玉米大斑病菌钙调磷酸酶A亚基的克隆与特征分析

根据已知病原真菌钙调磷酸酶A亚基(Calcineurin A, CNA)丝苏蛋白磷酸酶保守结构域设计引物, 从玉米大斑病菌cDNA中扩增出CNA基因片段。利用cDNA末端快速克隆(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE)手段获得该基因全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号: EF 407562)。Southern杂交结果显示, 该基因在玉米大斑病菌基因组只有1个拷贝。CNA特异性抑制剂Cyclosporin A对玉米大斑病菌分生孢子和附着胞发育有抑制作用, 抑制作用与抑制剂浓度呈正相关, 相同浓度的抑制剂对附着胞形成的抑制作用大于对孢子萌发的抑制。经CsA(5µg/mL)处理后, 玉米大斑病菌分生孢子不能侵入玉米叶片, 初步表明CNA基因参与玉米大斑病菌的致病过程。     

抗灰葡萄孢霉菌乳酸菌的筛选

从80株乳酸菌中筛选出45株具有抗灰葡萄孢霉菌活性的乳酸菌菌株,其中10株具有较强抗灰葡萄孢霉菌活性。对这10株乳酸菌菌株的抗植物致病真菌谱进行了研究,这10株乳酸菌对番茄早疫病菌,甜瓜疫霉菌,甜瓜枯萎病菌,苹果炭疽病菌的生长均有较强的抑制作用。其中1株具有广谱抗植物致病真菌活性的乳酸菌菌株BX6-4为植物乳杆菌。经番茄离体叶片接种试验发现,植物乳杆菌BX6-4的发酵液能够在体外强烈地抑制灰葡萄孢霉菌的生长。     

钙信号途径参与小斑病菌致病过程的调控

为确定Ca^2＋信号途径与玉米小斑病菌致病过程的相关性,用可从不同位点阻断Ca^2＋信号转导途径的抑制剂分别处理小斑病菌的分生孢子,结果表明：Ca“螯合剂EGTA、Ca^2＋通道抑制剂Verapamil、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了玉米小斑病菌主要致病过程的调控。     

喜树内生真菌的分离、鉴定以及抗植物病原菌活性的初步研究

对喜树植株中的内生真菌进行分离纯化,共得到126株内生菌株。对126株内生菌株进行液体培养,并对其发酵产物进行抗菌活性测定。发现在供试质量浓度为5mg／mL时,126株菌株中有24株喜树内生真菌的发酵液对水稻纹枯病菌、稻瘟病菌以及辣椒疫霉具有不同程度的抑制菌丝生长的活性作用;其中,菌株XSY09的发酵液对此三种植物病原菌有明显的抑制作用,抑制率分别为74．97％、39．63％和58．49％。在0．1mg／mL的测试浓度下,菌株XSY09发酵液的乙酸乙酯相对三种植物病原菌均有较好的抑制作用。对该菌株的ITS序列进行测序分析,初步鉴定XSY09为炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）真菌。     

假单胞菌YL11对扩展青霉的抑制作用及其机理初探

【背景】苹果青霉病是由扩展青霉引起的一种重要的果实采后病害,影响果实品质导致苹果腐烂从而造成经济损失。【目的】研究假单胞菌YL11对扩展青霉的抑制作用和苹果采后青霉病的防治效果,并对抑菌机理进行初步探讨。【方法】以扩展青霉为供试菌株,研究不同浓度的假单胞菌YL11无菌发酵液对扩展青霉菌落直径、孢子萌发率、菌丝体干重、苹果损伤接种病斑直径扩展的影响,利用对电导率、核酸及蛋白释放量、AKP含量、SDH活性、ATP酶活性和ATP含量的影响对抑菌机理进行探究。【结果】假单胞菌YL11无菌发酵液能有效抑制扩展青霉生长,抑菌圈直径为22.33±0.27 mm,抑菌效价为71.67 mm/mL;能有效抑制孢子萌发,100%无菌发酵液对孢子萌发抑制率达到80.2%;对扩展青霉的生物量也有一定抑制作用,体积分数为100%时,菌丝体干重为4.7mg/mL,抑制率达到39.74%;无菌发酵液处理能有效抑制苹果青霉病病斑的扩展,3d时对病斑扩展的抑制率最大,达到47.1%;无菌发酵液处理均能引起电导率升高、胞内核酸和蛋白释放量增大、胞外AKP含量升高、SDH活性降低、ATP酶活性和ATP含量均降低,且随着发酵液浓度的增加效果越明显。【结论】假单胞菌YL11能显著抑制扩展青霉的生长,破坏细胞膜结构、降低能量代谢酶活性,从而扰乱扩展青霉的正常生长,对苹果青霉病有较好的生防效果,具有潜在的开发价值。     

Ca^2＋信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca^2 信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断 Ca^2 信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用。结果表明：Ca^2 螯合剂 EGTA、Ca^2 通道抑制剂 Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶 C 活性的抑制剂 U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂 KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1-4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控。     

Ca2+信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca2+信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断Ca2+信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用.结果表明Ca2+螯合剂EGTA、Ca2+通道抑制剂Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶C活性的抑制剂U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1～4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成.以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控.     

