猕猴发育过程中肠肝组织血管活性肠肽及其受体的变化

本文旨在探讨猕猴发育过程中血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)及其受体在肠肝组织的变化。通过手术途径获得胚胎6月、新生2 d、新生45 d和成年猕猴的回肠、肝脏、门静脉和外周血等标本,应用放射免疫分析法测定各标本中的VIP含量;通过免疫组化方法观察VIP在肠、肝组织内的分布;利用原位杂交法检测VIP受体1(VIP receptor 1,VIPR1)的表达。结果显示:(1)胚胎6月的猕猴小肠VIP含量为(20．7±14．3)ng／mg蛋白;小肠绒毛根部及黏膜下层可见少量的VIP阳性染色颗粒;在发育过程中,小肠VIP含量逐渐增加,成年期时达(514．8±49．2)ng／mg蛋白,较胚胎6月显著增加(P<0．01)。(2)成年猕猴小肠VIP主要分布于绒毛隐窝部、黏膜下层神经及环、纵行肌间神经丛及环行肌,在发育过程中相应部位的VIPR1表达逐渐上调。(3)肝脏在发育过程中VIP及VIPR1含量逐渐降低。(4)发育的各个时期,小肠组织的VIP含量均明显高于肝脏组织,门静脉VIP水平也始终高于外周血。结果提示,小肠绒毛隐窝部、黏膜下层神经及环、纵行肌间神经内VIP及VIPR1含量足在出生以后才迅速增加的;不论是在胚胎还是成年期,VIP均不在肝中代谢和分解,VIPR1仅见于胚胎肝脏血管。     

血管活性肠肽对支气管上皮细胞趋化迁移的影响及机制

为探讨肺内神经肽在气道损伤修复中的作用 ,采用blind wellBoydenchamber测定原代培养的支气管上皮细胞 (bronchialepithelialcells,BEC)趋化性 ,观察血管活性肠肽 (vasoactiveintestinalpeptide ,VIP)对BEC趋化迁移的影响及其机制 ,并测定经热应激后BEC分泌VIP及表达VIP受体 (vasoactiveintestinalpeptidereceptor,VIPR)的变化。结果显示 :(1)以胰岛素作为趋化因子所建立的BEC趋化性测定方法稳定 ,重现性好 (r =0 970 3,P <0 0 1) ;(2 )VIP (0 0 0 1～ 1μmol/L)均显示剂量依赖性地增强BEC的趋化迁移 ,其效应可被钙调蛋白阻断剂及蛋白激酶C阻断剂有效地抑制 (P <0 0 1) ;(3) 4 2℃、30min热应激后BEC分泌VIP (P <0 0 1)及表达VIPR明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。实验表明 :肺内神经肽VIP可增强BEC的趋化迁移 ,其细胞内信号转导途径与钙调蛋白及蛋白激酶C有关。而热应激时VIP及VIPR的高表达进一步提示局部微环境的VIP可能是气道上皮损伤修复网络中的重要分子     

血管活性肠肽的免疫调节作用

血管活性肠肽作为神经和内分泌系统中一种多功能的神经递质和神经调节因子,在上述两个生理系统中发挥重要的调节作用;同时也对机体免疫系统起着重要的作用,尤其是在局部黏膜免疫中起着一定的调节作用。血管活性肠肽通过它的两个受体VPAC1和VPAC2发挥生物效应。     

家兔缺氧后脑中血管活性肠肽含量的变化

本实验采用雄性青紫蓝家兔32只,随机分为急性缺氧组(模拟海拔5000m,2h)、低氧适应组(模拟海拔5000m,2周)和对照组。用放射免疫分析法分别测定了海平和模拟缺氧后大脑皮层、下丘脑和海马三个部位血管活性肠肽含量的变化。测定结果表明,急性缺氧组所测三个部位的血管活性肠肽含量较海平对照均有增高,其中下丘脑的含量自对照的12.1±1.1ng/g增至21.1±2.9ng/g(p<0.05),海马的含量自35.7±2.6ng/g增至45.9±1.7ng(p<0.01)。适应组三个部位的血管活性肠肽含量虽略高于对照,但均无统计学意义。这一结果与前人报道的在相应低氧条件下脑血流变化规律是吻合的。因此我们推测血管活性肠肽在缺氧条件下对脑血流的调节可能起重要作用。     

高血压病患者血浆胰岛素与血管活性肠肽水平的改变

高血压病患者血浆胰岛素与血管活性肠肽水平的改变徐珞苏海灵王瑞华１唐明（青岛医学院生理学教研室,青岛２６６０２１;电力工业部青岛培养院）高血压是心血管病的主要危险因素。近年来研究表明,胰岛素（Ｉｎｓ）可能是高血压发病的重要机制之一。为了探讨Ｉｎｓ与血管...     

