activity phases, seasonal changes in activity, and the relation between certain cell types and the interrenal gland, thyroid or gonads were investigated by light and, occasionally, by electron microscopy. Special attention was given to the effect of social rank on the synthetic activity in adenohypophysial cells of trout kept in small groups in which a social hierarchy with one (light) dominant and several (dark) submissives is established.Cell types in the rostral pars distalis were azocarminophil (I) or amphiphil (II). Proximal pars distalis cell types were slightly basophil (IV), orangeophil (V), strongly basophil (VI) or chromophobe (VII). In the pars intermedia, cell types were amphiphil (VIII) or very slightly basophil (IX). Type III was a non-secretory supporting (?) cell.Histologically different activity phases abounded in type IV cells, which mainly occurred in the proximal pars distalis but were also found dispersed in the rostral pars distalis, the pars intermedia and the neurohypophysis.Influences of social rank were pronounced in type IV cells. Phases with a high synthetic activity were exclusively found in submissive animals, phases with a low synthetic activity occurred in dominants. As a positive relation existed between type IV cell activity and the social rank dependent activity of the interrenal gland, it was suggested that type IV cells produce ACTH.In (dominant) male trout treated with DOCG or ACTH, colloid-containing type IV cell phases, reflecting accumulation of the secretory product, were found. This supported the earlier suggestion that ACTH in the trout is produced in the basophil type IV cells and not, as reported in the literature, in cells comparable to type II.The author is greatly indebted to Miss M.C. Wentzel, Miss I. Stulen, Mr. J. Veening and Dr. J.G. van Rhijn for their help with histological techniques, interrenal cell measurements and statistical aspects     

负荷时间和类型对糖代谢,脂肪供谢,蛋白质代谢的影响

２５名运动员在相同的时间里随３种不同类型的负荷和不同的时间里承受相同的负荷,测定负荷后血浆ＴＣＡ循环产物,ＦＦＡ组成和尿液尿素氮,尿肌酐,游离氨基酸组分含量。结果表明：同一时间里采用运动量相近但类型不同的负荷,会产生不同的生理效应,同一负荷内容安排在下午比安排在早晨或上午更容易导致人体内蛋白质分解代谢加强;耐力负荷以早晨训练对ＴＣＡ循环和ＦＦＡ及其组分影响较大;下午训练利于发展速度,力量等项目的素