钙信号途径参与小斑病菌致病过程的调控*

为确定Ca²⁺信号途径与玉米小斑病菌致病过程的相关性,用可从不同位点阻断Ca²⁺信号转导途径的抑制剂分别处理小斑病菌的分生孢子,结果表明:Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、Ca²⁺通道抑制剂Verapam il、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形     

Ca2+信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca²⁺信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断Ca²⁺信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用。结果表明:Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、Ca²⁺通道抑制剂Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶C活性的抑制剂U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1~4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控。     

人参(Panax ginseng)根系分泌物成分对人参致病菌的化感效应

采用室内培养结合生物学测定的试验方法,研究了不同浓度人参(Panax ginseng)根系分泌物成分苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、十六酸和2,2-二(4-羟苯基)丙烷对人参立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、黑斑菌(Alternaria panax)、疫病菌(Phytophthora cactorum)、菌核菌(Sclerotinia schinseng)、锈腐菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)和绿色木霉菌(Trichoderma viride)菌落生长及孢子萌发的化感效应.结果显示,不同浓度人参根系分泌物成分对人参致病菌及绿色木霉菌的化感效应存在显著差异.苯甲酸浓度与人参立枯丝核菌、菌核菌和锈腐菌菌落生长以及人参黑斑菌、锈腐菌孢子萌发呈负相关,与人参黑斑菌、绿色木霉菌菌落生长呈正相关;对人参疫病菌菌落生长的化感效应表现为低浓度和高浓度抑制,中浓度促进.邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯浓度与人参立枯丝核菌、黑斑菌、菌核菌和绿色木霉菌菌落生长以及人参黑斑菌孢子萌发呈负相关;对人参锈腐菌菌落生长和孢子萌发表现为低浓度和高浓度抑制,中浓度促进;对人参疫病菌菌落生长表现为低浓度和中浓度抑制,高浓度促进.2,2-二(4-羟苯基)丙烷浓度与人参立枯丝核菌、黑斑菌、疫病菌、绿色木霉菌菌落生长以及人参黑斑菌、锈腐菌孢子萌发呈负相关;对人参菌核菌、锈腐菌菌落生长表现中浓度促进,高浓度抑制.十六酸浓度与人参锈腐菌、疫病菌和绿色木霉菌菌落生长呈正相关,与人参锈腐菌孢子萌发呈负相关,对黑斑菌孢子萌发表现为中浓度抑制.4种根系分泌物的等量混合物浓度与人参致病菌及拮抗木霉菌菌落生长速率呈负相关.     

致病疫霉拮抗菌株YR-7 的分离鉴定及其活性物质

【目的】从黄河边的农田土壤中分离筛选拮抗致病疫霉的粘细菌,鉴定目标菌株,分析其发酵上清液的稳定性及对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制效果,为活性物质分离鉴定及抗马铃薯晚疫病菌生物农药的研发奠定基础。【方法】采用兔粪诱导法分离菌株,通过平板对峙法筛选对马铃薯晚疫病菌有拮抗作用的粘细菌,通过形态特征、生理生化特征以及16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定。采用称重法测定菌株生长曲线,通过平皿法测定菌株不同生长时期发酵上清液对致病疫霉的菌丝生长抑制率和浓缩发酵上清液的稳定性。通过马铃薯离体叶片涂布浓缩发酵上清液和接种病原菌孢子悬浮液法,测定该菌株对马铃薯晚疫病的防病作用。【结果】从土壤样品中共分离获得7株粘细菌,其中4株拮抗致病疫霉,拮抗效果最强的为YR-7菌株,菌丝的生长抑制率为96%,该菌株被鉴定为Myxococcus xanthus。培养7 d后,菌株发酵上清液对致病疫霉的抑制活性趋于稳定。浓缩发酵上清液经30-50°C处理后,对致病疫霉菌丝的生长抑制率可达50.90%,高于50°C时抑菌活性逐渐下降,90°C处理后菌丝的生长抑制率仍可达25.45%。浓缩发酵上清液在p H 4.0-9.0条件下比较稳定,保持40.21%以上菌丝的生长抑制率,当p H4.0或p H9.0时,抗菌活性显著降低。活性物质不能被蛋白酶降解,其抗菌活性不受紫外线、自然光照射的影响。对马铃薯离体叶片的生防效果检测表明,YR-7的浓缩发酵上清液处理组叶片相对病斑面积仅为0.35%,对照组的相对病斑面积高达68.19%。【结论】粘细菌菌株YR-7可以产生抗马铃薯晚疫病菌的次生代谢产物,抗菌活性物质具有较好的稳定性,可以有效抑制致病疫霉侵染马铃薯叶片,具有开发成抗马铃薯晚疫病生物农药的潜在价值。     

