关于“弱激光血管内照射疗法”的几个问题

本文从：１．关于“弱激光血管内照射疗法（ＩｎｔｒａｖａｃｕｌａｒＬｏｗ－Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ－ｌｅｖｅｌＬａｓｅｒＩｒｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｒａｐｙＩＬＬＬＴ）的中、英文名称问题。２．该疗法引入我国的历史回顾。３．该疗法的临床效果与基础研究。４．该疗法与光量子疗法（ＵＢＩ）的比较。５．该疗法在我国面临的问题及展望等五个方面以较详实的材料对以Ｈｅ—Ｎｅ激光为代表的弱激光血管内照射疗法客观地进行阐述,并以笔者的研究实践及其认识为基础提出看法以期探讨,从而澄清目前国内对该疗法尚存在的某些混乱状况与模糊认识,使其作为弱激光的一种很有前途的临床疗法能走上健康发展的道路。     

The response of the skin of swine to increasing single exposures of 250-KVP X-rays

When the skin of the shoulder ("A" field) and lower back ("C" field) is irradiated through 10-cm-diameter fields with 250-kVp x-rays, having a HVL of 0.87 mm copper, a dose range is reached between approximately 1600 rads and 3000 rads in which a moist reaction is or is not formed. If a moist reaction is formed, it either heals completely, partially, or not at all. The evolution, time course, and dose dependence of the moist reaction that occurs following irradiation has been determined. The moist reaction is found at 17.5 +/- 0.6 days in the "A" field, and 20.8 +/-0.8 days in the "C" field. The reaction evolves to involve from 5 % to 100% of the field by 24.9 +/- 0.5 days in the "A" field and by 28.5 +/- 1.0 days in the "C" field. Healing is complete by 36.0 +/-1.0 days in the "A" field and by 38.0 +/- 1.3 days in the "C" field. The area of the field involved with a moist reaction at the time of maximal involvement is dose-dependent. The area of the field involved with a moist reaction at the time of complete healing is also dose-dependent. The dose at which 50 % of the fields were not healed was 2273 +/-103 rads in the "A" field, 2578 +/-141 rads in the "C" fields, and 2437 +/- 89 rads in the "A" and "C" fields. The values in the "C" field are significantly different from those in the "A" field except for the dose at which 50 % of the fields were not healed and the time at which the field was maximally healed.     

生物化学“2463”课堂教学设计与实践

生物化学是生命科学领域学科专业重要基础课之一,也是"教"与"学"的两难课程之一。基于国内外教学理论和农学专业课程多年的实践教学经验,构建了生物化学课程的"2463"教学模式:在师生双主体的前提下,在教学内容、教学方法、教学手段和教学评价四个层面开展了六个目标方向的实践探索,即教学内容的前沿化、生活化和人文化,教学方式的多元化,教学手段的信息化和教学评价的过程化,而且每个目标方向至少进行三个路径的实践探索。该教学模式经过五轮的教学实践,取得了良好的教学效果。     

Novel chloroplasts and unusual cellular ultrastructure in the "resurrection" plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. (Myrothamnaceae)

The vacuoles of three "resurrection" plants, Myrothamnus flabellifolia, Anastatica hierochuntica and Selaginella dregei were found to contain large quantities of osmiophilic material which may be part of the "resurrection" mechanism. Myrothamnus differed from the others by having mitochondria, and possibly plastids, which are separated from the remainder of the cytoplasm by sheaths or membranes during desiccation. Upon "resurrection" these barriers appear to be perforated and explain in part the faster rate of "resurrection" in Myrothamnus than in other "resurrection" plants. The chloroplasts of Myrothamnus are remarkable in that they possess "staircase" granum stacks of a type not previously described in any other plant tissue.     

