Robusta-Natalensis Pair. Sp. 30. C. Robusta. Sp.31. C. Natalensis.

T he two giants of the genus-that is so far as the cock birds are concerned, but, as with chiniana and a few others, their hens are so much smaller that even when in the field the two sexes are seen in company one may often doubt their being a pair of the same species.     

Andropause ou P.A.D.A.M.

Recently the word P.A.D.A.M. has been proposed to replace the term Andropause (Partiel Andrologen Deficiency in Aging Males). This implies that most if not all problems of the aging male are due to testosterone déficiency, which is not at all true when one considers the results of endocrine investigations in that group. So many other sociological and relational causes are involved that the term P.A.D.A.M. is clearly a misnomer.     

Minuartia aksoyi sp. nov. and M. buschiana subsp. artvinica subsp. nov. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey

Two new taxa of Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey, Minuartia aksoyi M. Koç & Hamzao?lu sp. nov. and Minuartia buschiana Schischk. subsp. artvinica M. Koç & Hamzao?lu subsp. nov. are described and illustrated. Their taxonomic positions are discussed and they are compared with allied taxa. The distributions of the new and closely related taxa are given. Seed structures were examined by SEM.     

B.T.O. Notes and Announcements

A nocturnal census of singing Nightingales in 1976 accounted for 3,230 birds though the full total may have been nearer 4,000. Nightingales are declining in northern and western Britain, but current trends elsewhere are obscured by annual fluctuations. There is no evidence that numbers are restricted by shortage of suitable habitat.     

Q. & A. on C. P. S

Encephalitis is a challenging public health problem in Kern County and in the San Joaquin Valley area. During the last ten years the authors have studied the epidemiology of encephalitides due to arthropod-borne viruses and the methods used in the differential dignosis of these conditions. To incriminate a virus it is necessary to demonstrate a rise in antibody titer in the blood over a period of seven to fourteen days, the first specimen to be taken as soon as possible after onset of symptoms. A variety of tests may be necessary in some cases. Among the patients included in this presentation the greater number of those with encephalitis and also of those with poliomyelitis were under 30 years of age. The age range was five weeks to 49 years. The median annual mortality rate was 4.3 deaths per 100 cases for poliomyelitis and 3.9 for encephalitis. The greatest incidence occurred during the summer months.The clinical manifestations usually observed in encephalitis are described, but it is emphasized that wide variations and even completely atypical clinical phenomena are encountered. Four representative cases are reported and treatment is discussed. Vaccination and vector control are considered as the most promising means of combating the disease.     

贵州灵芝属的种类及一新种

本文报道了采自贵州境内的灵芝属真菌26种,其中一新种即:高盘灵芝Ganoderma cupulatiprocerum X.L.Wu et X.Q.Zhang,所有标本分别保存于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)和海南省农业科学院。     

On the nature of P.P.L.O.

Summary In a number of strains of the three species of P.P.L.O. of human origin coccoid elements have been observed, which are Gram positive or Gram variable and of very small size (<0.5 μ). They are able to grow in pure culture on the surface of nutrient agar in very small colonies. Although they have bacterial characteristics, they could not be identified as known bacteria. Agglutination tests are in favour of a serological relationship between the coccoid elements and P.P.L.O. The suggestion that these elements might be an outside contamination is made unlikely by several observations. The supposition that P.P.L.O.s are L forms of these coccoid elements should be considered further.     

Silene demirizii sp. nov. and S.marschallii subsp. anamasi subsp. nov. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey

Two new taxa of Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey, Silene demirizii K. Y?ld?z & Ç?rp?c? sp. nov. and Silene marschallii C. A. Meyer subsp. anamasi K. Y?ld?z & Dadand? subsp. nov. are described and illustrated. Their taxonomic positions are discussed and they are compared with allied taxa. The distributions of the new and closely related species are mapped. Pollen grain and seed coat ultrastructure of the new and allied taxa were examined by SEM.     

Molecular analyses of the Salmonella g. . . flagellar antigen complex.

Salmonella flagellar filaments are polymers of a highly antigenic protein, termed flagellin. Eight main subfactors have been identified in the Salmonella phase-1 g. . . series flagellar antigen. To determine the molecular basis for expression of the epitopes by which the g. . . family subfactors are distinguished, 10 members of this series were selected and their fliC (the structural gene for phase-1 flagellin) genes were sequenced. Comparative analyses of the inferred primary structures of these flagellins did not allow the identification of linear epitopes responsible for the antigen subfactors. This suggests that conformational aspects are involved in determining the antigenic specificity in these cases. A phylogenetic analysis of the flagellin sequences showed that members of the g. . . series do not form a single coherent unit.     

Neurobiology of Stomotoca. I. Action systems.

The layout of nerves, muscles, and conducting epithelia is described for the simple hydrozoan medusa Stomotoca. Comparisons are drawn with Sarsia and other recently studied forms. The major action systems are those responsible for swimming, crumpling (protective involution), tentacle posture, pointing (unilateral reciprocal flexions of the manubrium and margin), and visceral movements (barely mentioned). Crumpling is a simple summating response in this species. Crumpling and pointing are considered to use the same effectors but different conduction pathways. New histological results include the demonstration of a nerve plexus running through the endodermal canal system and a nerve plexus in the ectoderm encircling the peduncle. Special attention is given to the distribution of synapses and gap junctions, as possible trasmission pathways in behavioral responses. Some details are included on organization within the marginal nerve rings.     

