Crystallization of the NAD-dependent malic enzyme from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum.

The malic enzyme from muscle mitochondria of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum is a tetramer of 65 kDa monomers that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate and CO2 with NAD cofactor as oxidant. This malic enzyme is critical to the nematode for muscle function under anaerobic conditions. Unlike mammalian versions of the enzyme such as that found in rat liver, which require NADP as cofactor, the nematode version is an NAD-dependent enzyme. We report the crystallization of samples of the nematode enzyme at room temperature from pH 7.5 solutions of polyethylene glycol 4000 containing magnesium sulfate, NAD and sodium tartronate. Immediately upon mixing of protein and precipitant solutions, a marked precipitation of the protein occurs. Out of this precipitate, crystals appear almost immediately, most commonly in a truncated cube form that can grow to 0.5 to 0.7 mm on a cube edge in two to three days. The crystals are trigonal, space group P3(1)21 or its enantiomer, with a = b = 131.2(7) A, c = 152.6(9) A, and two monomers per asymmetric unit. Fresh crystals diffract X-radiation from a synchrotron source (lambda = 0.95 A) to about 3.0 A resolution. Rotational analysis of Patterson functions indicates that the malic enzyme tetramer has 222 symmetry.     

The primary structure of TE-6: a novel neuropeptide from the nematode Ascaris suum.

Extensive immunoreactivity (IR) towards a hexapeptide (sequence KGQELE), which flanks the C-terminus of the pancreastatin sequence in rat chromogranin A (CGA), is found throughout the nervous system of the nematode parasite Ascaris suum. The peptide IR was purified from the gonoduct of the parasite and found to have the sequence TKQELE. This peptide, designated TE-6, has some C-terminal homology with several regions of the CGA molecule. However, TE-6 was the only peptide isolated suggesting that either the nematode does not possess CGA, or that the -ELE regions of parasite CGA-like peptides which would be larger than TE-6 are not accessible to the antiserum in RIA, or are not being successfully extracted from the parasite. The N-terminus of TE-6 has little homology with any of the sequences preceding -ELE regions in CGA. This, and the fact that the tissue from which TE-6 was isolated does not contain IR towards another, highly conserved, region of the CGA molecule (WE-14) suggests that TE-6 may belong to a new class of regulatory peptide unrelated to CGA.     

NAD+-malic enzyme. Regulatory properties of the enzyme from Ascaris suum.

The regulatory properties of the NAD-dependent malic enzyme from the mitochondria of Ascaris suum have been studied. The malate saturation curve exhibits sigmoidicity and the degree of this sigmoidicity increases as the pH is increased. Fumarate was the only compound tested that stimulated the enzyme activity, whereas oxalacetate was the most powerful inhibitor. Activation by low levels of fumarate was found to be competitive with malate. It is proposed that this stimulation has physiological significance in controlling the dismutation reaction in the parasite. The branched-chain volatile fatty acid excretion products, tiglate, 2-methylbutanoate, and 2-methylpentanoate, inhibited the enzyme activity and this inhibition was competitive with malate. The Ki values for these compounds are in the physiological range of their concentrations; therefore, it is suggested that they may aid in controlling the malic enzyme activity in vivo. Oxalacetate inhibition of malic enzyme activity was competitive with malate, and the Ki values decreased with an increase in pH. Two alternatives are proposed which could account for the lack of oxalacetate decarboxylation by the ascarid malic enzyme.     

Structure of the polypeptide chain of extracellular hemoglobin from the nematode Ascaris suum.

1. Ascaris suum extracellular hemoglobin is composed of eight identical single polypeptide chain subunits carrying two heme binding sites each. 2. Limited trypsinolysis followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a major band corresponding to half the molecular mass of an intact subunit. 3. Peptide mapping of tryptic hydrolysates yielded 27 to 30 fluorescamine positive spots, about half the number of lysyl and arginyl residues in a polypeptide chain. 4. The findings indicate that a subunit of Ascaris hemoglobin consists of two structural units of roughly equal size, corresponding to two recurring sequences, connected together by the continuity of the polypeptide chain.     