不同超级杂交稻组合期剑叶14C-同化物的转运及分配与早衰关系的研究

选取具有不同早衰特性的超级杂交稻组合两优培九、Y两优1号和培两优E32为供试材料,借助14C同位素示踪技术对其不同生育期剑叶14C同化物分配及转化进行了研究。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,剑叶(源)同化物向穗中(库)的转运比例逐渐增加,在供试组合中以两优培九分配效率最高,Y两优1号次之,培两优E32最低;剑叶14C-同化物在供试组合中的转运能力也有类似的趋势,在3个超级杂交稻组合中,以两优培九"源、库、流"的协调性最好,Y两优1号次之,培两优E32最差。     

The behaviour of the paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) in two different open-fields. A correlation study

The behaviour of the paradise fish in a traditional "closed" and in a new "transparent" open-field was investigated. The traditional way of measuring ambulation scores was extended by recording ethologically defined behaviour units. The correlations found between the scores measured in the "closed" field and those measured in the "transparent" field are discussed in this paper.     

Homocysteine stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells leading to enhanced monocyte chemotaxis

The effect of intraperitoneal administration of tocopherol (100 mg/kg wt/24 h) on ascorbate (0.4 mM) induced lipid peroxidation of mitochondria and microsomes isolated from rat liver and testis was studied. Special attention was paid to the changes produced on the highly polyunsaturated fatty acids C20:4 n6 and C22:6 n3 in liver and C20:4 n6 and C22:5 n6 in testis. The lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria or microsomes produced a significant decrease of C20:4 n6 and C22:6 n3 in the control group, whereas changes in the fatty acid composition of the tocopherol treated group were not observed. The light emission was significantly higher in the control than in the tocopherol treated group. The lipid peroxidation of testis microsomes isolated from the tocopherol group produced a significant decrease of C20:4 n6 , C22:5 n6 and C22:6 n3, these changes were not observed in testis mitochondria. The light emission of both groups was similar. The treatment with tocopherol at the dose and times indicated showed a protector effect on the polyunsaturated fatty acids of liver mitochondria, microsomes and testis mitochondria, whereas those fatty acids situated in testis microsomes were not protected during non enzymatic ascorbateFe²⁺ lipid peroxidation. The protector effect observed by tocopherol treatment in the fatty acid composition of rat testis mitochondria but not in microsomes could be explained if we consider that the sum of C20:4 n6 + C22:5 n6 in testis microsomes is 2-fold than that present in mitochondria.     

LEARNING BEHAVIOUR OF OPIUS CONCOLOR SZLEPLIGETI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN HOST DISCRIMINATION

Abstract Laboratory experiment on learning behaviour of Opius concolor in host discrimination was conducted. The superparasitism by both the "inexperienced" and "experienced" wasps at the highest ratio of parasitoid: host (1: 0. 9) was significantly higher than those at two low ratios (1: 5 and 1: 10). The distributions of the eggs of O . concolor females in hosts examined by dissection showed that the eggs laid by both "inexperienced" and "experienced females" at 1: 0. 9 ratio did not agree with the Poisson distribution. However, at 1: 5 ratfio the eggs laid by "experienced" ones did not agree with Poisson distribution, whereas by inexperienced ones agreed with Poisson distribution. On the contrary. the eggs laid both by "inexperienced" and "experienced" wasps at 1: 10 ratio agreed with the Poisson distribution. The results of experiment on the self-superparasitism indicated that both "experienced" and "inexperienced" single females, in 6 h at ratio 1: 5, could carry out on superparasitization.     