The genetics of Artemia salina. VII. Reproductive isolation.

Fifteen of 20 gonochoristic Artemia populations are crossfertile with diploid San Francisco shrimps, producing fertile F1 and viable F2 progeny. Partial sex linkage of white eye was observed and frequency of crossing over between the white and sex loci did not exceed the range of values observed in San Francisco shrimps. Possible mechanisms for wide dispersal of this diploid genotype are discussed. Five populations are reproductively isolated from San Francisco shrimps: Mono Lake, Hidalgo, Lake Urmia, San Bartolomeo, and Tunisia. The last two are inter-fertile.     

Corynocarpus J. R. & G. Forst.– an isolated genus

The very varied relationships that have been proposed are reviewed. Floral morphology and floral vasculature are described and the interpretations of some floral structures, particularly staminodes, disk and gynoecium are discussed. It is concluded that the petaloid scales are equivalent to petals rather than staminodes, that the nectaries do not represent a disk and that the gynoecium is monocarpellary. Evidence from several other characters confirms that none of the relationships which have been suggested are valid. Corynocarpus thus appears to be a truly isolated genus.     

Elatostema densistriolatum sp. nov., E. latistipulum sp. nov. and E. cyrtandrifolium var. hirsutum var. nov. (Urticaceae) from southwest China

Two new species and one new variety of Elatostema J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Urticaceae) are described from Yunnan and Xizang, China. Habitat details and morphological comparison with similar species are given and discussed. The new taxa proposed are: Elatostema densistriolatum W. T. Wang & Zeng. Y. Wu, E. latistipulum W. T. Wang & Zeng Y. Wu and E. cyrtandrifolium (Zoll. & Mor.) Miq. var. hirsutum W. T. Wang & Zeng Y. Wu.     

Glycopeptide dendrimers. Part I.

Glycopeptide dendrimers are branched structures containing both carbohydrates and peptides. Various classes of these compounds differing in composition and structure are mentioned, together with their practical use spanning from catalysis, transport vehicles to synthetic vaccines. The main stress is given to glycopeptide dendrimers, namely multiple antigen glycopeptides (MAGs). In MAGs, the core, branches or both are composed of amino acids or peptides. Other classes of glycodendrimers (PAMAM, polypropylene imine, cyclodextrin, calixarene, etc.) are mentioned too, but to a smaller extent. Their syntheses, physicochemical properties and biological activities are given with many examples. Glycopeptide dendrimers can be used as inhibitors of cell surface protein-carbohydrate interactions, intervention with bacterial adhesion, for studying of recognition processes, diagnostics, imaging and contrast agents, mimetics, for complexation of different cationts, as site-specific molecular delivery systems, for therapeutic purposes, as immunodiagnostics and in drug design. Biomedical applications of glycopeptide dendrimers as drug and gene delivery systems are also given.     

Characteristics of two marine nitrite oxidizing bacteria,Nitrospina gracilis nov. gen. nov. sp. and Nitrococcus mobilis nov. gen. nov. sp.

Summary Two new nitrite oxidizing bacteria for which the names Nitrococcus mobilis and Nitrospina gracilis are proposed were isolated from the marine environment. Nitrococcus mobilis was cultured from South Pacific waters and it is a large motile coccus with unique tubular cytomembranes. Nitrospina gracilis was isolated from South Atlantic waters and it is a long slender rod which lacks an extensive cytomembrane system. Both are obligate marine organisms and both are obligate chemoautotrophs. The fine structure of these organisms is detailed.Contribution No. 2631 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543.     

Turbidity and kelp holdfast amphipoda. I. Wales and S. W. England

Analyses are given of a collection of over 65,000 amphipods derived from kelp holdfasts surveyed around Wales and S.W. England. Faunal affinity is predominantly biased latitudinally, warmwater elements being confined to the extreme southwest. Total amphipod density is related to holdfast weight. There are no significant differences in amphipod density with differences in wave exposure or turbidity. Standardized density is, however, higher in west coast than in east coast holdfasts. Diversity is lower in turbid waters due to the increased dominance of a few species. The distribution, population structure, and fecundity of the previously implicated turbidity-susceptible species, Lembos websteri Bate and Corophium bonnellii Milne Edwards are examined in the light of new ethological information. Supporting and conflicting data are examined and mechanisms are suggested to show how suspended inorganic particles could be directly detrimental to both species. In addition, indirect effects involving climatic fluctuation and competitive interactions, particularly with C. sextonae Crawford emend. Hurley and Jassa falcata (Montagu) cannot be excluded.     

Eimeria lemuris n. sp., E. galago n. sp. and E. otolicni n. sp. from a Galago Galago senegalensis

SYNOPSIS. Three new species of Eimeria are described from the intestinal contents of a galago Galago senegalensis E. Geoff. imported into the Amsterdam Zoo from Africa. The oocysts of E. lemuris n.sp. are 44-57 by 38-47 μ and contain 4 sporocysts measuring 17-20 by 10.5–14 μ. The oocysts of E. galago n.sp. are 20-25 by 19-23 μ and contain 4 sporocysts measuring 9-12 by 6-9 μ. The oocysts of E. otolicni n.sp. are 23-31 by 22-28 μ and contain 4 sporocysts measuring 10-15 by 8-12 μ. A few Isospora resembling I. arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933 were seen.