贵州茶区茶树生态因子评述

贵州是茶树原产地之一,省内平均海拔在1000m以上的地区,占总面积的56.1%,由于山高多雾,茶叶自然品质较好,鲜叶主要化学成分含量丰富,且成分比率协调,所产中小叶种红碎茶及珍品名茶都匀毛尖、羊艾毛峰、遵义毛峰、湄江茶等,在国内外享有盛名,是我国南方得天独厚的茶区。本文拟从该区自然条件出发,着重阐述区内气候、土壤、海拔等生态因子对茶树生长及茶叶品质的影响,在此基础上,提出改善茶园生态条件的主要治理措施,以提供生产上参考。     

6种常饮茶咖啡碱含量的差异性研究

本文以常见的6种饮用茶为实验原料,用95%乙醇提取(恒压滴液漏斗)—升华法对其咖啡碱进行提取,并进行含量测定。结果表明:安顺毛峰咖啡碱含量为0.784%,都匀毛尖咖啡碱含量为0.855%;红茶中的滇红的咖啡碱含量为1.143%,英红的咖啡碱含量为1.275%;花茶中的茉莉花茶咖啡碱的含量为0.434%,菊花茶的咖啡碱含量为0.382%。对不同类型的茶叶而言,咖啡碱的含量红茶绿茶花茶。     

茶叶锌、硒含量变化与种植土壤差异的研究

以贵州4个茶叶产地(贵定、都匀、凤冈、湄潭)生产的新鲜茶叶(贵定云雾茶、都匀毛尖、凤冈锌硒茶、湄潭翠芽)及种植土壤为材料,研究了不同茶树叶片及种植土壤的锌、硒含量,研究不同土壤类型及不同深度土壤锌、硒含量的差异;茶树当年生新叶(一芽二叶)和生长1年以上老叶的锌、硒含量变化;土壤锌、硒含量与新老叶片锌、硒含量之间的关系。结果显示,随着茶园土壤深度(0~20 cm,20~40 cm)的增加,锌含量增加了2.0%~18.0%,而土壤硒含量则没有明显变化;不同样地土壤和同一样地土壤不同深度的锌、硒含量差异均达显著水平(Sig.0.01),但差异未见明显规律;茶树新叶锌、硒含量比老叶分别高2.3~4.0倍和1.2~3.0倍;新叶的锌、硒含量与土壤锌、硒含量呈正相关关系,且新叶中的锌、硒含量之间也呈正相关关系。表明土壤中的锌、硒含量来源于成土母岩并直接影响茶叶的品质,因此合理选择土壤类型对种植优质茶和规划发展茶产业具有重要意义。     

不同因素对信阳毛尖茶品质的影响

目的：研究不同因素对信阳毛尖茶品质的影响。方法：选取不同采摘等级、不同产区和不同采摘时间的信阳毛尖茶为原料，对生化成分进行检测分析。结果：随着产区海拔的降低，氨基酸含量降低，茶多酚含量增加，茶汤滋味从鲜爽向浓醇发展。随着采摘时间的推延，多酚物质含量增加，游离氨基酸含量降低，茶叶滋味逐渐浓醇。特级茶叶在采摘期间非酯型儿茶素含量显著增加，使其口感在后期仍较好。珍品茶叶含物质含量积累少，持嫩度高，口感好但不耐喝，特级茶叶酚氨比增大，口感浓醇。结论：信阳毛尖茶的品质受很多因素影响，合理的控制因素可以指导实际生产。     

