不同栽植密度对斑叶稠李苗木培育质量的影响

以斑叶稠李（Padus maackii）1年生苗木为研究对象,通过4种不同栽植密度（60、80、100、120 株·m^-2）试验,测定其苗木形态、生物量、光合速率及养分含量,旨在探明不同密度对斑叶稠李苗木生长及养分含量的影响,为其高质量苗木培育提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）栽植密度显著影响苗木生物量,各密度下苗木根、茎、叶生物量由大到小顺序均为80 株·m^-2 > 60 株·m^-2 > 100 株·m^-2 > 120 株·m^-2;60和80 株·m^-2密度下斑叶稠李苗木质量指数显著高于100和120 株·m^-2密度处理。（2）栽植密度显著影响苗木侧根数,在80 株·m^-2的密度下达到最大;（3）80 株·m^-2密度较其它密度显著提高了苗木氮、磷、钾养分含量。（4）叶生物量、根生物量和侧根数与苗木各质量指标间Pearson相关性系数均达到了显著水平（P<0.1）,而光合速率和主根长与苗木各质量指标均不相关（P>0.1）。综合以上结果,斑叶稠李1年生苗木最适栽植密度为80 株·m^-2,且密度处理主要影响斑叶稠李苗木叶生物量、侧根数及根生物量指标,进而影响苗木质量。     

垂柳苗木培育技术及在城乡绿化中的应用

垂柳广泛用于城乡绿化的池塘、道路、公园、河提绿化,形成的景观效果较好,很受人们的喜爱。为满足城乡绿化市场对大规格垂柳的需求,快速培育干形通直、健壮、无病虫害大规格苗木是苗木培育需要解决的生产实际问题,在应用实践中对垂柳的扦插育苗、栽培管理技术及应用经验进行总结,做好扦插育苗苗圃的水肥管理、松土除草、病虫害防治、摸芽等技术是缩短培育周期的关键。     

生物制剂对沙地樟子松苗木成活生长及生理特征的影响

采用Pt菌剂、ABT生根粉、HRC吸水剂和GGR 6植物生长调节剂等生物制剂,研究了不同生物制剂对2年生樟子松苗木田间试验的造林成活率、植株高度、单株生物量、细根量和盆栽试验苗木的叶片光合和水分利用效率等生理特征的影响.结果表明:(1) Pt3(3号菌剂) 、ABT (ABT生根粉)和HRC (HRC吸水剂)均显著地提高樟子松苗木的成活率,它们分别比对照处理苗木成活率高29.3%、23.6%和9.4%,而GRR (GGR植物生长调节剂)和Pt1(1号菌剂)处理苗木的造林成活率同对照处理苗木成活率差异不显著;(2) Pt3、ABT处理均显著地促进了苗木细根生长,分别比对照处理多34.72和15.18 cm,而HRC、CGR和Pt1同对照处理没有显著差异;回归分析表明细根量与苗木成活率呈显著正相关,说明生物制剂提高成活率是通过细根量的增加来实现的;(3) Pt3和ABT处理的苗木高度比对照多2.2 、1.5cm 和1.1cm,单株生物量干重分别大1.73、0.72g 和0.33g, 针叶长度、单个针叶面积和单株植株针叶数量分别多1.54和 0.096cm、0.188cm2和0.116cm2、31和23束;而Pt1和GGR处理对苗木高度和单株生物量影响不显著; (4) Pt3和ABT处理显著地提高了苗木叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率及水分利用效率等生理指标方面,而其它生物制剂对苗木生理指标影响不显著.生物制剂通过提高苗木生长量和增强生理活动提高樟子松沙地造林成活率.     

基于Landsat-8影像的沿海城市公园冷岛效应——以厦门为例

城市公园主要由水体和绿色植被等景观构成,其形成的公园冷岛（Park cool island,PCI）已成为减缓城市热岛效应的重要途径之一。采用景感生态学中的景感营造理念规划设计城市公园或优化公园空间结构有助于增强公园冷岛效应,进一步改善局地城市热环境。选择沿海城市——厦门市为研究对象,基于2013年8月的Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS遥感影像和Google Earth高分影像数据,首先提取了研究区15个公园的土地利用信息,采用改进的地表温度单通道算法,获取了城市公园地表温度数据,并采用缓冲区分析、景观格局指数和多元统计等方法定量分析公园内部平均地表温度、城市公园冷岛强度（即降温幅度）、公园冷岛影响距离（即对周边区域的降温范围）三者的主要影响因子,并利用景感生态学原理初步剖析了城市公园景感营造的原则。结果显示：（1）公园面积和公园建设用地面积是影响公园平均温度的关键因子（R²=0.915）,这两个因子与公园平均温度均呈显著非线性相关;公园面积存在阈值55 hm²左右;（2）公园冷岛PCI强度由公园绿地面积、公园建筑面积和面积-周长形状指数（P/A）三个因子决定（R²=0.911）;公园冷岛PCI强度与公园绿地面积呈显著非线性正相关,与公园建筑面积呈显著非线性负相关,与面积-周长形状指数（P/A）呈显著线性负相关;在确保公园绿地面积达到一定阈值时,应该尽量降低公园建筑面积,增加公园形状复杂度,有利于其PCI强度的增加,缓解城市热岛效应;（3）公园冷岛影响距离由公园面积和公园水体面积比例决定（R²=0.719）,公园冷岛影响距离与两者呈显著正相关;绿地公园中提高公园水体的面积比例,有助于增大公园冷岛的影响距离;（4）城市公园的规划与设计,需要运用景感生态学的原理,从缓解城市热岛效应的角度,充分考虑公园大小、形状、土地利用类型组成比例及空间配置等因素。     

