体外培养的小鼠抗原负载树突状细胞的形态学特征

目的:研究体外培养的小鼠抗原负载树突状细胞(dentritic cells,DCs)的形态学特征,为肿瘤的生物学治疗提供形态学基础.方法:分离和培养DC,制备B16黑色素瘤细胞抗原,进行共培养,即为抗原负栽的DC.建立B16黑色素瘸小鼠模型,于瘤周围皮下注射抗原负载的DC.应用光镜、免疫组化方法和透射电镜观察抗原负载DC的形态学特征.结果:培养的抗原负载DC与DC比较,体积较大,表面突起较粗大且弯曲.免疫组化染色显示抗原负载树突状细胞主要分布于肿瘤周围皮肤的乳头层、网织层和肿瘤周围,于局域淋巴结的被膜下窦和副皮质区有散在分布.电镜下抗原负载DC细胞体积较大,核有切迹,细胞表面的突起,与肿瘤细胞和淋巴细胞接触密切.结论:抗原负载DC表现出比一般树突状细胞功能更加活跃的形态特征,冻融法全细胞来源的肿瘤抗原负载DC可以获得理想的DC疫苗.     

CCR7和B7-2在抗原负载树突状细胞诱导特异性CTL抗肿瘤效应中的表达和意义

目的:研究CCR7(趋化因子受体7)和B7-2(白细胞分化抗原86)与抗原负载树突状细胞(dentritic cell,DC)诱导特异性CTL(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞)抗肿瘤效应的关系.方法:分离和培养DC,制备B16黑色素瘤细胞抗原,进行共培养,即为抗原负载的DC,建立B16黑色素瘤小鼠模型,于肿瘤周围皮下注射抗原负载的DC.应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法检测CCR7和B7-2的表达情况.结果:原位杂交和免疫组织化学染色显示,CCR7和B7-2阳性细胞主要分布于肿瘤周围组织,随着注射抗原负载DC时间的进展,CCR7和B7-2呈强阳性表达.结论:CCR7和B7-2的表达与抗原负载树突状细胞诱导特异性CTL抗肿瘤效应有关.     

肿瘤抗原基因转导树突状细胞的研究进展

树突状细胞 (Ｄｅｎｄｒｉｔｉｃｃｅｌｌｓ ,ＤＣ)是体内功能最强的抗原提呈细胞 ,它们的表面表达主要组织相容性复合物 (ＭａｊｏｒＨｉｓｔｏｃｏｍｐａｔｉｂｉｌｉｔｙＣｏｍｐｌｅｘ ,ＭＨＣ)分子和共刺激分子 ,为淋巴细胞的活化提供双信号。ＤＣ活化后分泌ＩＬ - 12、ＩＬ - 18及干扰素等细胞因子刺激辅助型Ｔ细胞 (ＨｅｌｐｅｒＴｃｅｌｌｓ ,ＴＨ)增殖 ,促使ＴＨ0 和ＴＨ2 细胞向ＴＨ1细胞分化 ,并强烈激发ＴＨ1型免疫应答[1] ,从而增强机体的抗肿瘤、抗感染、自身免疫性疾病和移植排斥等细胞免疫反应。应用ＤＣ的抗肿瘤实验主要是…     

透明质酸介导的树突状细胞肿瘤抗原提呈效应的形态学研究

目的:探讨透明质酸对树突状细胞肿瘤抗原提呈效应的调节作用.方法:建立B16黑色素瘤小鼠模型;用GM-CSF和IL-4诱导扩增小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞,并用透明质酸孵育,Brdu标记;经肿瘤周围皮下回输,以普通DC、生理盐水为对照组;测量瘤体积,计算抑瘤率.光镜、透射电镜、免疫组织化学法观察HA-DC于肿瘤局部组织和淋巴结内的分布和形态学特征.结果:HA-DC细胞组的抑瘤作用强于DC细胞组(P＜0.05);HA-DC细胞主要分布于肿瘤周围和淋巴结副皮质区,透射电镜观察可见HA-DC组肿瘤周围组织中有大量树突状细胞和淋巴细胞浸润,相互有膜接触,淋巴细胞以突起深入肿瘤细胞,并与其接触、融合,肿瘤细胞发生凋亡.结论:DC负载透明质酸后可以有效激活和扩增淋巴细胞,增强机体肿瘤特异性CTL效应.     

