阿卡波糖的生物合成途径研究进展

阿卡波糖(Acarbose)作为第一个用于临床治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂类药物,自上市以来,由于其高效、安全而得到广泛应用.目前工业化生产所用的生产茵株都来自Actinoplanes sp.SE50/110,其合成途径随着acb基因簇的发现已经基本研究清楚.在另外一种阿卡波糖产生菌Streptomyces glaucescens GLA.O内,同样发现了与acb基因簇具有高度相似性的gac基因簇,其合成途径与acb基因簇遵循相同的路径,而又有显著的差别.就这两种合成途径以及阿卡波糖的产生、转运和代谢进行综述.     

真菌产3种β-D- Glucuronidase酶学性质

分离筛选到能代谢甘草酸并产生不同产物的3株菌株,其中Penicillium sp.Li-3转化甘草酸生成GAMG,As-pergillus sp.Li-20生成GAMG和甘草次酸,Aspergillus sp.Li-62生成甘草次酸。对这3株菌表达β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的酶学性质进行了研究,结果表明:Penicillium sp.Li-3、Aspergillus sp.Li-20和Aspergillus sp.Li-62β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶最适催化pH分别为4.2~4.6,5.8和6.2,最适催化温度为50、45和55℃。Penicillium sp.Li-3表达的β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶Km为0.328μmol/L,Vmax为0.003 5 mmol/(L.min);Aspergillus sp.Li-20β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶Km为3.61 mmol/L,Vmax为0.034 mmol/(L.min);而Aspergillus sp.Li-62β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶Km为0.43 mmol/L,Vmax为0.106 mmol/(L.min)。     

阿卡波糖生物合成调控蛋白的钓取与功能解析

[目的] 发现游动放线菌Actinoplanes sp.SE50/110中阿卡波糖生物合成的调控因子,并提高其产量。[方法] 首先,利用DNA亲和层析技术,钓取与阿卡波糖生物合成基因簇2个双向启动子区域结合的调控蛋白。然后,在阿卡波糖产生菌QQ-2中强化表达或敲除这些调控蛋白编码基因,进行体内功能验证。同时,利用大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）异源表达获得可溶性蛋白,通过凝胶阻滞实验验证蛋白与启动子区域的结合能力。[结果] 经DNA亲和层析及蛋白质质谱分析,钓取出9个与双向启动子P_WV和P_AB结合的调控蛋白。在QQ-2中分别强化表达和缺失这9个调控基因后发现,基因ACPL_1889的强化表达使阿卡波糖产量提高25%,而该基因的缺失使产量降低22%;基因ACPL_5445、ACPL_3989的强化表达使阿卡波糖产量分别降低12%和39%,而这两个基因的缺失使产量分别提高15%和8%。对阿卡波糖生物合成基因转录水平的检测发现,强化表达基因ACPL_1889使acbA、acbB、acbW、acbV的转录水平升高,而缺失该基因使这4个基因的转录水平降低;敲除基因ACPL_5445使这4个基因转录水平均有提高;强化表达基因ACPL_3989使这4个基因的转录水平均下降,而其敲除使acbW和acbA的转录水平分别提高了约100倍和40倍。在凝胶阻滞实验中,ACPL_1889与ACPL_3989均能与acb基因簇的启动子区域结合。最后将正调控基因的强化表达和负调控基因的敲除进行组合,使阿卡波糖产量提升32%。[结论] 本研究发现了9个与阿卡波糖生物合成基因簇的启动子区域结合的调控蛋白,通过体内、体外实验证明ACPL_1889为阿卡波糖生物合成的正调控因子、ACPL_5445和ACPL_3989为负调控因子,不但为揭示阿卡波糖生物合成的转录调控机制奠定了基础,而且这些调控基因的改造显著提升了阿卡波糖的产量。     

皮状丝孢酵母同步利用葡萄糖/木糖的糖转运动力学简

皮状丝孢酵母（ Trichosporon cutaneum）能够同步利用葡萄糖和木糖生产油脂。以2脱氧葡萄糖（2 DOG）为底物,考察皮状丝孢酵母糖跨膜运输的转运动力学。结果表明：2 DOG转运符合米氏方程,表观米氏常数Km为0.19 mmol/L,最大转运速率Vmax为14.1 nmol/（ min＆#183;mg）。葡萄糖和木糖均竞争性抑制2 DOG转运,葡萄糖表观抑制常数Ki远低于木糖,表明存在一个共用转运体系,且该转运体系对葡萄糖亲和力更高。大量木糖与2 DOG同时转运到胞内,进一步说明木糖与葡萄糖共运输。代谢抑制剂和pH对糖转运有明显影响,说明质子/底物同向运输系统是该酵母的主要糖转运系统。     