Crystal structure of mitochondrial quinol-fumarate reductase from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum

In the anaerobic respiratory chain of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum, complex II couples the reduction of fumarate to the oxidation of rhodoquinol, a reverse reaction catalyzed by mammalian complex II. In this study, the first structure of anaerobic complex II of mitochondria was determined. The structure, composed of four subunits and five co-factors, is similar to that of aerobic complex II, except for an extra peptide found in the smallest anchor subunit of the A. suum enzyme. We discuss herein the structure-function relationship of the enzyme and the critical role of the low redox potential of rhodoquinol in the fumarate reduction of A. suum complex II.     

DNA synthesis in the early embryo of the nematode Ascaris suum.

We have used microspectrofluorimetry to measure the rate of DNA synthesis in the first two embryonic cell cycles of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. The S-phase of the early Ascaris cell cycles occupies at most 1 hr; G2 phase is prominent and occupies approximately 11 hr; no G1 phase could be detected. These results contrast with our previous measurements made with embryos of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which the earliest cell cycles consist of simple alternations between S and M phases.     

Extracellular recordings from the motor nervous system of the nematode,Ascaris suum

1. The close association of muscle and neurons in Ascaris suum makes it difficult to determine whether spikes recorded from nerve cords originate in muscle or neurons. We have developed criteria that distinguish muscle and neuronal activity. There are two categories of extracellular spikes. 2. The first category consists of spikes with a wide range of amplitudes, marked by large spikes. These spikes, which can be recorded over lateral muscle and over the dorsal and ventral nerve cords, are abolished when muscle is disrupted or removed, or when curare is applied. Large spikes are relatively infrequent, are correlated with intracellularly recorded muscle events, and respond to polarizations of motor neurons, implying that they originate in muscle. 3. The second spike category, small amplitude spikes, is exclusive to the ventral nerve cord, occurs more frequently than large spikes and displays patterned firing. Small spikes are not affected by muscle removal or by curare, and are correlated with motor neuronal post-synaptic potentials, but not with intracellularly recorded muscle events. We infer that they originate in neurons. 4. Low level activity recorded extracellularly over nerve cords may represent muscle activity due to tonic motor neuronal synaptic transmission. It responds to motor neuronal polarization and is suppressed by curare or muscle removal.     

Mechanism of activation of the NAD-malic enzyme from Ascaris suum by fumarate.

The mechanism of activation of the NAD-malic enzyme from Ascaris suum by fumarate has been probed using initial velocity studies, deuterium isotope effects, and isotope partitioning of the E:Mg:malate complex. Fumarate exerts its activating effect by decreasing the off-rate for malate from the E:Mg:malate and E:NAD:Mg:malate complexes. Fumarate is a positive heterotropic effector of the NAD-malic enzyme at low concentrations (K act approximately 0.05 mM) and an inhibitor competitive against malate (Ki approximately 25 mM). The activation by fumarate results in a decrease in the Ki malate and an increase in V/K malate of about 2-fold, while the maximum velocity remains constant. Isotope partitioning studies of E:Mg:[14C]malate indicate that the presence of fumarate results in a decrease in the malate off-rate constant by about 2.2-fold. The deuterium isotope effects on V and V/K malate are both 1.6 +/- 0.1 in the absence of fumarate, while in the presence of 0.5 mM fumarate DV is 1.6 +/- 0.1 and D(V/K malate) is 1.1 +/- 0.1. These data are also consistent with a decrease in the off-rate for malate from E:NAD:Mg:malate, resulting in an increase in the forward commitment factor for malate and manifested as a lower value for D(V/K malate). There is a discrimination between active and activator sites for the binding of dicarboxylic acids, with the activator site preferring the extended configuration of 4-carbon dicarboxylic acids, while the active site prefers a configuration in which the 4-carboxyl is twisted out of the C1-C3 plane. The physiologic importance and regulatory properties of fumarate in the parasite are also discussed.     