外来入侵物种温室蟾的大陆发现及其种群研究

2017年7月在广东省深圳市发现外来入侵物种——温室蟾Eleutherodactlylus planirostris,这是该种侵入中国内陆的首次记录。结合在深圳市的长期调查监测,以及本次在发现地周边市政绿地及其他公园展开的补充调查可以确认,该种目前在深圳仅见于中心区新建香蜜公园内的3个单独区域,推测可能是通过苗木移栽带入。深圳种群2种色型均有,比例相近;雌性最大个体的头体长25.0 mm;成年个体以雌性为主,第一次调查时成幼比为5/15,第二次调查为49/2;剖胃显示其主要以猛蚁Cryptopone sp.为食,有少量双纹小蠊Blattella bisignata,隔日处理的标本均无胃内含物。整体上该种群雌性多、幼体生长快速、消化能力强,判定处于强扩张状态;相比同域分布的本土蛙类,种群密度明显更高。该种被认为是两栖类最成功的入侵种之一,种群适应能力和扩张能力强,苗木和园林工程涉及的泥土运输很可能是其快速传播的主要途径。在珠三角园林绿化产业高度发达的背景下,亟待与相关行业紧密合作,严密监测温室蟾种群扩张动态并开展专项调查研究。     

西南桦播种期和育苗技术的研究

通过对西南桦种子两种不同播种时期育苗的对比 ,发现秋季播种的一年生苗木比即采即播的一年生苗木的高生长、地径生长、主根长和侧根数分别提高 5 7.1 %、3 9.5 %、1 8.5 %和 2 3 .0 % ,避开了炎热夏季 ,根际病害感染程度比即采即播苗木减少 88.1 % ,苗木质量显著提高 ,同时提出了秋季播种育苗各个时期的育苗技术措施     

城市公园绿地水、热与CO2通量观测与分析

水、热和CO2通量是评价城市绿地生态效益的重要指标。在北京海淀公园中部和边缘架设涡度相关系统,连续观测和定量研究城市公园绿地影响下的通量变化特征。结果表明,公园绿地所获得的净辐射在植被生长季节大部分用于植被的蒸散作用,潜热大于显热;而在植被非生长季节大部分用于显热,潜热数值非常小。晴天显热与潜热的比值在春季随着植被枝叶的生长逐渐减少,到夏季达到最小值约1/3,在秋季随着植被叶片枯黄逐渐变大,冬季达到数倍。公园绿地能量平衡率在52%～83%,普遍存在能量不平衡。公园中部的潜热观测值大于公园边缘,而显热小于公园边缘;公园中部CO2通量日均值为负,公园绿地是CO2汇。公园绿地在植被生长季节具有明显的降温增湿、吸收CO2等生态效应。     

成都市避震疏散公园绿地面积指标

城市公园绿地作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在避震疏散中发挥了重要作用。以5&#183;12汶川大地震灾害对成都市中心城的影响为例,通过计算地震后避难人数和避震疏散所需公园绿地面积,从而探讨研究区现有公园绿地面积是否满足避震疏散需求。研究结果显示,成都市中心城区在5&#183;12汶川大地震中长期避难人数为30．92万人,所需紧急、固定避震疏散场所总面积分别为441．82hm^2、77．31hm^2,所需紧急、固定避震疏散公园绿地面积分别为300．85hm^2、46．26hm^2。研究区现有不同规模的公园绿地表现出景观分布格局差异。除高新区和武侯区外,其余4个区的公园绿地面积均不能满足紧急避震疏散需求,而6个区可作为固定避震疏散公园绿地的面积均能满足长期避震需求。研究结果体现了避震疏散公园绿地面积指标体系的可行性和合理性,以此作为城市建设和公园绿地规划的参考,在提高城市绿地率的同时也满足避震疏散需求。     