树突状细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展

树突状细胞（DC）是人体内最强的抗原提呈细胞。未成熟的DC可摄取抗原并迁移至淋巴器官,将抗原信息传递给免疫系统,引发免疫应答。研究表明,DC在启动抗肿瘤免疫中发挥着强大的功能。近年来,以DC为基础的肿瘤疫苗已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的热点。简要综述了各种DC疫苗的制备和临床应用。     

人外周血树突状细胞亚型的形态学观察

Ｓ１００ 蛋白染色是鉴定树突状细胞（ＤＣ） 的一种重要而可靠的方法。本文采用Ｓ１００ 蛋白免疫细胞化学方法及电镜观察, 对人外周血树突状细胞的亚型进行研究。结果表明： 人血ＤＣ在形态学上分为两个亚型－ Ⅰ型中等淋巴细胞大小, 线粒体少, 核内异染色质多; Ⅱ型胞体较大, 线粒体丰富, 异染色质少     

树突状细胞递呈抗原的分子机制

树突状细胞（ＤＣｓ）是重要的抗原递呈细胞,其参与免疫应答的机制十分复杂,首先要形成“三分子复合体”,加上ＤＣｓ表达的其他刺激因子和粘附分子等信号的传递才能完成。ＤＣｓ尚有一些其他功能,如表达ＩｇＥ受体或作为感觉受体等,其与其他非职业性ＡＰＣ有明显不同。     

人血树突状细胞对LAK细胞抗H_（7402）细胞影响的形态学观察

本研究结合光镜免疫组化和组织化学方法,在光镜和电镜下观察了人外周血树突状细胞（ＤＣ）对ＬＡＫ细胞杀伤人肝癌Ｈ７４０２细胞的影响。结果显示,（１）ＤＣ不仅能与ＬＡＩＣ细胞形成花环,还能与ＬＡＫ、Ｈ（７４０２）细胞相互接触形成细胞簇,常见呈明显坏死状态的Ｈ（７４０２）周围有ＤＣ和ＬＡＫ细胞围绕;（２）与Ｈ（７４０２）＋ＬＡＫ细胞组相比,在Ｈ（７４０２）＋ＬＡＫ＋ＤＣ组中,肿瘤细胞的坏死程度明显加重。提示人外周血ＤＣ在细胞免疫抗肿瘤过程中起重要作用。     

人喉癌组织中浸润树突状细胞抗原提呈效应的形态学研究

目的:探讨人喉癌组织中肿瘤浸润树突状细胞(tumor infiltrating dendritic cell,TIDC)肿瘤抗原提呈效应。方法:采用光镜、透射电镜和免疫组化方法观察28例手术切除的人喉癌中TIDC和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes,TIL)的形态学表现。结果:早期人喉癌组织中TIDC主要分布在癌周区及癌巢内,病变早期TIDC和TIL的浸润比晚期明显(P<0．01)。透射电镜下可见形态不一的TIDC和TIL广泛分布于癌巢边缘、游走于癌周边组织的血管和淋巴管周围。TIDC与肿瘤细胞、TIDC与TIL、TIL与TIL、TIL与肿瘤细胞之间存在多种形式的膜接触。与TIL接触的肿瘤细胞,细胞核均质化。细胞膜消失呈凋亡状态。癌晚期TIDC与TIL数量明显减少,于癌巢内常见凋亡的TIDC与TIL。结论:人喉癌组织中存在不同形态的TIDC与TIL,TIDC、TIL、癌细胞彼此密切接触发生免疫应答反应,TIDC、TIL的数量和活跃状态与肿瘤进展密切相关。     