Quaternary structure of erythrocruorin from the nematode Ascaris suum. Evidence for unsaturated haem-binding sites.

The quaternary structure of erythrocruorin from the nematode Ascaris suum was studied. The native protein had a sedimentation coefficient, at a protein concentration of 1 mg/ml, of 11.6 +/- 0.3 S and an Mr, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium, of 332,000 +/- 17,000. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis gave one band with a mobility corresponding to an Mr of 43,000 +/- 2000. The Mr of the polypeptide chain was determined to be 41,600 +/- 1,500 by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M-guanidinium chloride and 0.1 M-2-mercaptoethanol. Cross-linking with glutaraldehyde followed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis yielded a maximal number of eight bands. The haem content of Ascaris erythrocruorin was observed to vary from one preparation to another. This finding was shown to be due to non-realization of the full binding capacity for haem. By titration with haemin, the haem content was found to attain a maximal value of 2.86 +/- 0.14%, corresponding to a minimal Mr per haem group of 21,000 +/- 1,000. Our findings indicate that Ascaris suum erythrocruorin is composed of eight identical polypeptide chains, carrying two haem sites each.     

Molecular and catalytic properties of an arginine kinase from the nematode Ascaris suum

We amplified the cDNA coding for arginine kinase (AK) from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum, cloned it in pMAL plasmid and expressed the enzyme as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein. The whole cDNA was 1260 bp, encoding 400 amino acids, and the recombinant protein had a molecular mass of 45,341 Da. Ascaris suum recombinant AK showed significant activity and strong affinity ( K(m)(Arg) = 0.126 mM) for the substrate L-arginine. It also exhibited high catalytic efficiency ( k(ca)/K(m)(Arg) = 352) comparable with AKs from other organisms. Sequence analysis revealed high amino acid sequence identity between A. suum AK and other nematode AKs, all of which cluster in a phylogenetic tree. However, comparison of gene structures showed that A. suum AK gene intron/exon organization is quite distinct from that of other nematode AKs. Phosphagen kinases (PKs) from certain parasites have been shown to be potential novel drug targets or tools for detection of infection. The characterization of A. suum AK will be useful in the development of strategies for control not only of A. suum but also of related species infecting humans.     

Primary structure of the major pepsin inhibitor from the intestinal parasitic nematode Ascaris suum

The major pepsin inhibitor from Ascaris suum was isolated by affinity chromatography and chromatofocusing. Its amino acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of peptide fragments. Peptides were produced by chemical and enzymatic cleavage of pyridylethylated protein and were purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The inhibitor consists of 149 residues with the following sequence: QFLFSMSTGP10FICTVKDNQV20FVANLPWTML30EGDDIQVGKE40 FAARVEDCTN50VKHDMAPTCT60KPPPFCGPQD70MKMFNFVGCS80VLGNKLFIDQ90KYVRDLTAK D100 HAEVQTFREK110IAAFEEQQEN120QPPSSGMPHG130AVPAGGLSPP140PPPSFCTVQ149. It has a molecular weight of 16,396. All cysteines are engaged as disulfide bonds: Cys(13)-Cys(59), Cys(48)-Cys(66), and Cys(79)-Cys(146). The protein is probably composed of two domains connected by a short hydrophobic region. This is the first aspartyl protease inhibitor of animal origin that has been sequenced. The sequence has no significant homology with any other known protein.     

Molecular symmetry and arrangement of subunits in extracellular hemoglobin from the nematode Ascaris suum

The arrangement of subunits and molecular symmetry of extracellular hemoglobin from the nematode Ascaris suum, an 11.7S molecular of molecular mass 332 kDa and composed of eight identical subunits, was studied. Dissociation of the molecule at alkaline and acid pH yielded 4.6S and 2.7S components, identified as polypeptide-chain dimers and monomers, respectively. Cross-linking with glutardialdehyde followed by SDS/PAGE resulted in a maximum number of eight bands identified in order of decreasing mobility as monomeric and 2-8 cross-linked-polypeptide-chain species. Comparison with values predicted from theory shows that the distribution of protein among the various cross-linked species, obtained after different extents of exposure to cross-linker, is consistent with a two-layered arrangement of subunits involving one type of interaction between subunits from different layers and another between subunits within the same layer. Electron micrographs of the molecule showed two profiles, a square and a rectangle. We propose a model for the molecule which is eight subunits arranged in two layers, stacked in an eclipsed orientation. The proposed model is consistent with the results from sedimentation, cross-linking and electron microscopy. Taken together, our findings indicate D4 symmetry for Ascaris hemoglobin.     