叶片毛尖对齿肋赤藓结皮凝结水形成及蒸发的影响

凝结水(隐匿降水)和降水是荒漠地区两种不同形式的水分来源,对荒漠生态系统极为重要。叶片毛尖(leaf hair points, LHPs)是很多荒漠藓类的重要外部形态结构特征,但它在藓类植物利用凝结水和降水中的作用尚不清楚。齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠藓类结皮的优势种,其叶片顶端具有较长的白色毛尖。本文采用自制微渗计(h=3.5 cm, d=5.7 cm)研究了正常有毛尖和人工去除毛尖的齿肋赤藓结皮的凝结水特征及其在3种模拟降水梯度(1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm)下的短期蒸发特征,结果表明：(1) 在凝结阶段,有毛尖结皮每时段的凝结水量均大于无毛尖结皮,但日出后有毛尖结皮凝结水下降速度稍快;有毛尖结皮的日凝结水量均大于无毛尖结皮,且前者的总凝结水量比后者多10.26%,即毛尖能增加10.26%的凝结水量。(2) 3种模拟降水梯度下,有毛尖结皮在各时段的累积蒸发率始终小于无毛尖结皮,以蒸发前期阶段最为明显,表明毛尖能显著减少和延缓结皮内的水分蒸发、延长植株水合时间,而且降水量越大减缓效果越明显。毛尖对这2种不同形式水分利用的差异是因为利用方式不同：对凝结水的利用主要归因于毛尖增大了结皮表面粗糙度,而减少对降水的蒸发主要是毛尖能反射阳光、形成内部毛细管及减小植株间隙的缘故。因此,毛尖的存在有利于齿肋赤藓结皮对凝结水和降水的利用,增强了藓类结皮对干旱环境的适应能力。     

茶组植物中茶氨酸和没食子酸的高压液相色谱分析

应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对茶属茶组的6种3变种植物叶中的茶氨酸和没食子酸含量进行定量分析.结果表明,茶氨酸和没食子酸均普遍存在于这几种茶组植物中,二者在大理茶与广西茶中的含量与大叶茶最为接近,野生的大理茶在云南民间亦作为茶叶的原料使用,有悠久的历史,提示大理茶有可能是大叶茶的基源植物之一.     

高温胁迫对毛尖紫萼藓生理生化特性的影响

本实验对毛尖紫萼藓进行60℃高温处理,研究高温胁迫对毛尖紫萼藓生理生化指标的影响。试验结果显示,毛尖紫萼藓的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量,随着胁迫时间的延长,呈先升后降趋势;其可溶性糖和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势。在一定的时间下解除胁迫后,毛尖紫萼藓能够出现生长可恢复的现象。因此,本试验结果能够证明毛尖紫萼藓对60℃高温有抗性,短期高温对其伤害是可逆的。     

不同微生境中水光温变化对毛尖紫萼藓叶绿素荧光特性的影响

毛尖紫萼藓（Grimmia pilifera）多生长在裸岩表面且具有多种微生境,其生长过程受到水分、光照和温度等环境因素的交互影响,但其光合生理特征如何响应这种变化的环境条件尚不清楚。开展原位（荫蔽和向阳裸岩2种微生境）和室内模拟实验,分析了不同水分（模拟降水量和降水频次）、光照、温度及其复合梯度处理对毛尖紫萼藓叶绿素荧光特性的影响。原位实验结果显示荫蔽生境原位生长毛尖紫萼藓光化学效率显著高于向阳生境。在室内相同培养条件下,脱水过程中来自荫蔽生境植株有效光合效率保持时间比向阳生境明显缩短,表现出较低的脱水耐受性。水-光-温复合模拟实验显示,降水频次和光-温变化对毛尖紫萼藓光化学效率均有极显著影响且存在一定的交互作用,而降水量的影响相对较弱;弱光低温及1次/（2 d）的降水频率条件下毛尖紫萼藓具有最高的光合活性。总体来看,荫蔽生境、弱光低温条件及中等频次降水有利于毛尖紫萼藓生长,但向阳生境毛尖紫萼藓则具有更强的环境耐受性。     