友菌素核苷转移酶amiE基因的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

【目的】克隆和表达二糖核苷类抗生素友菌素生物合成基因簇中的核苷转移酶基因amiE,并研究AmiE的体外催化功能。【方法】采用PCR技术将编码257个氨基酸的葡萄糖-1-磷酸核苷转移酶基因amiE克隆到表达载体pET28a上,构建质粒pCSG4001,转化入大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中诱导表达;利用亲和层析分离纯化蛋白AmiE,以葡萄糖-1-磷酸和胸腺嘧啶三磷酸(TTP)或尿嘧啶三磷酸(UTP)为底物,利用高效液相检测AmiE的体外酶活;以甘露糖-1-磷酸、半乳糖胺-1-磷酸和半乳糖-1-磷酸和TTP作为底物,进一步研究AmiE对底物的选择性。【结果】N-末端融合组氨酸标签的AmiE蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得了可溶性表达,通过亲和层析纯化出的AmiE能够以TTP(或UTP)和葡萄糖-1-磷酸作为底物,催化形成胸腺嘧啶二磷酸葡萄糖(TDP-glucose)或者尿嘧啶二磷酸葡萄糖(UDP-glucose),但对其他三种底物,无明显催化活性。【结论】大肠杆菌中表达纯化的核苷转移酶AmiE能够体外催化形成TDP-葡萄糖(或UDP-葡萄糖),确证了AmiE作为核苷转移酶的催化功能,同时表明AmiE对底物具有一定的选择性。     

来源于Alicyclobacillus sp.A4葡萄糖异构酶的克隆表达及转化应用研究

葡萄糖异构酶在体外可以将D-葡萄糖异构化为D-果糖,是商业制备高果糖浆的关键酶。本研究从嗜热菌Alicyclobacillus sp.A4中克隆了葡萄糖异构酶(A4GI)基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21中成功进行了表达。利用His-tag蛋白纯化磁珠对粗酶液进行纯化,并对已纯化的重组A4GI进行详细的酶学性质及转化率的测定。结果表明:A4GI的最适温度和pH分别为65℃和p H 7.5,该酶在p H 6.0-11.0之间很稳定,在pH 6.0-11.0缓冲液中37℃处理1 h后,剩余酶活99%以上。最适反应条件下,重组酶对D-葡萄糖的Km与Vmax值为99.8 mM与3.75μmol/min/mg。在不同浓度的葡萄糖转化实验中,A4GI的转化率在一定底物浓度范围内随底物浓度增加呈现升高的趋势,在底物葡萄糖浓度为3 M时达到52.7%的最高转化率,因此可以实现在高浓度葡萄糖下进行高效转化,降低后期浓缩的生产成本,具有较好的工业应用潜力。     

Molecular cloning, gene expression, purification and characterization of fermentative D-lactate dehydrogenase from S.marcescens H3010

通过PCR技术从粘质沙雷氏菌H3010基因组DNA中扩增出该D-乳酸脱氢酶基因,连接至pET-28a(+)表达载体,转入大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中进行了重组表达,优化了酶纯化的条件,并对其酶学性质进行初步研究.结果表明,获得的该酶编码基因全长993 bp,编码330个氨基酸,大小为37 kDa.经优化表达及纯化条件后重组酶纯度可达90％.酶学性质研究发现,该重组酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适酶促反应pH为7.5(0.2 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液),37℃下测得对底物丙酮酸的动力学参数Km =3.39 mmol/L,Vmax =6.87 mmol/( mg · min),对辅酶NADH的动力学参数Km=1.43 mmol/L,Vmax=1.61 mmol/( mg· min).为酶法生产D-乳酸及利用代谢工程构建产D-乳酸的基因工程菌打下基础.     