Poly(ADP-ribosylation) in Ascaris suum

Poly(ADP-ribosylation) was demonstrated in the intestinal parasite Ascaris suum, especially in the reproductive tissues. The activity of the ADP-ribosyltransferase was found to depend on divalent cations and to be stimulated by deoxyribonuclease I about 5-fold. The reaction rate was optimal at a temperature of 30 degrees C and at pH about 8.4. The apparent Km value for NAD was estimated to be 0.2mM. The enzyme activity was effectively inhibited by nicotinamide (Ki = 65 microM) benzamide (6 microM), 3-aminobenzamide (10 microM), theophylline (35 microM) and thymidine (50 microM). The type of inhibition by these compounds was found to be competitive with respect to NAD.     

Initial characterization of several actin genes in the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum.

Southern hybridization data suggest a large actin gene family in Ascaris suum. Our genomic reconstruction experiment indicated that it consists of 50-75 members. Polymorphism was uncovered in the actin genes or in their surrounding sequences. From the genomic library 5 nonoverlapping actin clones were isolated and characterized.     

Catalase activity during the development of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum

1. Catalase activity was partially purified from body wall muscle of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum, and was similar to catalases isolated from mammalian tissues. It exhibited a broad pH optimum and was unaffected by 2 mM ethylenediaminetetra-acetate. In contrast, it was inhibited reversibly by 1 mM cyanide and irreversibly by prior incubation in 40 mM 3-amino-1:2:4-triazole for 1 hr or heating at 80 degrees C for 15 min. 2. Catalase activity was highest in the unembryonated "egg" and decreased dramatically as development proceeded. 3. Catalase activity in adult body wall muscle was similar to that in rat skeletal muscle, but dramatically lower than that in rat liver. Catalase activity was barely detectable in A. suum testis. 4. Cytochrome-c peroxidase activity did not appear to be present in adult A. suum muscle mitochondria.     

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum: novel subunit composition and domain structure of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) from muscle of the adult parasitic nematode Ascaris suum plays a unique role in its anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism. Resolution of the intact complex in high salt dissociates the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit but leaves the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase subunit (E3) and two other proteins with apparent M(r)s of 45 and 43 kDa bound to the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) core. These proteins are not observable on Coomassie brilliant blue-stained gels of other eukaryotic PDCs, but the 45-kDa protein is similar in apparent M(r), pI, and sensitivity to trypsin to the Kb subunit of the bovine kidney PDH alpha kinase. Acetylation of the ascarid PDC with [2-14C]pyruvate under conditions designed to maximize the incorporation of label into protein yielded only a single radiolabeled subunit, E2. These results confirm earlier reports that the ascarid PDC lacks protein X, an integral component recently identified in other eukaryotic PDCs. About 1.6 to 1.8 mol of 14C was incorporated/mole of E2, suggesting that the ascarid E2 contained two lipoly-bearing domains. Domain mapping of the 14C-acetylated ascarid E2 by limited tryptic digestion identified two lipoyl-bearing fragments with apparent M(r)s of 50 and 34 kDa and two core fragments with apparent M(r)s of 46 and 30 kDa. The ascarid E2 domain structure appears to be similar to that of other E2s. However, it appears that the subunit-binding domain (E2B) of the ascarid E2 may be significantly larger or be flanked by larger than normal interdomain regions. An enlarged E2B domain may be necessary to accommodate the additional binding of E3 to the E2 subunit in the ascarid complex, in the absence of protein X.