抗原负载DCs诱导的CIK细胞对B16黑色素瘤抑制作用的形态学观察

目的:探讨抗原负载树突状细胞(dentritic cells,DCs)诱导的CIK(cytokine induced killer)细胞对B16黑色素瘤的抑瘤作用。方法:分离、培养DC和CIK细胞,取部分DC进行肿瘤抗原负载,将其与CIK细胞按1:10的比例共培养3d,即为抗原负载的DC-CIK。建立B16黑色素瘤小鼠模型,分别于瘤周围皮下注射经Brdu标记的CIK、DC-CIK、抗原负载DC-CIK。按注射细胞进行分组,测量注射前后各组小鼠的瘤体积,计算抑瘤率,比较其抑瘤作用。应用免疫组化方法和透射电镜观察抗原负载DC-CIK细胞在皮肤中的分布及杀伤肿瘤细胞的形态学表现。结果:抗原负载DC诱导的CIK(细胞组抑瘤率(86.57%)高于CIK细胞组(33.34%,P<0.05)和DC-CIK细胞组(61.08%,P<0.05);光镜下抗原负载DC-CIK细胞主要分布在皮下组织,癌组织周围,特别是癌巢周边。透射电镜下抗原负载DC-CIK细胞体积大,核有切迹,细胞质内细胞器丰富,粗面内质网扩张。细胞表面有突起,与肿瘤细胞密切接触。大量肿瘤细胞凋亡、坏死。结论:CIK细胞经抗原负载DC诱导后抑瘤作用明显强于单纯CIK细胞和DC-CIK细胞。     

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors ¹, their clinical efficacy remains to be established. The method described below, prepared in accordance with Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) guidelines, is an optimization of the most common ex vivo preparation method for generating large numbers of DCs for clinical studies ².Our method utilizes the synthetic TLR 3 agonist Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid-poly-L-lysine Carboxymethylcellulose (Poly-ICLC) to stimulate the DCs. Our previous study established that Poly-ICLC is the most potent individual maturation stimulus for human DCs as assessed by an upregulation of CD83 and CD86, induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), interleukmin 1 (IL-1), and type I interferons (IFN), and minimal interleukin 10 (IL-10) production.DCs are differentiated from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained by leukapheresis. PBMCs are isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and frozen in aliquots. On Day 1, PBMCs are thawed and plated onto tissue culture flasks to select for monocytes which adhere to the plastic surface after 1-2 hr incubation at 37 °C in the tissue culture incubator. After incubation, the lymphocytes are washed off and the adherent monocytes are cultured for 5 days in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to differentiate to immature DCs. On Day 6, immature DCs are pulsed with the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein which serves as a control for the quality of the vaccine and may boost the immunogenicity of the vaccine ³. The DCs are stimulated to mature, loaded with peptide antigens, and incubated overnight. On Day 7, the cells are washed, and frozen in 1 ml aliquots containing 4 - 20 x 10⁶ cells using a controlled-rate freezer. Lot release testing for the batches of DCs is performed and must meet minimum specifications before they are injected into patients.     

In Vivo Studies of Clostridium perfringens in Mouse Gas Gangrene Model

Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases requires comprehensive knowledge of the proteins expressed by the pathogen during in vivo growth in the host. Proteomics provides the tools for such analyses but the protocols required to purify sufficient quantities of the pathogen from the host organism are currently lacking. In this study, we have separated Clostridium perfringens, a highly virulent bacterium and potential BTW agent, from the peritoneal fluid of infected mice using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The bacterium could be isolated in quantities sufficient to carry out meaningful proteomic comparisons with in vitro grown bacteria. Furthermore, the isolates were found to be virtually free from contaminating host proteins. Microscopy revealed major morphological changes under host conditions at different stages of infection. Profile of immunogenic proteins from in vivo- and TPYG-grown whole cell lysate using mouse anti-gangrene serum indicated over-expression of several proteins especially in the low molecular weight region. Expression of two virulence determinants, ornithine carbamoyl transferase (cOTC), and cystathionine beta-lyase (CBL), under in vivo conditions has also been studied. Two-dimensional gel analysis revealed a host induced proteome which was apparently different in comparison to in vitro grown cells. Detailed proteomic elucidation of differentially expressed proteins shown here is likely to provide valuable insight towards understanding the complexity of the adaptive response of C. perfringens to the host environment.     