基于高通量测序的都匀地区福鼎大白种茶树根茎叶分析

为探究茶树中茶多酚等产物代谢途径的相关基因,该研究以贵州都匀地区福鼎大白种茶树的根茎叶为对象,利用高通量测序技术构建茶的转录组数据库并筛选其根茎叶差异表达基因。结果表明:共获得70.88 Gb Clean Data,各样品Clean Data均达到6.33 Gb,Q30碱基百分比在93.22%以上。将Clean Reads与中国种茶树参考基因组进行序列比对,比对效率从87.83%到91.14%。基于比对结果,进行可变剪接预测分析和基因结构优化分析,发掘新基因13 531个,其中10 244个得到功能注释。利用FPKM进行基因表达量分析,根据基因在不同样品中表达量识别差异表达基因。叶与茎的差异基因有5 595个,其中2 769个在茎中上调,2 826个下调,叶与根有9 650个差异基因,5 056个上调,4 594个下调,茎与根中有5 644个差异基因,2 938个上调,2 706个下调,并通过GO和KEGG分析,将差异基因进行功能注释和富集分析。上述结果为揭示都匀地区福鼎大白种茶参与类黄酮、茶氨酸和咖啡碱等代谢途径相关的基因提供了参考,为选育优良品种等提供了理论依据。     

微生境对耐旱石生毛尖紫萼藓水分保持与散失特性的影响

毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera)是典型石生耐旱藓类,水分是其生存繁衍的关键影响因素。为探究微生境对毛尖紫萼藓水分生理的影响,在安徽省大龙山国家森林公园低山丘陵区选择3种典型微生境(竹林遮蔽S-1,向阳裸岩E,薜荔灌丛遮蔽S-2),对比研究毛尖紫萼藓个体大小、饱和含水量及脱水过程中的含水量指标在不同微生境间的差异性,综合判断微生境对苔藓水分胁迫耐受性的影响及其权衡特征。结果表明:3种微生境毛尖紫萼藓个体大小及饱和含水量差异显著,其中竹林遮蔽生境毛尖紫萼藓具有较小的个体但拥有较高的内、外含水量。向阳裸岩和薜荔灌丛遮蔽生境植株大小及外吸水量接近,但前者内含水量更高。两荫蔽生境苔藓外吸水量是内吸水量的7倍,显著高于向阳裸岩生境的5.8倍。脱水过程中相同时间点向阳裸岩生境苔藓各含水量指标均高于两遮蔽生境,且达到相同含水量的时间差也随脱水进程持续而逐渐增大,这为向阳裸岩生境苔藓的有效光合作用(即相对含水量不低于35%时)及脱水后期的生理和结构调整赢得更多时间。综合而言,向阳裸岩生境毛尖紫萼藓比荫蔽生境具有更强的脱水耐受性,但后者可以通过增加外部吸水量来弥补失水过快的缺陷,这可能是不同微生境毛尖紫萼藓对水分吸收和保持的权衡策略。     

Population Structure Analysis and Genome-Wide Association Study of Tea (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> (L.) K untze) Germplasm in Qiannan,China, Based on SLAFSeq Technology

Duyun Maojian tea is a famous tea in China. In this study, the specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing method was used to analyze the population structure and conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 2 leaf traits of 123 tea plants in Qiannan, China. A total of 462,019 SLAF tags and 11,362,041 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis showed that 123 tea germplasms were clustered into three groups, and the heterozygosity rates for Groups I, II, and II were 0.206, 0.224, and 0.34, respectively. Generally, tea germplasms in a production area are clustered in a group, indicating that tea germplasms in different production areas have certain genetic diversity. The traditional Duyun Maojian tea core production areas, TS and DC-SJ, are clustered into Group I and Group II respectively, while the ZY production area is relatively independent in Group III. Furthermore, based on GWAS analysis, 11 candidate genes related to leaf apex and 7 candidate genes related to leaf shape were obtained. This study clarified the genetic relationship among eight Duyun Maojian tea production areas and obtained candidate genes related to leaf apex and leaf shape development. The results showed that population structure and candidate genes are an effective basis for the breeding of Duyun Maojian tea germplasm.     

六种泥炭藓形态结构特征对其持水能力的影响

本研究选取贵州都匀市毛尖镇螺蛳壳风景区沼泽湿地的6种泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物,分别测量其主茎粗、株高,计数侧枝数和分枝数,并计算其饱和吸水率、外吸水率、内吸水率、透明细胞面积占比、侧枝密度等指标.结果显示:(1)6种泥炭藓饱和吸水率大小依次为狭叶泥炭藓(S.cuspidatum Ehrh)(2518.99％)>...     