Ecotypic differentiation in relation to soil nitrogen in northern Scandinavian Cochlearia officinalis

Ecotypic differentiation of Cochlearia officinalis L. was studied in four populations, roughly described as "beach", "bird cliff", "spring" and "estuary", which occupy different habitats in the northern part of Norway. The plants were cultivated under controlled conditions on soil to which nitrogen was applied at various amounts (0, 0.2 and 1.0 g N pot⁻¹). The above ground part of the "bird cliff" population showed the highest dry weight and nitrogen uptake at the highest nitrogen concentration. No effect of nitrogen treatment and the lowest dry weight were found in the "estuary" population. The differences in population response to added nitrogen were correlated to the nitrogen content of the soil in their natural habitat. Morphological features of the populations were also significantly different. The "estuary", "beach" and "bird cliff" populations showed differences in all characteristics measured – ratio of length/width of the leaves, shape of the leaf base, and length of the petiole. "Beach" and "spring" differed significantly in petiole length, while "bird cliff" and "spring" differed significantly in both leaf ratio and shape of the leaf base. These morphological features were not significantly altered by the application of nitrogen to the soil. This study shows that the four populations of Cochlearia officinalis are discrete biotypes characteristic of distinct habitats, and therefore, should be considered ecotypes.     

Origin of the novel chemoreceptor Aesthetasc "Y" in Ostracoda: morphogenetical thresholds and evolutionary innovation

SUMMARY The morphology and developmental processes of the two types of ostracod chemoreceptors, the Aesthetasc "Y" and the "Grouped setae," were compared. Cypridoidea and Pontocypridoidea, belonging to Cypridocopina, have a large baseball bat-like seta as an autapomorphic character on the second antenna, whereas most ostracod taxa with plesiomorphic characters bear "Grouped setae" consisting of multiple setae on the second antenna. Their budding positions, morphology, and ontogenetic changes were compared, and our deduction is that the Aesthetasc "Y" originated from "Grouped setae-like" organ in the Paleozoic. The morphogenetic processes in the molting period of these chemoreceptors were compared at the cellular level. The observations suggest that the "Grouped setae" are formed by hypodermal cells and share sheath cells corresponding to those of the Aesthetasc "Y" as a common constraint in the molting process of setae. We conclude that modification of the morphogenetic processes in the molting period of the "Grouped setae" gave rise to the Aesthetasc "Y" as a novel organ in the evolutionary pathway of the Ostracoda.     

Mechanism of neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer's disease

Neurofibrillary degeneration associated with the formation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments (PHF) and 2.1 nm τ filaments is one of the most characteristic brain lesions of Alzheimer's disease. The major polypeptides of PHF are the microtubule associated protein, τ. τ, in PHF is present in abnormally phosphorylated forms. In addition to the PHF, the abnormal τ is present in soluble non-PHF form in the alzheimer's disease brain. The level of τ in Alzheimer's disease neocortex is severalfold higher than in aged control brain, and this increase is in the form of the abnormally phosphorylated protein. The abnormally phosphorylated τ does not promote the assembly of tubulin into microtubules in vitro, and it inhibits the normal τ-stimulated microtubule assembly. After in vitro dephosphorylation both PHF and non-PHF abnormal τ stimulate the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The activities of phosphoseryl/phosphothreonyl protein phosphatase 2A and nonreceptor phosphotyrosyl phosphatase(s) are decreased in AD brain. It is suggested that

1. A defect(s) in the protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation system is one of the early events in the neurofibrillary pathology in AD;
2. A decrease in protein phosphatase, activities, at least in part, allows the hyperphosphorylation of τ; and
3. Abnormal phosphorylation and polymerization of τ into PHF most probably lead to a breakdown of the microtubule system and consequently to neuronal degeneration.

     

States of thin filament regulatory proteins as revealed by combined cross-linking/X-ray diffraction techniques