荧光标记技术在肿瘤模型研究中的应用

目的利用绿色荧光小鼠和红色荧光蛋白标记肿瘤细胞,建立荧光标记的小鼠肿瘤模型,并建立活体荧光成像和荧光显微镜成像在整体和细胞水平直接观察肿瘤的技术。方法将小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞接种到绿色荧光蛋白转基因小鼠皮下,建立GFP小鼠肿瘤模型。以红色荧光蛋白作为标记基因导入小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16细胞,建立稳定表达红色荧光蛋白的细胞株。将表达红色荧光蛋白B16细胞接种到绿色荧光转基因小鼠皮下,建立双荧光小鼠肿瘤模型。用荧光显微镜和活体荧光成像系统检测小鼠肿瘤的发生发展。结果分别建立了GFP小鼠肿瘤模型和双色荧光小鼠肿瘤模型。利用活体荧光影像仪可以观察双色荧光小鼠模型中受体绿色荧光组织和红色荧光移植肿瘤相互融合。利用荧光显微镜,可以观察到肿瘤内绿色荧光标记的来源于受体小鼠的血管和免疫细胞。经香菇多糖刺激的GFP小鼠肿瘤模型的移植瘤组织中,来源于受体小鼠绿色荧光标记的免疫细胞明显多于经生理盐水刺激的对照小鼠。结论利用绿色荧光小鼠和红色荧光RFP标记肿瘤细胞建立荧光标记的小鼠肿瘤模型,采用活体荧光成像仪和荧光显微镜可在整体和细胞水平直接观察肿瘤的生长以及肿瘤与宿主的相互作用。     

VILIP-1 Expression In Vivo Results in Decreased Mouse Skin Keratinocyte Proliferation and Tumor Development

VILIP-1, a member of the neuronal Ca²⁺ sensor protein family, is able to act as a tumor suppressor in carcinoma cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. In order to study the role of VILIP-1 in skin carcinogenesis we generated transgenic mice overexpressing VILIP-1 in epidermis under the control of the bovine keratin K5 promoter (K5-VILIP-1). We studied the susceptibility of FVB wild type and VILIP-1 transgenic mice to chemically mediated carcinogenesis. After 30 weeks of treatment with a two-stage carcinogenesis protocol, all animals showed numerous skin tumors. Nevertheless, K5-VILIP-1 mice showed decreased squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) multiplicity of ∼49% (p<0.02) with respect to the corresponding SCC multiplicity observed in wild type (WT) mice. In addition, the relative percentage of low-grade cutaneous SCCs grade I (defined by the differentiation pattern according to the Broders grading scale) increased approximately 50% in the K5-VILIP1 mice when compared with SCCs in WT mice. Similar tendency was observed using a complete carcinogenesis protocol for skin carcinogenesis using benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). Further studies of tumors and primary epidermal keratinocyte cultures showed that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) levels and cell proliferation decreased in K5-VILIP-1 mice when compared with their wild counterparts. In addition tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) expression was higher in K5-VILIP-1 keratinocytes. These results show that VILIP-1 overexpression decreases the susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis in experimental mouse cancer models, thus supporting its role as a tumor suppressor gene.     

饥饿小鼠卵母细胞中自噬和凋亡的电镜研究

小鼠(Mus musculus domesticus)原始卵泡形成在出生后3 d内进行得最剧烈,此时有大量卵母细胞丢失。出生后不久原始卵泡库就建立起来,新生鼠都会经历一段时间饥饿再摄入母乳营养,对出生后的子鼠饥饿处理时,出现了自噬和凋亡的动态变化,自噬和凋亡都可以影响细胞的存活,这很可能与卵母细胞的大量丢失有关。在本项研究中,将对照组子鼠正常母乳喂养,处理组子鼠与母鼠分开,完全不给予母乳。分别收取饥饿1.5 d与2 d子鼠的卵巢制作电镜切片,每组3只子鼠,每只子鼠3张电镜切片,每组共统计9张切片。在电镜下观察其形态变化。通过观察发现,饥饿1.5 d的子鼠卵巢与正常1.5d的子鼠卵巢相比,卵母细胞中的自噬小体数量显著增加。这表明,饥饿处理1.5d促进了卵母细胞的自噬,这可能有助于维持卵母细胞的形态及存活。饥饿处理2 d的子鼠卵巢显示出不同的结果。饥饿2 d的子鼠处于生命的临界阶段,已出现小部分个体死亡。存活子鼠卵巢的电镜形态学观察发现,与正常哺乳2 d的子鼠卵母细胞相比,饥饿2 d子鼠卵母细胞中自噬小体的数量显著减少,并出现了多数卵母细胞凋亡的现象,出现许多凋亡小体。本实验研究结果显示,...     