上海市地面藓类植物的分布格局分析

在上海市选取20个公园和2个化工厂设立22个样点,对地面藓类植物进行野外样方调查、标本鉴定和数据统计．基于75种记录的藓类植物及其盖度数据,应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)分析其分布格局．结果表明,上海市地面藓类植物可聚类为3个样点组,样点组1为市中心2个公园和2个化工厂,共有藓类23种,总盖度最小(21．29％);样点组2为部分市中心公园和外围公园,共有藓类44种,总盖度37．94％;样点组3主要为外围公园和市郊公园,共有藓类49种,总盖度为49．66％．结果反映了藓类植物分布与不同生境,环境污染及人为干扰有一定相关性．     

广州市城区公园对周边环境的降温效应

城市化的快速发展使得大量的人造建筑物取代了自然地表,极大的改变了城市的热环境,加速了城市的"热岛效应",给人类的身体健康、生活环境带来许多危害。以公园为主体的城市绿地通过植被的光合作用、蒸腾以及蒸散作用降低温度、增加湿度,是缓解城市热岛效应的有效途径之一。选取广州市城区17个公园作为研究对象,使用TM遥感影像反演公园周边温度,分析了公园周边温度的分布情况。研究表明,在一定范围内,公园周边温度与公园边界点温度的温差随着其远离公园边界距离的增大而增加,且增长趋势逐渐减缓,近似于一条过原点的三次多项式;公园的平均降温范围与公园绿地面积存在显著的正相关关系,拟合曲线近似于一种对数形式增加;水体面积比例较大的公园,比同等条件下水体面积较小的公园降温效果好;而长宽比较大(≥2)的公园,即使公园面积较小,降温效果也较明显。首次对广州市城区公园周边温度分布规律进行了定量研究,研究结果对像广州这样的大城市生态规划尤其是公园规划设计具有实质性的指导意义,也可为世界其他类似地区、城市进行公园规划设计提供重要的理论依据和参考价值。     

Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy

An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.     

Comparison of in vitro decomposition of bryophytic and tracheophytic plant material

The fossil record of bryophytes is generally poor and infertile plants attributable to liverworts and mosses could also be thalloid vascular plant gametophytes or herbaceous lycophytes respectively. The paucity of the bryophytic record could be the result of relatively rapid degradation of bryophytic material in comparison to that of vascular plants, the absence of lignified cells in bryophytes sustaining this belief. However, certain organs of bryophytes are as robust as those of vascular plants (e.g. spores) and the hydroxybenzofuran polymers produced by some mosses could be of similar preservational resistance to lignins. A simplistic experiment to test the relative resistance to decay of bryophytic material has been undertaken. Its findings suggest that bryophytic plant material has a similar preservational potential to that of a selected vascular plant, particularly in organic rich sediments. This result may be construed to imply that bryophytes were indeed less abundant in the preservational environments of the Coal Measures than might be expected on the basis of current palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Des Miliolacea aux Alveolinacea (grands foraminifères): la faune du Crétacé supérieur et du Tertiaire inférieur du Chiapas (S.E. Mexique)

Found in Chiapas (South-East of Mexico), Praealveolina michaudi nov. sp. and Chubbina jamaicensis (of Campanian-Maestrichtian age) are described, both evolved from Nummoloculina sp. while Raadshoovenia guatemalensis (upper Paleocene-lower Eocene) arises from Quinqueloculina. We precisely analyze and modelize the nepionic coiling during the evolutionary change from Miliolacea to Alveolinacea. During ontogenesis as well as during phylogenesis, quinqueloculine coiling progresses to streptospiral and then to planispiral chamber arrangement with the increase of volume of embryo and of chambers. Appearance of these large foraminifers are understood as a consequence of the rise of K-strategies in their mode of life, following the development of photosynthetic symbioses.     

人工合成多样性突变文库研究进展*

突变文库的构建是定向进化研究过程中一个关键步骤,主要利用天然存在的系统或者人工合成的分子技术来产生多样性核酸分子文库,为制备和筛选具有一定特性的蛋白酶、多肽、人工抗体等提供庞大的遗传基因库,也可用于合成生物学中相关基因元件的研究与筛选,为目标生物制品的高效工业化生产提供动力。随着对突变文库构建技术研究的日益深入,各种文库构建策略相继被开发出来,并在生物能源、生物化工、生物医药、生物试剂和食品工业等方面得到了广泛的应用。然而,定向进化中的文库构建策略多有不同,各种突变文库构建技术的核心方法也在不断创新。主要介绍近年来实验室中人工合成多样性文库的前沿技术,并对文库构建技术在自动化和智能化方向的发展进行了展望。     