皮状丝孢酵母同步利用葡萄糖/木糖的糖转运动力学

皮状丝孢酵母(Trichosporon cutaneum)能够同步利用葡萄糖和木糖生产油脂。以2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-DOG)为底物,考察皮状丝孢酵母糖跨膜运输的转运动力学。结果表明:2-DOG转运符合米氏方程,表观米氏常数K m为0.19 mmol/L,最大转运速率V max为14.1 nmol/(min·mg)。葡萄糖和木糖均竞争性抑制2-DOG转运,葡萄糖表观抑制常数K i远低于木糖,表明存在一个共用转运体系,且该转运体系对葡萄糖亲和力更高。大量木糖与2-DOG同时转运到胞内,进一步说明木糖与葡萄糖共运输。代谢抑制剂和pH对糖转运有明显影响,说明质子/底物同向运输系统是该酵母的主要糖转运系统。     

植物类萜生物合成途径及关键酶的研究进展

萜类化合物是植物中广泛存在的一类代谢产物,在植物的生长、发育过程中起着重要的作用。植物中的萜类化合物有两条合成途径:甲羟戊酸途径和5-磷酸脱氧木酮糖/2C-甲基4-磷酸-4D-赤藓糖醇途径。这两条途径中都存在一系列调控萜类化合物生成、结构和功能各异的酶,其中关键酶的作用决定了下游萜类化合物的产量。植物类萜生物合成途径的调控以及该途径中关键酶的研究已成为目前国内外生物学领域的一大热点。综述了植物类萜生物合成途径和参与该途径的关键酶及其基因工程的研究进展,并展望了其应用前景。     

hprK基因敲除及对其枯草芽孢杆菌核黄素发酵的影响

枯草芽孢杆菌在葡萄糖丰富的环境中,胞内糖分解代谢物浓度的提高将引起碳分解代谢物阻遏效应(CCR)及糖吸收的抑制,对核黄素等发酵过程产生不利影响。通过缺陷细胞的分解代谢物控制蛋白A(CcpA)可以解除CCR效应,但不能解除糖吸收的抑制。磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)是枯草芽孢杆菌主要的糖吸收方式,HPr蛋白和双功能的HPr激酶/HPr-Ser46-P磷酸酶(HprK/P)参与PTS系统的调控。在葡萄糖丰富的条件下,HprK/P的激酶活性受1,6-二磷酸果糖激活,催化HPr蛋白46位丝氨酸残基磷酸化,形成HPr-Ser46-P。HPr-Ser46-P抑制某些碳源透过酶基因的表达;同时HPr-Ser46-P难以被酶Ⅰ在His15磷酸化,不能在PTS系统中发挥转移磷酸基团的作用,使细胞的糖吸收受到抑制。在CcpA缺陷的背景下,敲除核黄素生产菌株B.subtilis24A1/pMX45的HprK/P编码基因hprK,构建了CcpA和HprK/P双缺陷的重组菌B.subtilisZHc/pMX45。摇瓶发酵显示,B.subtilisZHc/pMX45核黄素发酵的最适葡萄糖浓度由24A1/pMX45的8%提高到10%;核黄素产量达到4.374mg/mL,比24A1/pMX45提高了19.2%。结果表明,CcpA和HprK/P的双缺陷可有效解除高浓度葡萄糖所引起的CCR效应和糖吸收抑制,有助于提高细胞对葡萄糖的耐受力,并提高核黄素产量。     

Maltodextrin-binding proteins from diverse bacteria and archaea are potent solubility enhancers

In the biosynthesis of the C7-cyclitol moiety, valienol, of the -glucosidase inhibitor acarbose in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 various cyclitol phosphates, such as 1-epi-valienol-7-phosphate, are postulated precursors. In the cell extracts of Actinoplanes SE50/110 we found a new kinase activity which specifically phosphorylates 1-epi-valienol; other C7-cyclitol analogs were only weakly or not phosphorylated. The purified product of the kinase reaction turned out to be 1-epi-valienol-7-phosphate in analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enzyme seems not to be encoded by an acb gene and, therefore, plays a role in a salvage pathway rather than directly in the de novo biosynthesis of acarbose.     

Comparative reactivity of carbamyl phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate with the glucose-6-phosphatase of intact microsomes

The ability of glucose 6-phosphate and carbamyl phosphate to serve as substrates for glucose-6-phosphatase (D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.3.9) of intact and disrupted microsomes from rat liver was compared at pH 7.0. Results support carbamyl phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate as effective substrates with both. Km values for carbamyl phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate were greater with intact than with disrupted microsomes, but Vmax values were higher with the latter. The substrate translocase-catalytic unit concept of glucose-6-phosphatase function is thus confirmed. The Km values for 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and D-glucose were larger when determined with intact than with disrupted microsomes. This observation is consistent with the involvement of a translocase specific for hexose substrate as a rate-influencing determinant in phosphotransferase activity of glucose-6-phosphatase.     