Untargeted metabolomics reveals differences between commercial and non-commercial Camellia sinensis cultivars used in black tea production

Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Tea (Camellia sinensis) has enthralled both consumers and researchers, due to its taste, aroma and its medicinal attributes. Tea consumers concern...     

Chinese green tea lowers cholesterol level through an increase in fecal lipid excretion

Lung Chen Tea, a Chinese green tea, has been found to lower serum and liver cholesterol. In this study, its dose response and mechanisms of action on cholesterol lowering in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. The activities of three major lipid metabolizing enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-Co A) reductase, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and fatty acid synthase (FAS), as well as fecal excretion of bile acids and cholesterol were examined. Lung Chen Tea administration for eight weeks significantly lowered the serum cholesterol in the 2% and 4% groups. The activities of the three enzymes were not affected by Lung Chen Tea, but the fecal bile acids and cholesterol excretions were significantly increased. These results demonstrated that Lung Chen Tea lowered plasma cholesterol by increasing fecal bile acids and cholesterol excretion. Further investigation is required to evaluate the exact mechanisms of action of Lung Chen Tea.     

崂山茶区茶树根围AM真菌多样性

为调查崂山茶区土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源的分布状况, 于2007年9月从青岛崂山茶区12个茶园采集茶树(Camellia sinensis)根围土样, 采用湿筛倾注–蔗糖离心法分离AM真菌, 测定其物种丰度、频度、孢子密度、相对多度、重要值、多样性指数等。共分离到AM真菌3属22种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)出现的频度最高, 其次是球囊霉属(Glomus)。AM真菌孢子密度以晓望村茶园最高, 高家村茶园最低; 种丰度以常家村茶园最高; 常家村茶园和万来客茶园的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他茶园。光壁无梗囊霉(Acaulospora laevis)是北崂茶厂、万里江茶园、樱山春茶园、万里江有机茶园、常家村茶园和桑园村茶园的优势种; 波状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora undulata)为万里江有机茶园和万来客茶园的优势种; 隐球囊霉(Glomus occultum)为樱山春茶园、晓望村茶园和万来客茶园的优势种。应用典型相关分析(CCA)对环境因子与崂山茶区AM真菌群落组成的关系进行了分析, 各因子的影响大小依次为: 土壤速效磷含量＞土壤有机质含量＞种植年限＞土壤碱解氮含量＞土壤pH值＞土壤速效钾含量。     

Wsh3/Tea4 is a novel cell-end factor essential for bipolar distribution of Tea1 and protects cell polarity under environmental stress in S. pombe

BACKGROUND: The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has a cylindrical cell shape, for which growth is strictly limited to both ends, and serves as an excellent model system for genetic analysis of cell-polarity determination. Previous studies identified a cell-end marker protein, Tea1, that is transported by cytoplasmic microtubules to cell tips and recruits other cell-end factors, including the Dyrk-family Pom1 kinase. The deltatea1 mutant cells cannot grow in a bipolar fashion and show T-shaped morphology after heat shock. RESULTS: We identified Wsh3/Tea4 as a novel protein that interacts with Win1 MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) of the stress-activated MAP kinase cascade. Wsh3 forms a complex with Tea1 and is transported to cell tips by growing microtubules. The deltawsh3 mutant shows monopolar growth with abnormal Tea1 aggregate at the non-growing cell end; this abnormal aggregate fails to recruit Pom1 kinase. Consistent with the observed interaction between Win1 and Wsh3, cells lacking Wsh3 or Tea1 show more severe cell-polarity defects under osmolarity and heat-stress stimuli that are known to activate the stress MAPK cascade. Furthermore, mutants of the stress MAPK also exhibit cell-polarity defects when exposed to the same stress. CONCLUSIONS: Wsh3/Tea4 is an essential component of the Tea1 cell-end complex. In addition to its role in bipolar growth during the normal cell cycle, the Wsh3-Tea1 complex, together with the stress-signaling MAPK cascade, contributes to cell-polarity maintenance under stress conditions.     