A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil Presbyornis, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl

A phylogenetic analysis of 123 morphological characters of basal waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) and other selected avian orders confirmed that the screamers (Anhimae: Anhitn-idae) are the sister-group of other waterfowl (Anseres), and that the magpie goose (Anseranatidae: Anseranas semipalmata) is the sister group of other modern waterfowl exclusive of screamers (Anatidae sensu stricto). The analysis also supports the traditional hypothesis of the gallinaceous birds (Galliformes) as the sister group of the Anseriformes. Presbyornis, a fossil from the early Eocene of Wyoming and averred by Olson & Feduccia as showing that the Anseriformes were derived from shorebirds (Charadriiformes), was found to represent the sister group of the Anatidae. Associated hypotheses by Olson & Feduccia concerning the implications of Presbyornis for the phylogenetic relationships of flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), the position of the Anhimidae within the waterfowl, relationships among modern Anatidae, and a plausible evolutionary scenario for waterfowl also are rejected. Analyses revealed that cranial characters were critical to the establishment of the Galliformes as the sister group of the Anseriformes; exclusion of the Anhimidae, especially in combination with Anseranas, also undermined the support for this inference. Placement of Presbyornis as the sister group of the Anatidae casts doubt on the role suggested by Feduccia of ‘transitional shorebirds' in the origin of modern avian orders, and calls into question the concept of ‘fossil mosaics’. The phylogenetic hypothesis is used to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario for selected ecomorphological characters in the galliform-anseriform transition, to predict the most parsimonious states of these characters for Presbyornis, and to propose a phylogenetic classification of the higher-order taxa of waterfowl. This re-examination of Presbyornis also is used to exemplify the fundamental methodological shortcomings of the intuitive approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.     

L’habitat en grotte au Néolithique : vers une estimation de l’intensité des occupations

The archaeological excavation of the cave of the Gardon has brought to light a dilated and nearly continuous stratigraphy for the Neolithic era. The analysis of lithic industry has showed the existence of variations between those neolithic layers, which are independents of the technological processes of tools productions. Four criteria allow us to characterize the occupation’s type of each layer. Compared to the excavations data and to sedimentological analysis, these results allow us to display the evolution of the intensity of occupations of the cave throughout the whole Neolithic.     

The Natural Host Range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and Their Impact on Insect Populations

The natural host range of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis can be defined as the range of insects which indigenous nematode populations use for propagation. Information on the natural host range is rare. However, based on records of insects found to be naturally infected with nematodes, some conclusions regarding the natural host range of some Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are presented. Reports of indigenous nematode populations impacting on insect populations can be divided between relatively balanced, long-lasting nematode-host associations and unbalanced, short-lasting epizootics. Examples of the augmentation and inoculative introduction of nematodes in agriculture and forestry ecosystems are presented. Based on current knowledge, nematode reproduction strategies are discussed and indications of the risk involved in the release of non-indigenous nematodes are given.     

Concentration of 17 trace elements in serum and whole blood of plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) by ICP-MS, their reference ranges, and their relation to cataract

The reference ranges of the trace elements Al, As, Be, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Li, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in sera of a group of free-ranging plains viscachas of the pampa grasslands of Argentina. The values were compared with those of a small group of captive plains viscachas of the Zurich Zoo with diabetes and bilateral cataracts. In addition, a method for digestion of whole-blood samples is described for the trace element determination. Significant differences in the concentration of trace elements in the two groups of animals are discussed. No correlation was found between the levels of selenium and of other trace elements compared to the formation of cataracts.     

A Species-specific Monoclonal Antibody System for Detecting the Remains of Field Slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca: Pulmonata), in Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller), is probably the most damaging and widespread species of slug, causing severe economic losses in a broad range of crops in temperate zones throughout the world. Investigations into the role of predation in the population dynamics of this species required a biochemical system which was capable of identifying the remains of this slug in the crop contents of predators, and distinguishing them from those of other molluscs. A monoclonal antibody was developed (IgM isotype). This was capable of separating, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, D. reticulatum from the related D. caruanae (Pollonera) and all molluscs and other invertebrates tested, with the unexpected exceptions of New Zealand flatworms, Artioposthia triangulata (Deny) and the millipede Polymicrodon polydesmoides (Leach). Characterization of the antibody and assay demonstrated that the system could clearly detect as little as 11.6 ng of D. reticulatum protein in 200 mu l of buffer. Slug remains could be identified as such in the crops of the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius Illiger for 38.1 h, while the antibody-antigen reaction declined to half of that measured immediately following consumption, after 12.9 h. A practical and highly sensitive system was therefore developed, using the first species-specific monoclonal antibody available for the investigation of predation on slugs.