Functional evaluation of conserved basic residues in human phosphomevalonate kinase

Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) catalyzes the cation-dependent reaction of mevalonate 5-phosphate with ATP to form mevalonate 5-diphosphate and ADP, a key step in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid/sterol biosynthesis. Animal PMK proteins belong to the nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase family. For many NMP kinases, multiple basic residues contribute to the neutralization of the negatively charged pentacoordinate phosphate reaction intermediate. Loss of basicity can result in catalytically impaired enzymes. On the basis of this precedent, conserved basic residues of human PMK have been mutated, and purified forms of the mutated proteins have been kinetically and biophysically characterized. K48M and R73M mutants exhibit diminished Vmax values in both reaction directions (>1000-fold) with only slight Km perturbations (<10-fold). In both forward and reverse reactions, R110M exhibits a large (>10,000-fold) specific activity diminution. R111M exhibits substantially inflated Km values for mevalonate 5-phosphate and mevalonate 5-diphosphate (60- and 30-fold, respectively) as well as decreases [50-fold (forward) and 85-fold (reverse)] in Vmax. R84M also exhibits inflated Km values (50- and 33-fold for mevalonate 5-phosphate and mevalonate 5-diphosphate, respectively). The Ki values for R111M and R84M product inhibition by mevalonate 5-diphosphate are inflated by 45- and 63-fold; effects are comparable to the 30- and 38-fold inflations in Km for mevalonate 5-diphosphate. R141M exhibits little perturbation in Vmax [14-fold (forward) and 10-fold (reverse)] but has inflated Km values for ATP and ADP (48- and 136-fold, respectively). The Kd of ATP for R141M, determined by changes in tryptophan fluorescence, is inflated 27-fold compared to wt PMK. These data suggest that R110 is important to PMK catalysis, which is also influenced by K48 and R73. R111 and R84 contribute to binding of mevalonate 5-phosphate and R141 to binding of ATP.     

D-glucose anomeric preference of hexokinases from animals and yeast

The D-glucose anomeric preference of hexokinases partially purified from animals (rat, mouse, and chicken) and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were investigated by the assay system with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as a coupling enzyme. With low Km hexokinases in animal tissues and cells, the ratios of Vmax for the beta-anomer to Vmax for the alpha-anomer (V beta/V alpha) were within a range from 1.3 to 1.5. In yeast, the V beta/V alpha value was 1.1 for hexokinase A, 0.8 for hexokinase B, and 1.4 for glucokinase. The possible explanation for D-glucose anomeric preference of hexokinase is discussed.     

Expression and identification of the RfbE protein from Vibrio cholerae O1 and its use for the enzymatic synthesis of GDP-D-perosamine

The 4-amino-6-deoxy-monosaccharide D-perosamine is an important element in the glycosylation of interesting cell products, such as antibiotics and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The biosynthetic pathway of the precursor molecule, GDP-D-perosamine, in Vibrio cholerae O1 starts with an isomerisation of fructose-6-phosphate catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme phosphomannose isomerase-guanosine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase (RfbA; E.C. 2.7.7.22) creating the intermediate mannose-6-phosphate, which is subsequently converted by the phosphomanno-mutase (RfbB; E.C. 5.4.2.8) and further by RfbA to GDP-D-mannose, to GDP-4 keto-6-deoxymannose by a 4,6-dehydratase (RfbD; E.C. 4.2.1.47) and finally to GDP-D-perosamine by an aminotransferase (RfbE; E.C. not yet classified). We cloned the rfbD and the rfbE genes of V. cholerae O1 in Escherichia coli expression vectors. Both biosynthetic enzymes were overproduced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and their activities were analyzed. The enzymatic conversion from GDP-D-mannose to GDP-D-perosamine was optimized and the final product, GDP-D-perosamine, was purified and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and chromatography. The catalytically active form of the GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-4-aminotransferase seems to be a tetramer of 170 kDa. The His-tag RfbE fusion protein has a Km of 0.06 mM and a Vmax value of 38 nkat/mg protein for the substrate GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose. The Km and Vmax values for the cosubstrate L-glutamate were 0.1 mM and 42 nkat/mg protein, respectively. The intention of this work is to establish a basis for both the in vitro production of GDP-D-perosamine and for an in vivo perosaminylation system in a suitable bacterial host, preferably E. coli.     