The regulatory protein system in the skeletal muscle thin filaments is known to exhibit three discrete states, called "off" or "blocked" (no Ca2+), "on" or "closed" (with Ca2+ alone) and "potentiated" or "open" (with strongly bound myosin head) states. Biochemical studies have shown that only weak interactions with myosin are allowed in the second state. Characterization of each state is often difficult, because the equilibria among these states are readily shifted by experimental conditions. To overcome this problem, we chemically cross-linked the skeletal muscle thin filament in the three states with the zero-length cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), in overstretched muscle fibers. The state of the regulatory proteins was monitored by measuring the intensity of the second actin layer-line (2nd LL) reflection in X-ray diffraction patterns. Structurally, the thin filaments cross-linked in the three states exhibited three corresponding discrete levels of 2nd LL intensities, which were not Ca2+-sensitive any more. Functionally, the thin filament cross-linked in the "off-blocked" state inhibited strong interaction with myosin head (subgfragment-1 or S1). The thin filament cross-linked in the "potentiated-open" state allowed strong interaction and full ATPase activity of S1 as described previously. The thin filament cross-linked in the "on-closed" state allowed strong interactions with S1 and actin-activated ATPase without enhancing the 2nd LL to the level of "potentiated-open" state, contrary to the expectations from the biochemical studies. The results demonstrate the potential of EDC as a tool for studying the states of calcium regulation, and the apparent uncoupling between the 2nd LL intensity and the function provides a new insight into the mechanism of thin filament regulation.     

Monitoring watercourse vegetation, a synecological approach to dynamic gradients

Changes in vegetation under reduced control measures over 3 to 5 years in watercourses in a rural environment in The Netherlands were evaluated. A method to deal with slow changes on a steep gradient is presented. The gradient with various vegetation types between the middle of the watercourse and the bank-top was split up into zones. Species composition of each zone was evaluated using literature on syntaxonomy. Cover of character species, multiplied by the width of the zones, was used to quantify the contribution of various syntaxa in the vegetation. Changes in these contribution data were used to evaluate changes over the years. The method was applied to two experiments in which cleaning frequency was reduced. Submerged vegetation of Callitriche-Ranunculetum penicillati in one and of Potamogetonetalia pectinati in the other case, hardly changed. Emergent vegetation of Nasturtio-Glycerietalia or Sparganio-Glycerietum fluitans tended to expand into the submerged zone. Bank vegetation began to show signs of development into ruderal vegetation, as a shift from Molinio-Arrhenatheretea into Artemisietea was detected. The method allowed the conclusion that conditions were too eutrophic in both experiments for a diverse brook vegetation development without additional habitat improvement.     

GENERAL PATTERN, 35SO4-INCORPORATION AND INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF GLYCANS IN DEVELOPING SEA URCHIN (ANTHOCIDARIS) EMBRYOS

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) prepared from sea urchin embryos ( Anthocidaris crassispina ) at various stages with or without pulse ³⁵SO₄-labelling was separated into various fractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose with a linear NaCl concentration gradient: fraction "P" (nonacidic) and fractions "A" through "F" (of increasing acidities). The ³⁵SO₄-radioactivity was negligible in "P" and "A", largest in "B" and "C", and decreased in the other fractions three alphabetical order. During development (hatched blastulae to gastrulae) the glycans in fractions "P" and "A" decreased in amount, whereas those in "E" and "F" increased. "E" contained heparin-like (AMPS-1) and dermatanpolysulfate-like (AMPS-2) GAG in addition to a sulfated fucogalactan-like (E₁) glycan. Another sulfated fucogalactan-like (F₁) glycan was found in "F". A sulfated polysialic acid-like (S₁) glycan was found in "C". An EDTA-extract of gastrulae gave AMPS-2, E₁ and F₁. The mitochondria-rich fraction gave AMPS-1, whereas the yolk granule-rich fraction gave S₁. Most of the other still unidentified components in "B", "C", and "D" appeared to be derived from glycoproteins and were mainly located in the crude yolk-mitochondrial and cytosol fractions.     

Electron microscopic-cytochemical study of the enzyme activity of energy metabolism in "dark" and "light" neurons of the rat cerebral cortex

The ultrastructural localization of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in "dark" and "light" neurons of the intact rat's frontal brain cortex has been studied. The enzymes' activity was detected with using potassium ferricyanide as artificial acceptor of electrons. In the "light" cells SDH activity is localized in the mitochondria and plasma membranes. LDH activity is localized in the mitochondria, plasma membranes and hyaloplasm. SDH and LDH activity was not found in the "dark" cells.     

厚朴类中药厚朴酚及和厚朴酚含量测定

采用HPLC测定法,对几种中药厚朴及其不同地方代品中和厚朴酚、厚朴酚的含量测定分析。数据结果表明正品厚朴与地方代用品之间的和厚朴酚、厚朴酚的含量差别很大,正品厚朴也因产地不同含量存在差别。     

Ethanol-induced changes in properties of rat brain ribosomes

Altered in vivo and in vitro brain protein metabolism have been demonstrated in rodents following long-term ethanol ingestion. In the present study, ethanol effects were examined on properties of brain ribosomes of male Sprague-Dawley rats ingesting a specially formulated Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet. The development of physical dependence was demonstrated by the presence of withdrawal reactions within 24 hr of ethanol abstinence. Data showed significant inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by ribosomes from the ethanol and 1-day-withdrawn groups. Partial reversal of inhibition occurred by using a control brain pH 5 enzymes source instead of the matched source. The observed [¹⁴C]leucine-incorporating activity was temperature dependent, with the optimum temperature being 37°C. The determination of the state of ribosomal aggregation showed an increased monosomes-disomes ratio in the ethanol group. The ratio was even more increased in the 1-day-withdrawn group. Data suggest that reduced ribosomal binding to stable mRNA may be a contributing factor in the ethanol-induced effects on protein synthesis.     

A cultural analysis of human behavioral breakdowns: An approach to the ontology and epistemology of psychiatric phenomena

This paper explores the usefulness of a concept of human behavioral breakdowns for studying psychiatric phenomena from a cross-cultural standpoint. The kinds of conceptualizations that are available in the English literature about human behavioral breakdowns across societies are reviewed. The way these breakdowns have been handled in the Western European Tradition of medicine is given special emphasis. Attention is focused on schizophrenia as one of the modern disease concepts of psychiatry that is a variant of human behavioral breakdowns. The essay then looks at schizophrenia using contemporary ideas about cultural relativism as these apply to the study of psychiatric phenomena in relation to society. Perspectives about the variable as versus the invariant in schizophrenia are reviewed.     

"占群"还是"挑战"?不同时间限制条件下麋鹿个体的交配计策

在麋鹿的发情交配季节 ,雄性麋鹿可区分为 3种类型 :“群主”、“挑战者”和“单身汉”。“群主”是一头圈占并控制雌鹿活动的优势雄性。“挑战者”不占有雌性繁殖群 ,但在发情场附近地点展示炫耀。当雌性繁殖群的雌鹿外出采食靠近“挑战者”的展示炫耀地点时 ,“挑战者”会积极地寻求机会与之交配。“单身汉”在繁殖季节不表现发情行为。他们像非繁殖季节一样采食 ,采食后蹲在水塘中休息。我们对何种因素决定麋鹿个体的发情交配计策感兴趣。 1996至 1998年夏天 ,我们在北京麋鹿苑观察麋鹿发情交配行为以分析导致这些行为差异的原因。结果发现 ,“群主”、“挑战者”和“单身汉”用于维持生命的时间预算与用于发情的时间预算成反比 ,并且 ,“群主”、“挑战者”和“单身汉”用于维持生命的时间预算与用于发情的时间预算差异显著。“群主”的绝大部分时间用于发情占群 ,而用于采食、饮水的时间很少 ,所以 ,“群主”在发情期间基本上处于禁食状态 ,靠消耗体内脂肪维持生命。“单身汉”则相反 ,绝大部分时间用于采食、休息和反刍 ,基本上没有发情行为。“挑战者”在发情行为与维持生命行为之间的时间则居于“群主”与“单身汉”之间。交配次数是偏态分布的 ,与雄性发情时间呈正比。“群主”的交配概率最高