CoREST1 Promotes Tumor Formation and Tumor Stroma Interactions in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression contribute to tumor formation and progression. The co-repressor CoREST1 regulates the localization and activity of associated histone modifying enzymes including lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Although several CoREST1 associated proteins have been reported to enhance breast cancer progression, the role of CoREST1 in breast cancer is currently unclear. Here we report that knockdown of CoREST1 in the basal-type breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, led to significantly reduced incidence and diminished size of tumors compared to controls in mouse xenograft studies. Notably, CoREST1-depleted cells gave rise to tumors with a marked decrease in angiogenesis. CoREST1 knockdown led to a decrease in secreted angiogenic and inflammatory factors, and mRNA analysis suggests that CoREST1 promotes expression of genes related to angiogenesis and inflammation including VEGF-A and CCL2. CoREST1 knockdown decreased the ability of MDA-MB-231 conditioned media to promote endothelial cell tube formation and migration. Further, tumors derived from CoREST1-depleted cells had reduced macrophage infiltration and the secretome of CoREST1 knockdown cells was deficient in promoting macrophage migration and macrophage-mediated angiogenesis. Taken together, these findings reveal that the epigenetic regulator CoREST1 promotes tumorigenesis in a breast cancer model at least in part through regulation of gene expression patterns in tumor cells that have profound non-cell autonomous effects on endothelial and inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment.     

Construction of In Vivo Fluorescent Imaging of Echinococcus granulosus in a Mouse Model

Human hydatid disease (cystic echinococcosis, CE) is a chronic parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. As the disease mainly affects the liver, approximately 70% of all identified CE cases are detected in this organ. Optical molecular imaging (OMI), a noninvasive imaging technique, has never been used in vivo with the specific molecular markers of CE. Thus, we aimed to construct an in vivo fluorescent imaging mouse model of CE to locate and quantify the presence of the parasites within the liver noninvasively. Drug-treated protoscolices were monitored after marking by JC-1 dye in in vitro and in vivo studies. This work describes for the first time the successful construction of an in vivo model of E. granulosus in a small living experimental animal to achieve dynamic monitoring and observation of multiple time points of the infection course. Using this model, we quantified and analyzed labeled protoscolices based on the intensities of their red and green fluorescence. Interestingly, the ratio of red to green fluorescence intensity not only revealed the location of protoscolices but also determined the viability of the parasites in vivo and in vivo tests. The noninvasive imaging model proposed in this work will be further studied for long-term detection and observation and may potentially be widely utilized in susceptibility testing and therapeutic effect evaluation.     

小鼠胎肝红系细胞在分化过程中形态学观察及时序性表达分析

小鼠胎肝是小鼠发育早期主要的造血器官,红系细胞在胎肝造血过程中形态特征和组成成分等方面发生了明显变化。根据红系细胞体积的变化,利用Countstar细胞计数仪对小鼠E12．5-E17．5胎肝中直径8-14岬细胞进行数量统计,再结合观测到的红系细胞的形态特征和血红蛋白表达量的不同,将E9．5．E17．5胎肝中的细胞分为10类。统计结果显示,随着胎肝造血系统的发育,哺乳类红系细胞在终末分化时出现细胞体积减小、细胞核固缩、排核和血红蛋白表达量增加等时序性变化。红系细胞表面特异标志Terll9和CD71在EryD中高表达而在成体骨髓细胞和外周血细胞中表达较低的结果表明胎肝中红系细胞具有较高的分化能力。这些数据为研究红系分化、克隆红系分化相关基因及探讨红白血病发生的机制提供了理论依据。     

蛇岛蝮蛇消化道嗜银细胞的分布及形态学观察

应用Grimelius银染法对蛇岛蝮蛇Gloydius shedaoensis 消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态进行研究.结果 表明,蛇岛蝮蛇的消化道中嗜银细胞分布广泛,见于其全长,主要分布于上皮细胞基部、上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间,也有少量位于固有膜内;胃贲门是嗜银细胞分布密度的高峰,胃体次之,食管分布密度最低;嗜银细胞形态多样,主要有锥体形、梭形、圆形和椭圆形,具有内、外分泌两种功能.