A novel Phytophthora infestans haustorium-specific membrane protein is required for infection of potato

Phytophthora infestans causes late-blight, a devastating and re-emerging disease of potato crops. During the early stages of infection, P. infestans differentiates infection-specific structures such as appressoria for host epidermal cell penetration, followed by infection vesicles, and haustoria to establish a biotrophic phase of interaction. Here we report the cloning, from a suppression subtractive hybridization library, of a P. infestans gene called Pihmp1 encoding a putative glycosylated protein with four closely spaced trans-membrane helices. Pihmp1 expression is upregulated in germinating cysts and in germinating cysts with appressoria, and significantly upregulated throughout infection of potato. Transient gene silencing of Pihmp1 led to loss of pathogenicity and indicated involvement of this gene in the penetration and early infection processes of P. infestans. P. infestans transformants expressing a Pihmp1::monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fusion demonstrated that Pihmp1 was translated in germinating sporangia, germinating cysts and appressoria, accumulated in the appressorium, and was located at the haustorial membrane during infection. Furthermore, we discovered that haustorial structures are formed over a 3 h period, maturing for up to 12 h, and that their formation is initiated only at sites on the surface of intercellular hyphae where Pihmp1::mRFP is localized. We propose that Pihmp1 is an integral membrane protein that provides physical stability to the plasma membrane of P. infestans infection structures. We have provided the first evidence that the surface of oomycete haustoria possess proteins specific to these biotrophic structures, and that formation of biotrophic structures (infection vesicles and haustoria) is essential to successful host colonization by P. infestans.     

Reproduction of Symptoms of a Root Disease of Wheat by Toxic Metabolites Produced by Two Pythium Species and their Partial Characterization

Abstract Three Pythium isolates [ Pythium arrhenomanes isolates (320) & (323)], and Pythium irregulare produced in vitro metabolites that affect normal wheat seedling growth and development. P. arrhenomanes isolates (320 & 323) produced toxic metabolites that caused a general browning of root tissue of 2–3-day-old wheat seedlings, root stunting, inhibition of root hair formation, and reduced fresh and dry root weights. These symptoms were also seen in infected seedlings inthe field. Culture filtrates of P. irregulare only partly reproduced disease symptoms, as they inhibited root elongation, but did not cause any browning of root tissue or inhibition of root hair formation. P. irregulare filtrates also stunted shoot growth and stimulated root hair formation and elongation in a swollen area immediately behind the root tip. Autoclaving did not affect activity of P. irregulare culture filtrates, but did inactivate P. arrhenomanes culture filtrates, suggesting that they are different. Ultrafiltration separations of P. arrhenomanes (isolate 320) filtrates indicated that toxic metabolites were heterogeneous. One component was less than 1,000 mol.wt. and the other greater than 50,000 mol.wt., but less than 100,000 mol.wt.     

Oospore Germination and Formation by the Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans in vitro and under Field Conditions

The ability of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans to form oospores in leaves of seven potato cultivars was examined at different incubation temperatures under controlled environmental conditions and under field conditions. At 10°C, the oospore formation in three intermediate-resistant cultivars all differed significantly from each other (P < 0.05), with the lowest amount formed in cv. Asterix. This latter cultivar did not form oospores at any other temperature. Under field conditions oospores were formed abundantly in a naturally infected field. A significant date by cultivar interaction showed that P. infestans increased the oospore formation in foliage by time in cvs Columbo, Hertha and Matilda, whereas no significant differences between dates were found for other cultivars. The genetic structure of P. infestans in the naturally infected field plot, where oospores formed abundantly, was studied by using amplified fragment length polymorphism and a high genetic diversity was revealed. Oospore germination from two Scandinavian (A1 and A2) P. infestans isolates was stimulated in visible light and in 1 : 2 and 1 : 10 soil extract. The effect of light and nutrients on oosporogenesis is discussed.     