Targeted movement of cell end factors in fission yeast

Kinesins are microtubule-based motor proteins that transport cargo to specific locations within the cell. However, the mechanisms by which cargoes are directed to specific cellular locations have remained elusive. Here, we investigated the in vivo movement of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe kinesin Tea2 to establish how it is targeted to microtubule tips and cell ends. Tea2 is loaded onto microtubules in the middle of the cell, in close proximity to the nucleus, and then travels using its intrinsic motor activity primarily at the tips of polymerizing microtubules. The microtubule-associated protein Mal3, an EB1 homologue, is required for loading and/or processivity of Tea2 and this function can be substituted by human EB1. In addition, the cell-end marker Tea1 is required to anchor Tea2 to cell ends. Movement of Tea1 and the CLIP170 homologue Tip1 to cell ends is abolished in Tea2 rigor (ATPase) mutants. We propose that microtubule-based transport from the vicinity of the nucleus to cell ends can be precisely regulated, with Mal3 required for loading/processivity, Tea2 for movement and Tea1 for cell-end anchoring.     

中国各茶类中主要芳香物质组成及其在加工过程中的变化

祁门红茶、龙井茶、茉莉花茶、白兰花茶和乌龙茶,不仅是中国的名优茶,而且也是主要出口茶类。这些名茶芳香馥郁,品质独特,与其含有大量芳香物质密切相关。本文综合有关研究成果,简要概述了这五类名优茶中主要芳香物质构成、特点及变化。     

Tea and health: the underlying mechanisms

Detailed multidisciplinary research on the effect of tea and the associated tea polyphenols has led to major advances on the underlying mechanisms. In most studies, green and black tea have similar effects, four of which are reviewed in this paper. 1) Tea polyphenols are powerful antioxidants that may play a role in lowering the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol, with a consequent decreased risk of heart disease, and also diminish the formation of oxidized metabolites of DNA, with an associated lower risk of specific types of cancer. 2) Tea and tea polyphenols selectively induce Phase I and Phase II metabolic enzymes that increase the formation and excretion of detoxified metabolites of carcinogens. 3) Tea lowers the rate of cell replication and thus the growth and development of neoplasms. 4) Tea modifies the intestinal microflora, reducing undesirable bacteria and increasing beneficial bacteria. The accumulated knowledge suggests that regular tea intake by humans might provide an approach to decrease the incidence of and mortality from major chronic diseases.     

5种茶园秋冬季天敌与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切程度的差异

为了明确与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的天敌种类,为合理利用和保护天敌提供科学依据。运用地学统计学分析方法计算白毫早茶园、黄山大叶种茶园、农抗早茶园、平阳特早茶园和乌牛早茶园秋冬季假眼小绿叶蝉和其主要6种天敌地统计学半变异函数的变程。使用灰色系统分析方法对计算结果进行灰色关联度分析,并对分析结果进行标准化。以标准化后的密切指数大小评判天敌与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系的密切程度。结果是：1）、黄山大叶种茶园和农抗早茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的前3位天敌是粽管巢蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和斜纹猫蛛,但位次不同。2）、白毫早茶园前3位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、斜纹猫蛛和锥腹肖蛸,前2种与黄山大叶种和农抗早茶园相同。3）、平阳特早茶园前3位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和草间小黑蛛,前2种与黄山大叶种和农抗早茶园相同。4）、乌牛早茶园前3位天敌是粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和三突花蟹蛛,只有粽管巢蛛与黄山大叶种和农抗早茶园相同。根据5种茶园同种天敌密切指数之和以及同种天敌位次之和评判,与假眼小绿叶蝉空间关系密切的天敌均是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和斜纹猫蛛。天敌位次的变化主要是害虫和天敌数量之比的比值变化。害虫个体数与某种天敌个体数之比的比值越小,天敌与害虫的跟随关系则越密切。密切原因与食饵资源短缺有关。