The sugar phosphate specificity of rat hepatic 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase

The sugar phosphate specificity of the active site of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and of the inhibitory site of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase was investigated. The Michaelis constants and relative Vmax values of the sugar phosphates for the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase were: D-fructose 6-phosphate, Km = 0.035 mM, Vmax = 1; L-sorbose 6-phosphate, Km = 0.175 mM, Vmax = 1.1; D-tagatose 6-phosphate, Km = 15 mM, Vmax = 0.15; and D-psicose 6-phosphate, Km = 7.4 mM, Vmax = 0.42. The enzyme did not catalyze the phosphorylation of 1-O-methyl-D-fructose 6-phosphate, alpha- and beta-methyl-D-fructofuranoside 6-phosphate, 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol 6-phosphate, D-ribose 5-phosphate, or D-arabinose 5-phosphate. These results indicate that the hydroxyl group at C-3 of the tetrahydrofuran ring must be cis to the beta-anomeric hydroxyl group and that the hydroxyl group at C-4 must be trans. The presence of a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 is required; however, the orientation of the phosphonoxymethyl group at C-5 has little effect on activity. Of all the sugar monophosphates tested, only 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol 6-phosphate was an effective inhibitor of the kinase with a Ki = 95 microM. The sugar phosphate specificity for the inhibition of the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase was similar to the substrate specificity for the kinase. The apparent I0.5 values for inhibition were: D-fructose 6-phosphate, 0.01 mM; L-sorbose 6-phosphate, 0.05 mM; D-psicose 6-phosphate, 1 mM; D-tagatose 6-phosphate, greater than 2 mM; 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol 6-phosphate, 0.5 mM. 1-O-Methyl-D-fructose 6-phosphate, alpha- and beta-methyl-D-fructofuranoside 6-phosphate, and D-arabinose 5-phosphate did not inhibit. Treatment of the enzyme with iodoacetamide decreased sugar phosphate affinity in the kinase reaction but had no effect on the sensitivity of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase to sugar phosphate inhibition. The results suggest a high degree of homology between two separate sugar phosphate binding sites for the bifunctional enzyme.     

A novel NDP-6-deoxyhexosyl-4-ulose reductase in the pathway for the synthesis of thymidine diphosphate-D-fucose.

The serotype-specific polysaccharide antigen of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 (serotype b) consists of D-fucose and L-rhamnose. Thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)-D-fucose is the activated nucleotide sugar form of D-fucose, which has been identified as a constituent of structural polysaccharides in only a few bacteria. In this paper, we show that three dTDP-D-fucose synthetic enzymes are encoded by genes in the gene cluster responsible for the synthesis of serotype b-specific polysaccharide in A. actinomycetemcomitans. The first and second steps of the dTDP-D-fucose synthetic pathway are catalyzed by D-glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase and dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, which are encoded by rmlA and rmlB in the gene cluster, respectively. These two reactions are common to the well studied dTDP-L-rhamnose synthetic pathway. However, the enzyme catalyzing the last step of the dTDP-D-fucose synthetic pathway has never been reported. We identified the fcd gene encoding a dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase. After purifying the three enzymes, their enzymatic activities were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and gas-liquid chromatography analysis proved that the fcd gene product converts dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose to dTDP-D-fucose. Moreover, kinetic analysis of the enzyme indicated that the Km values for dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose and NADPH are 97.3 and 28.7 microM, respectively, and that the enzyme follows the sequential mechanism. This paper is the first report on the dTDP-D-fucose synthetic pathway and dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase.     

Temperature-related kinetic differentiation of glucosephosphate isomerase alleloenzymes isolated from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis

Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI; D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5-10 degrees C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15-25 degrees C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GP1.00 Vmax/Km values; the Vmax values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.     

盐生植物盐地碱蓬酪氨酸酶的酶学特性

酪氨酸酶是植物甜菜素生物合成的限速酶,但是,其酶学特性尚不了解。以黑暗培养3d的盐地碱蓬幼苗为材料,采用NaF抽提、饱和硫酸铵沉淀法提取盐地碱蓬中的酪氨酸酶,以研究其酶学特性。结果表明,酪氨酸酶氧化活性的最适温度为35℃,最适pH值为6.6,最适条件下Km=1.09mmol·L-1,Vmax=71.43μmol·g-1（FW）·min-1;酪氨酸酶羟化活性的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为6.6,最适条件下Km=3.16mmol·L-1,Vmax=0.645μmol·g-1（FW）·min-1。Na2S2O3是盐地碱蓬酪氨酸酶的强效抑制剂,0.05mol·L-1Na2S2O3几乎完全抑制酪氨酸酶氧化及羟化活性。而0.01mmol·L-1的Cu2＋可以显著激活酪氨酸酶的氧化及羟化活性,分别为对照的126%和128.2%。这些结果表明盐地碱蓬中酪氨酸酶的羟化活性是影响甜菜红素合成速率的关键,也为深入研究盐地碱蓬酪氨酸酶在甜菜素合成中的作用及其与环境之间的关系奠定了基础。