Salicylic acid is important for basal defense of Solanum tuberosum against Phytophthora infestans

The importance of the signaling compound salicylic acid for basal defense of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) against Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, was assessed using transgenic NahG potato plants which are unable to accumulate salicylic acid. Although the size of lesions caused by P. infestans was not significantly different in wild-type and transgenic NahG plants, real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed a drastic enhancement of pathogen growth in potato plants depleted of salicylic acid. Increased susceptibility of NahG plants correlated with compromised callose formation and reduced early defense gene expression. NahG plants pretreated with the salicylic acid analog 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid allowed pathogen growth to a similar extent as did wild-type plants, indicating that salicylic acid is an important compound required for basal defense of potato against P. infestans.     

Induction of systemic resistance in different varieties of Solanum tuberosum by pure and crude elicitor treatment

A 10 kD elicitor protein (infestin) produced by Phytopthora infestans was purified and its efficacy for induction of systemic resistance in resistant and susceptible varieties of Solanum tuberosum was studied. Culture filtrates from P. infestans with and without purified elicitor (infestin) were used as elicitors to understand the effect of purified elicitor (infestin) on development of systemic resistance. Culture filtrate and purified elicitor (infestin) were found to induce hypersensitive reaction on the leaves of resistant varieties, but not on susceptible varieties after 48 h. Culture filtrate devoid of purified elicitor (infestin) did not induce any necrotic spots even on resistant variety. Purified elicitor (infestin) was found to induce glucose oxidase, NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes in resistant S. tuberosum plants, however the induction of these enzymes was low in susceptible varieties. The oxidative enzymes were found to induce earlier than antioxidative enzymes and there was negative correlation between these two groups of enzymes. Levels of salicylic acid, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), beta-1, 3 glucanase and chitinase activities were also found higher in resistant than in susceptible varieties. It was observed that purified elicitor (infestin) was superior to crude culture filtrate, but was not capable of inducing systemic resistance in susceptible varieties.     

Studies on the PR toxin of penicillium roqueforti

A mycotoxin, confirmed by chemical, physical and spectroscopic data as the PR toxin described by Ru-Dong Wei and coll. (15) has been isolated from culture filtrates of Penicillium roqueforti Thom. Factors affecting the toxin and mycelium production, acute and chronic toxicity in experimental animals and the frequency of toxinogenesis of 21 isolates of P. roqueforti (including a brown mutant) isolated from different materials, foods especially, were also studied. An hypothesis on the absence of PR toxin in cheeses fermented with P. roqueforti is also advanced.     

乳酸杆菌发酵滤液对人宫颈癌细胞株Hela细胞的细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液对宫颈癌细胞株Hela细胞的细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响,探索乳酸杆菌发酵滤液对宫颈癌细胞作用的可能机制。方法用光镜、电镜和流式细胞仪分析不同浓度乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液对Hela细胞凋亡的诱导效果;用流式细胞仪分析不同浓度乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液对Hela细胞细胞周期的影响。结果（1）乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液可诱导宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡。形态学观察处理后的Hela细胞,可见细胞变形,细胞皱缩,体积变小,细胞间隙增大,细胞核固缩。流式细胞仪分析,1%、2%的乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液在48、72h可诱导Hela细胞凋亡;5%的乳酸杆菌发酵滤液在24、48和72h均可诱导Hela细胞凋亡。（2）乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液阻滞宫颈癌Hela细胞于S期,不同浓度的乳酸杆菌发酵滤液作用24、48和72h均可使S期细胞比阴性对照组增多。结论乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液可诱导部分Hela细胞凋亡,其对Hela细胞的生长抑制作用可能通过S期阻滞实现。     

Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Restriction Enzyme Analysis of the Closely Related Phytophthora Species P. infestans, P. mirabilis, and P. phaseoli

To determine relatedness of the phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora infestans , P. mirabilis , and P. phaseoli restriction fragment patterns of mitochondrial DNAs of several isolates and hybridization patterns of nuclear DNAs after Southern hybridization with a specific homologous probe were analyzed.
All but two isolates of P. infestans and P. mirabilis show very similar restriction fragment patterns differing only in the length of one fragment due to small insertion/deletion(s). Two isolates of P. mirabilis have one additional site for Scr FI. On the contrary at least six sites differ in P. phaseoli when compared to the other two species. The mitochondrial genome of P. phaseoli is considerably smaller (approx. 6 kbp) than those of P. infestans and P. mirabilis .
A cloned 430 bp multicopy DNA sequence, derived from P. infestans , hybridized specifically with P. infestans, P. mirabilis , and P. phaseoli out of 61 species of Peronosporales ( Phytophthora, Halophytophthora, Pythium, Albugo, Bremia, Peronospora, Plasmopara ) tested and therefore has potential as a diagnostic probe. Restriction patterns revealed by this probe are invariant intraspecifi-cally but differ between the three species.
We consider P. mirabilis a forma specialis of P. infestans because of the very high similarly in its mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns.