Onshore–offshore variations of copepod community in northern South China Sea

Previous studies which have tested the feeding preferences of shredders for fungal species and the food quality of fungi used detritus uniformly colonized by a fungus, which is not the case for decaying leaves in streams. It is not known whether shredders in different development stages exhibit variations in feeding preference and larval performance. This study examined the feeding preferences and the growth of the third and the fifth instars of Pycnopsyche gentilis larvae using fungal-colonized patches and whole leaves, respectively, having different fungal species compositions (Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora filiformis, Articulospora tetracladia, Tetrachaetum elegans, and all species combined). The aquatic hyphomycetes used were co-dominant on leaves in the stream inhabited by the caddisfly. During 14 d of feeding, the larvae of both instars did not show significant differences in feeding preferences for the patches growing on oak leaves, although the third instar larvae were slightly more selective than the fifth instar larvae. When fed with maple leaves for 18 d, larval growth rates, gross growth efficiencies, and survivorship were not significantly different among the fungal treatments. However, the larval growth of both instars fed with fungal-colonized leaves was always significantly greater than the growth of larvae fed with diets of uncolonized leaves. The third instar larvae grew faster than the fifth instar larvae, but the growth efficiencies of the two instars were similar. These results suggest that P. gentilis larvae exhibit less selectivity in their feeding than other caddisfly shredders that have been examined and that the dominant fungi colonizing leaves in their habitat are similar in palatability and food quality for this shredder. Handling editor: B. Oertli     

Effects of burial on leaf litter quality,microbial conditioning and palatability to three shredder taxa

Summary 1. Heterotrophic microorganisms are crucial for mineralising leaf litter and rendering it more palatable to leaf‐shredding invertebrates. A substantial part of leaf litter entering running waters may be buried in the streambed and thus be exposed to the constraining conditions prevailing in the hyporheic zone. The fate of this buried organic matter and particularly the role of microbial conditioning in this habitat remain largely unexplored. 2. The aim of this study was to determine how the location of leaf litter within the streambed (i.e. at the surface or buried), as well as the leaf litter burial history, may affect the leaf‐associated aquatic hyphomycete communities and therefore leaf consumption by invertebrate detritivores. We tested the hypotheses that (i) burial of leaf litter would result in lower decomposition rates associated with changes in microbial assemblages compared with leaf litter at the surface and (ii) altered microbial conditioning of buried leaf litter would lead to decreased quality and palatability to their consumers, translating into lower growth rates of detritivores. 3. These hypotheses were tested experimentally in a second‐order stream where leaf‐associated microbial communities, as well as leaf litter decomposition rates, elemental composition and toughness, were compared across controlled treatments differing by their location within the streambed. We examined the effects of the diverse conditioning treatments on decaying leaf palatability to consumers through feeding trials on three shredder taxa including a freshwater amphipod, of which we also determined the growth rate. 4. Microbial leaf litter decomposition, fungal biomass and sporulation rates were reduced when leaf litter was buried in the hyporheic zone. While the total species richness of fungal assemblages was similar among treatments, the composition of fungal assemblages was affected by leaf litter burial in sediment. 5. Leaf litter burial markedly affected the food quality (especially P content) of leaf material, probably due to the changes in microbial conditioning. Leaf litter palatability to shredders was highest for leaves exposed at the sediment surface and tended to be negatively related to leaf litter toughness and C/P ratio. In addition, burial of leaf litter led to lower amphipod growth rates, which were positively correlated with leaf litter P content. 6. These results emphasise the importance of leaf colonisation by aquatic fungi in the hyporheic zone of headwater streams, where fungal conditioning of leaf litter appears particularly critical for nutrient and energy transfer to higher trophic levels.     

Selective feeding by shredders on leaf-colonizing stream fungi: comparison of macroinvertebrate taxa

Summary Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of fungal species composition of leaf detritus on the feeding of distantly related macroinvertebrate shredders. Preferences of shredders representing three orders of insects (Diptera: Tipulidae; Plecoptera: Pteronarcidae; Trichoptera: Limnephilidae and Calamatoceridae) and one each of gastropods (Basommatophora: Planorbidae) and crustaceans (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) were compared. Shredder preferences were based on consumption of leaves separately colonized by one of eight species of aquatic hyphomycetes. The feeding patterns of the invertebrates ranged from lack of feeding to heavy consumption of fungal-colonized leaves. Where consumption occurred, rank orders of preference and degree of selectivity differed among invertebrate shredders. Differences in preferences together with relationships between degree of selectivity and the relative mobility and digestive specializations exhibited by shredders suggest that the exploitation of fungal-colonized leaf detritus by different taxa is affected by phylogenetic constraints. Our results suggest that fungal species composition affects the feeding of a variety of shredders and that fungal species composition may be as important as degree of conditioning in determining food selection by shredders.     

Top‐down and bottom‐up control of litter decomposers in streams

相似文献   

Leaf Quality of Some Tropical and Temperate Tree Species as Food Resource for Stream Shredders

We tested the hypotheses that (1) plant defenses against consumers increase in the tropics, and that these differences in quality are perceived by detritivores; and (2) microbial conditioning of leaf litter is important for the feeding ecology of shredders from both geographical regions. We compared quality parameters of 8 tree species from Portugal and 8 from Venezuela. The tropical leaves were tougher, but did not differ from temperate leaves in terms of N, C: N, and polyphenols. In multiple‐choice experiments, shredders from Portugal (Sericostoma vittatum and Chaetopteryx lusitanica) and from Venezuela (Nectopsyche argentata and Phylloicus priapulus) discriminated among conditioned leaves, preferentially consuming softer leaves. In another set of experiments, all shredders preferentially fed on conditioned rather than unconditioned leaves, grew faster when fed conditioned than unconditioned leaves and fed more on temperate than tropical leaves. We conclude that leaf litter from the tropics is a low‐quality resource compared to leaves in temperate systems, because of differences in toughness, and that tropical shredders benefit from microbial colonization, as previously demonstrated for temperate systems. We suggest that leaf toughness could be one explanation for the reported paucity of shredders in some tropical streams. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Impacts of invasive riparian knotweed on litter decomposition,aquatic fungi,and macroinvertebrates

Bohemian knotweed (Polygonum × bohemicum), the hybrid between Japanese and giant knotweed, is the most common invasive knotweed species in western North America and the most difficult to control. Invasive knotweed congeners spread aggressively along streams and establish dense monotypic stands, reducing riparian plant species diversity. Allochthonous organic matter inputs from riparian plants are an important source of energy and nutrients for organisms in small streams. However, little information exists concerning the influence of knotweed on stream processes. This study examines the quality of Bohemian knotweed leaves compared to native red alder and black cottonwood leaves, along with leaf-associated fungal biomass accumulation, macroinvertebrate communities, and decay rates from three forested streams in western Washington State. Senesced knotweed leaves were lower in nitrogen and phosphorus, and higher in cellulose, fiber, and lignin content than alder leaves, but were more similar to cottonwood leaves. Fungal biomass differed among species and changed over time. Macroinvertebrate shredders collected from leaf packs after 31 days were proportionately more abundant on alder leaves than knotweed and cottonwood. Decay rates were not significantly different among leaf species, but during the first 31 days alder broke down faster than knotweed. After 56 days, all of the leaf packs were mostly decomposed. Overall, these findings do not show major discrepancies between leaf species except those related to initial litter structural and chemical quality. However, changes in the timing and quantity of litter inputs are also important factors to be considered in understanding the impact of invasive knotweed on stream ecosystem processes.     

The importance of crayfish in the breakdown of rhododendron leaf litter

1. Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) is a common evergreen shrub in riparian areas of the southern Appalachians, where its leaves can comprise a large proportion of leaf litter in streams. However, they are relatively refractory and generally considered a low quality food resource for detritivores. 2. Our objective was to assess whether macroconsumers [primarily crayfish (Cambarus bartonii)] influence rhododendron leaf breakdown in a forested southern Appalachian stream in both summer (when leaves other than rhododendron are relatively scarce) and autumn (when other leaves are relatively abundant). We conducted two leaf decay experiments, one in summer and one in autumn, using pre‐conditioned leaves. Macroconsumers were excluded from the benthos of a fourth‐order stream using electric ‘fences’; we predicted that excluding macroconsumers would reduce the decay rate of rhododendron leaves in both summer and autumn. 3. In both experiments, breakdown rate was lower in exclusion treatments. Macroconsumers accounted for approximately 33 and 54% of rhododendron decay in summer and autumn, respectively. We attribute this effect to direct shredding of rhododendron by crayfish. Biomass of insect shredders, insect predators and fungi did not differ between control and exclusion treatments, indicating that insectivorous sculpins (Cottus bairdi) had no effect on rhododendron decay and that omnivorous crayfish did not exert an indirect effect via alteration of insect or fungal biomass. 4. The influence of shredding insects varied between summer and autumn. In summer, when other, more palatable leaf types were not available, rhododendron leaf packs appeared to provide ‘resource islands’ for insect shredders. There was a significant inverse relationship between insect shredders and leaf pack mass in the summer exclusion treatment: insects were the only organisms eating leaves in this treatment and, as shredder biomass increased, remaining leaf pack mass decreased. In the control treatment, however, we did not see this relationship; here, the effect of insect shredders was presumably swamped by the impact of crayfish. In autumn, when other leaves were abundant, insect shredder biomass in rhododendron leaf packs was less than one‐third of summer values. 5. Even at low density (approximately 2 m^–2) crayfish were able to influence an ecosystem process such as leaf decay in both summer and autumn. Given the threatened status of many crayfish species in the United States, this finding is especially relevant. Even small alterations in crayfish assemblages, whether via loss of native species and/or introduction of exotic species, may have significant repercussions for ecosystem function.     

Consequences of the colonisation of leaves by fungi and oomycetes for leaf consumption by a gammarid shredder

1. Leaf litter breakdown by shredders in the field is affected by leaf toughness, nutritional value and the presence of secondary compounds such as polyphenols. However, experiments involving the use of single fungal strains have not supported the assumption that leaf parameters determine food selection by shredders perhaps because of a failure to test for high consumption prior to isolation of fungal strains, overrepresentation of hyphomycetes or the potential effects of accompanying bacteria. In this study, we used bacteria‐free, actively growing fungi and oomycetes isolated from conditioned leaf litter for which a shredder had already shown high consumption rates. 2. Black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaf litter was exposed to the littoral zone of Lake Constance in autumn, and subsamples were analysed for leaf parameters and consumption by Gammarus roeselii under standard conditions at regular intervals. On dates with a high consumption rate of the exposed leaves, 14 single strains of fungi and oomycetes were isolated, freed of bacteria and grown on autoclaved leaves. 3. Six of eight measured leaf parameters of exposed leaves were significantly correlated with Gammarus consumption rates, with high colinearity among leaf parameters hampering the identification of causal relations between leaf parameters and feeding activity. 4. When single strains of fungi and oomycetes were grown on autoclaved leaf litter, toughness of colonised leaves was always lower than in the control and the content of protein, N and P were increased. There were pronounced strain‐specific effects on leaf parameters. Consumption rates also differed significantly, with nine of fourteen isolates consumed at higher rates than controls and none proving to be a deterrent. Protein and polyphenol content were significantly correlated with consumption rates. Oomycete‐colonised leaves were consumed at similar rates but were of lower food quality than fungi‐colonised leaves. 5. We argue that direct strain‐specific attractant or repellent effects of fungi and oomycetes on consumption by G. roeselii are not important. However, we found indirect strain‐specific role operating via effects on leaf parameters.     

Relative importance of drought,soil quality,and plant species in determining the strength of plant–herbivore interactions

1. Although studies on plant–herbivore interactions comparing different plant species are common, little is known about the importance of environmental conditions in determining variation in herbivory within single plant species. 2. This study assessed the effects of experimentally manipulated nutrient and water availability on plant palatability, and compared these differences with differences among species. The extent to which these patterns can be explained by leaf toughness and specific leaf area was also investigated. Six plant species from the subfamily Carduoideae and four free‐living leaf chewing invertebrates were used in the study. 3. Herbivore preferences were significantly affected by soil nutrients and water regime and varied among plant as well as herbivore species. Generally, herbivores preferred watered plants and plants from nutrient‐poor soil. The effects of soil nutrients and water regime differed between the plant and herbivore species. The differences between the plant species were greater than those between the environmental treatments. Differences at both levels could be partly explained by leaf toughness and specific leaf area. Leaf toughness, in particular, turned to be an important predictor indicating that herbivores preferred species with softer leaves, and species from wetter conditions with reduced leaf toughness. 4. The environmental conditions in which plants are growing have significant effects on plant palatability. Between‐species comparisons thus need to pay attention to this variation. Future studies may consider how the effects of current conditions interact with conditions of plant origin to predict possible effects of changes in environmental conditions on the intensity of plant–herbivore interactions.     

Identifying the Relative Importance of Leaf versus Shredder Species Loss on Litter Decomposition in Streams

Understanding how species loss influences ecosystem function is a contemporary issue in ecology. However, most research has focused on species loss at one trophic‐level. We explored the relationship between functional diversity (FD) and species richness separately for trees and aquatic leaf‐shredding detritivores. For trees, we collected information on species‐specific leaf tissue chemistry and species co‐occurrences in the mid‐Atlantic region (USA). For shredders, we used a published trait database with information on communities from 38 streams in the same region. We used a clustering algorithm to estimate FD for each community and for randomly assembled communities. If FD was high, we concluded that species loss was important to change in function; if low, species were functionally redundant and insensitive to species loss. We found tree FD to be significantly different than expected, but shredders exhibited FD levels similar to patterns based on random assembly. Furthermore, there were more leaf species exclusively associated with very high or very low levels of functional diversity compared to shredders. This approach revealed greater implications for leaf than shredder species loss for litter breakdown. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Positive effect of shredders on microbial biomass and decomposition in stream microcosms

1. Animals play a major role in nutrient cycling via excretory processes. Although the positive indirect effects of grazers on periphytic algae are well understood, little is known about top‐down effects on decomposers of shredders living on leaf litter. 2. Nutrient cycling by shredders in oligotrophic forest streams may be important for the microbial‐detritus compartment at very small spatial scales (i.e. within the leaf packs in which shredders feed). We hypothesised that insect excretion may cause local nutrient enrichment, so that microorganism growth on leaves is stimulated. 3. We first tested the effect of increasing concentration of ammonium (+10, +20 and +40 μg NH₄⁺ L^?1) on fungal and bacterial biomass on leaf litter in a laboratory experiment. Then we performed two experiments to test the effect of the presence and feeding activity of shredder larvae. We used two species belonging to the trichopteran family Sericostomatidae: the Palaearctic Sericostoma vittatum and the Neotropical Myothrichia murina, to test the effect of these shredders on fungal and bacterial biomass and decomposition on leaves of Quercus robur and Nothofagus pumilio, respectively. All experiments were run in water with low ammonium concentrations (2.4 ± 0.34 to 14.47 ± 0.95 μg NH₄⁺ L^?1). 4. After 5 days of incubation, NH₄ concentrations were reduced to near‐ambient streamwater concentrations in all treatments with leaves. Fungal biomass was positively affected by increased ammonium concentration. On the other hand, bacteria abundance was similar in all treatments, both in terms of abundance (bacteria cells mg^?1 leaf DW) and biomass. However, there was a tendency towards larger mean cell size in treatments with 20 μg NH₄ L^?1. 5. In the experiment with S. vittatum, fungal biomass in the treatment with insects was more than twice that in the control after 15 days. Bacteria were not detected in treatments with insects, where hyphae were abundant, but they were abundant in treatments without larvae. In the decomposition experiment run with M. murina, leaf‐mass loss was significantly higher in treatments with larvae than in controls. 6. Our hypothesis of a positive effect of shredders on fungal biomass and decomposition was demonstrated. Insect excretion caused ammonium concentration to increase in the microcosms, contributing to microbial N uptake in leaf substrata, which resulted in structural and functional changes in community attributes. The positive effect of detritivores on microbes has been mostly neglected in stream nutrient‐cycling models; our findings suggest that this phenomenon may be of greater importance than expected in stream nutrient budgets.     

Diversity,role in decomposition,and succession of zoosporic fungi and straminipiles on submerged decaying leaves in a woodland stream

Leaf litter is a very important primary source of energy in woodland streams. Decomposition of leaf litter is a process mediated by many groups of microorganisms which release extracellular enzymes for the degradation of complex macromolecules. In this process, true fungi and straminipiles are considered to be among the most active groups, more active than the bacteria, at least during the early stages of the process. Colonization increases the quality of the leaves as a food resource for detritivores. In this way, matter and energy enter detritus-based food chains. Previously, aquatic hyphomycetes were considered to be the major fungal group responsible for leaf litter decomposition. Although zoosporic fungi and straminipiles are known to colonize and decompose plant tissues in various environments, there is scant information on their roles in leaf decomposition. This study focuses on the communities of zoosporic fungi and straminipiles in a stream which are involved in the decomposition of leaves of two plant species, Ligustrum lucidum and Pouteria salicifolia, in the presence of other groups of fungi. A characteristic community dominated by Nowakowskiella elegans, Phytophthora sp., and Pythium sp. was found. Changes in the fungal community structure over time (succession) was observed: terrestrial mitosporic fungi appeared during the early stages, zoosporic fungi, straminipiles, and aquatic Hyphomycetes in early-to-intermediate stages, while representatives of the phylum Zygomycota were found at early and latest stages of the decomposition. These observations highlight the importance of zoosporic fungi and straminipiles in aquatic ecosystems.     

Food quality, feeding preferences, survival and growth of shredders from temperate and tropical streams

1. The importance of leaf quality to the nutritional ecology of lotic shredders is well established for temperate species but virtually unknown for tropical taxa. In the present study, we compared the feeding behaviour and performance of two tropical and two temperate shredders in a series of pair‐wise experiments. 2. Specifically, we tested whether leaf conditioning status (stream‐conditioned versus unconditioned leaves) and geographical origin (temperate Alnus glutinosa versus tropical Hura crepitans leaves) affect the food preference, survivorship, and growth of selected shredders from low and high latitudes in a consistent manner. The animals used in experiments were the caddis‐flies Nectopsyche argentata and Phylloicus priapulus from Venezuela, Sericostoma vittatum from Central Portugal, and the amphipod Gammarus pulex from Northern Germany. 3. In general, all shredders exhibited the same high preference for conditioned over unconditioned leaves, irrespective of the geographical origin of the leaf or shredder species. 4. A corresponding tendency for higher growth was found for sets of animals offered conditioned leaves, with the differences in growth being clearer in the two tropical shredders. Survivorship of the two temperate species was consistently high (> 83%) regardless of the diet offered, whereas the tropical shredders survived better on conditioned (77–90%) as compared with unconditioned (54–87%) leaves, although not significantly so. 5. With the exception of the temperate S. vittatum, shredders did not select or perform better on leaves to which they had previously been exposed, indicating a potential adaptation to native leaf species is over‐ridden by intrinsic leaf properties. 6. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that tropical shredders may exhibit the same basic patterns of food exploitation as their temperate counterparts. Consequently, current concepts relating to the role of shredders in stream detritus dynamics may well be applicable to tropical streams, although essentially derived from temperate systems.     

Early stages of leaf decomposition are mediated by aquatic fungi in the hyporheic zone of woodland streams

1. Leaf litter constitutes the major source of organic matter and energy in woodland stream ecosystems. A substantial part of leaf litter entering running waters may be buried in the streambed as a consequence of flooding and sediment movement. While decomposition of leaf litter in surface waters is relatively well understood, its fate when incorporated into river sediments, as well as the involvement of invertebrate and fungal decomposers in such conditions, remain poorly documented. 2. We tested experimentally the hypotheses that the small interstices of the sediment restrict the access of the largest shredders to buried organic matter without compromising that of aquatic hyphomycetes and that fungal decomposers in the hyporheic zone, at least partly, compensate for the role of invertebrate detritivores in the benthic zone. 3. Alder leaves were introduced in a stream either buried in the sediment (hyporheic), buried after 2 weeks of exposure at the sediment surface (benthic‐hyporheic), or exposed at the sediment surface for the entire experiment (benthic). Leaf decomposition was markedly faster on the streambed surface than in the two other treatments (2.1‐ and 2.8‐fold faster than in the benthic‐hyporheic and hyporheic treatments, respectively). 4. Fungal assemblages were generally less diverse in the hyporheic habitat with a few species tending to be relatively favoured by such conditions. Both fungal biomass and sporulation rates were reduced in the hyporheic treatment, with the leaves subject to the benthic‐hyporheic treatment exhibiting an intermediate pattern. The initial 2‐week stage in the benthic habitat shaped the fungal assemblages, even for leaves later subjected to the hyporheic conditions. 5. The abundance and biomass of shredders drastically decreased with burial, except for Leuctra spp., which increased and was by far the most common leaf‐associated taxon in the hyporheic zone. Leuctra spp. was one of the rare shredder taxa displaying morphological characteristics that increased performance within the limited space of sediment interstices. 6. The carbon budgets indicated that the relative contributions of the two main decomposers, shredders and fungi, varied considerably depending on the location within the streambed. While the shredder biomass represented almost 50% of the initial carbon transformed after 80 days in the benthic treatment, its contribution was <0.3% in the hyporheic one and 2.0% in the combined benthic‐hyporheic treatment. In contrast, mycelial and conidial production in the permanently hyporheic environment accounted for 12% of leaf mass loss, i.e. 2–3 times more than in the two other conditions. These results suggest that the role of fungi is particularly important in the hyporheic zone. 7. Our findings indicate that burial within the substratum reduces the litter breakdown rate by limiting the access of both invertebrate and fungal decomposers to leaves. As a consequence, the hyporheic zone may be an important region of organic matter storage in woodland streams and serve as a fungal inoculum reservoir contributing to further dispersal. Through the temporary retention of litter by burial, the hyporheic zone must play a significant role in the carbon metabolism and overall functioning of headwater stream ecosystems.     

Interactions between detritivores and microfungi during the leaf detritus decomposition in a volcanic lake (Lake Vico – central Italy)

The role of biota in the mass loss of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud was studied in the littoral belt of a central Italy volcanic lake. The research focussed on the feeding interactions between detritivores and decomposing fungi as drivers of the leaf litter decomposition. The litterbag technique was used to assess the leaf mass loss, the number of colonizing fungi and the patterns of leaf colonization by detritivores during 40 days of submersion in 16 sampling sites. Cores of bottom sediment were collected to estimate the organic content and ergosterol concentration as measure of fungal mass. The rate of leaf mass loss showed significant variability among the sampling sites and was non-linearly related to the quantity of organic depositions onto the lake bottom, peaking at about 40% of the dry matter. The rate was also positively correlated with the density of detritivore mass relative to the leaf unit mass, which increased with time. On the 20th day of litterbag immersion, when 40% of the initial leaf litter remained, we observed the best accordance between the two measures as well as the lowest difference in the detritivore mass density among sampling sites. In the absence of animals, the decomposition rate was positively related to the number of fungi on the decaying litter. The feeding activity of detritivores changed both the species richness and composition of the fungal community on the litter. The substrate reduction due to intense animal feeding appeared to limit the ability of fungi to regrow after grazing. As a result, an inverse relationship between the number of fungi and the decomposition rate was observed.     

Infidelity of leafcutting ants to host plants: resource heterogeneity or defense induction?

Summary Leafcutting ants have strong among- and within-plant preferences, and generally abandon plants long before they are completely defoliated. Two tropical deciduous forest tree species preferred by the leafcutting ant Atta colombica were studied to determine how variation in resource quality affects ant selectivity and partial defoliation of plants. Significant differences in palatability and leaf characteristics of Spondias mombin and Bursera simaruba were found among trees and among leaf types within trees, but not among branches within trees. No short-term responses to experimental defoliation of up to 50% of total canopy were found in either species. Leaf nutrient and poisture content were positively correlated, and phenolic content negatively correlated, with the palatability of Spondias mombin, a species containing hydrolyzable tannins. Leaf moisture and phenolic content were both positively correlated with the palatability of Bursera simaruba, which contains predominantly condensed tannins. The results suggest that variation in leaf quality among and within plants is at least a partial explanation for ant selectivity and partial defoliation of preferred species. There is no evidence that rapidly induced changes in plant chemistry affect ant decisions to abandon these plants. Instead, it appears likely that ants abandon plants once high-quality leaf patches are exhausted. Quantitative variation in leaf nutrients, moisture, and secondary chemicals all appear to contribute to ant preferences for individuals and tissues of highly palatable plants.     

Microhabitat as a determinant of diversity: stream invertebrates colonizing leaf packs

1. Macroinvertebrate colonization of artificial leaf packs of differing palatability to detritivores was measured in a low-order stream. 2. The most palatable leaf types—alder and young beech—were colonized mainly by detritivores and consumed rapidly, so that species diversity on the substrate remained low. In the case of the less palatable old beech and paper ‘leaves’, however, colonization was slower but species diversity approached that of the surrounding benthos. 3. After 1 week, species diversity in paper ‘leaf packs was equivalent to that of the benthos, but species composition was dissimilar. 4. I argue that species diversity of a patch of stream bed may be inversely related to the abundance or palatability of a given food resource, and that this relationship is maintained by the instability of the stream bed habitat, precluding a long-term community response to increased food availability. It may be, however, that the dispersal abilities of many aquatic insects allow a rapid response to the creation of novel habitats.     

Patterns of amino acid utilization by aquatic hyphomycetes

Summary The utilization of amino acids in leaf protein and leaf leachate by aquatic hyphomycetes was studied during decomposition in a combined field and laboratory experiment. Leaves were sampled from a stream which exhibited a seasonal variation in free amino acid concentration in surface water, reaching peaks in autumn and winter. In the leaf drift environment the concentration of amino acids was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than in surface water. Protein amino acid content, which was higher in alder leaves than in beech leaves, decreased exponentially and faster in alder leaves, so that protein amino acid content was similar in the two leaf types after 9–10 weeks decomposition. From 55% to 75% of leaf amino acids were used instantaneously by attached fungi, which grew well, especially on alder leaves, regardless of the presence of a grazing amphipod. If nitrogen was a limiting nutrient source for fungi, it appeared to be more advantageous to colonize alder leaves. Four times more fungal species were found on alder leaves than on beech leaves. The changes in concentration of amino acids in leaves and water was described by a set of differential equations. Rate constants for the transfer of amino acids from leaves and water were estimated from experimental data and the preference in fungi for protein-bound and free amino acids evaluated.The amounts of free amino acids in water absorbed by fungi varied between leaf types and leaves at different stages of decay. Experimental data showed a switching behaviour in fungal absorption of dissolved amino acids so that absorption became superproportional at a certain proportion of free amino acids available in the water.     

Effects of diversity loss on ecosystem function across trophic levels and ecosystems: A test in a detritus‐based tropical food web

Abstract We investigated the effects of biodiversity loss across trophic levels and across ecosystems (terrestrial to aquatic) on ecosystem function, in a detritus‐based tropical food web. Diversities of consumers (stream shredders) and resources (leaf litter) were experimentally manipulated by varying the number of species from 3 to 1, using different species combinations, and the effects on leaf breakdown rates were examined. In single‐species shredder treatments, leaf diversity loss affected breakdown rates, but the effect depended on the identity of the leaves remaining in the system: they increased when the most preferred leaf species remained, but decreased when this species was lost (leaf preferences were the same for all shredders). In multi‐species shredder assemblages, breakdown rates were lower than expected from single‐species treatments, suggesting an important role of interspecific competition. This pattern was also evident when oneleaf species was available but not with higher leaf diversity, suggesting that lowered leaf diversity promotes competitive interactions among shredders. The influence of diversity and identity of species across trophic levels and ecosystems on stream functioning points to complex interactions that may well be reflected in other types of ecosystem.     

Importance of fungi in the diet of Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus I: feeding strategies

The importance of fungi in the trophic biology of the freshwater detritivores Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus was investigated. Inspection of leaves used in feeding trials indicated that whereas A. aquaticus scrapes at the leaf surface, G. pulex bites through the leaf material. Both species discriminated between fungal mycelia, fungally colonized and uncolonized leaf material but, although A. aquaticus selectively consumed fungal mycelia, G. pulex fed preferentially on leaf material. Fungi appear to be an important food source for A. aquaticus and selection of food material was positively correlated with fungal biomass. In contrast, for G. pulex, fungi appear to be more important as modifiers of leaf material. However, no significant correlations were found between food preference and any of the leaf modifications measured.