不同缺氧时间大鼠脑组织中腺苷和血管活性肠肽含量的变化

本实验采用大鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机分为海平对照、缺氧即刻、缺氧20min和缺氧60min 4组。缺氧在低压舱中进行,模拟海拔高度为8000m。用放免和HPLC法分别测定了4组动物脑组织中腺苷、AMP和血管活性肠肽(VIP)含量的变化。结果表明,3个缺氧组腺苷水平明显高于海平对照组(66.98±4.52μg/g),以缺氧即刻组为最高(108.15±10.59μg/g,P<0.01)。脑组织中VIP含量,海平对照组为46.15±3.83pmol/g,缺氧即刻略有下降,以后逐渐上升,至缺氧60min时达67.75±3.11pmol/g,明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。推测二者与缺氧时脑血流增加有关。     

重组血管活性肠肽的制备及鉴定

为利用基因工程技术获得重组血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP),根据大肠杆菌的密码偏好性,设计并人工合成编码28个氨基酸的VIP基因。克隆到表达载体PTWIN,构建重组质粒PTWIN-VIP,转化宿主菌E. coli Strain ER2566,构建表达工程菌。实现由重组VIP,内含肽与纤维素结合域（cellulose binding domain, CBD）组成的融合蛋白表达。融合蛋白经几丁质亲和层析纯化,通过改变温度和缓冲液PH值切割融合蛋白,获得目的多肽。所得的多肽经质谱测定分子量结果与理论值相符。生物活性分析表明,重组VIP能显著降低急性炎症小鼠血清中抵抗素的水平,发挥抗炎作用。重组VIP的制备及其抗炎活性的鉴定为其深入开发奠定了基础。     

血管活性肠肽与乙酰胆碱在自主神经内共存问题的探讨（综述）

近年的实验曾指出血管活性肠肽(VIP)与乙酰胆碱(ACh)在自主神经中共存共释,并随之提出一系列新的受体理论。然而,因当时技术条件所限,上述实验并不准确。笔者去年首次证明.至少在脑血管中这两种神经递质在绝大多数副交感神经纤维中不共存。但是,VIP和胆碱能纤维之间却关系密切,使之不但可以直接,而且可以间接地相互影响脑血管张力。 单个神经元只产生和释放单一种神经递质的概念曾被普遍接受并被视为神经科学之经典学说。上述概念还被称为Dale法则。随着神经研究技术手段的发展,不少实验资料显示,电刺激神经纤维时,常可同时检测到多种神经递质被释放出来,从而使这一法则受到严峻挑战。某些形态学和生物化学实验结果更具体指出,一些肽类神经递质如血管活性肠肽(简称VIP)     

血管活性肠肽对肺表面活性物质结合蛋白A表达的影响

目的:研究血管活性肠肽(VIP)对肺表面活性物质结合蛋白A(SP-A)表达的影响以及VIP调控SP-A表达的细胞内信号转导途径.方法:运用免疫组织化学和RT-PCR技术研究VIP对SP-A表达的影响;并进一步运用受体拮抗、蛋白激酶抑制、反义寡核苷酸阻断等手段探讨VIP促进SP-A表达的信号转导途径.结果:①VIP(10-8mol/L)促进肺泡Ⅱ型细胞(ATⅡ)细胞中的SP-A蛋白表达和提高肺组织SP-AmRNA含量:②VIP受体拮抗剂(10-6mol/L)可取消VIP(10-8mol/L)促进SP-A表达的效应;③蛋白激酶C抑制剂H7(10-5mol/L)和c-fos基因的反义寡核苷酸(9×10 6mol/L)均可阻断VIP促进SP-A表达的作用.结论:VIP通过其受体促进SP-A的表达,PKC及c-fos蛋白在介导VIP促进SP-A表达的细胞内信号转导过程中起重要作用.     

Degradation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide by tissue homogenates

Extracts of liver, kidney and brain contain an enzyme that is highly specific for degradation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The Michaelis constants (K_m's) appear to be nearly identical in all three tissues, averaging about 10^?5 mol/liter. The V_max for kidney and liver are about the same but that for cerebral cortex is about two-fold lower. Since the relative V_max in the three organs differ for insulin and VIP, it is concluded that it is unlikely that the same enzyme is responsible for the degradation of both peptides.     

Hepatic metabolism of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is released into the portal circulation by a meal stimulus, but is rapidly cleared from plasma. Although it is known to bind to receptors on liver cells, the role of the liver in the clearance of VIP is not clearly defined. We therefore studied the disappearance of VIP in recirculating and in single pass isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) preparations. Disappearance of added VIP was rapid in recirculating IPRL experiments with a half life of ca. 30 min. In single-pass steady-state studies in which livers were perfused at 16 ml/min for 30 min, clearance of VIP was complete (16 ml/min) at concentrations of 500 fmol/ml, but clearance fell to 3 and 1 ml/min at perfusate concentrations of 8 and 40 pmol/ml respectively. Further experiments to evaluate whether VIP was disappearing in perfusate itself demonstrated substantial metabolism of VIP in perfusate which had previously been circulated through a liver for 90 min. The products of metabolism were identical to those found in the IPRL. We conclude that VIP is rapidly cleared as it passes through the isolated perfused rat liver model with a significant proportion of clearance attributable to release of a peptidase from the liver into the perfusate.     

Demonstration of a functional receptor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on Molt 4b T lymphoblasts

Viable human T lymphoblasts derived from the "Molt 4b" cell line have been shown to possess functional plasma membrane receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Specific binding of 125I-VIP to these lymphoblasts is rapid, reversible and linearly dependent on the number of cells present. Analysis of binding at 17 degrees C reveals a single class of high affinity binding sites over the concentration range of 10(-7) to 10(-11) M VIP (KD = 7.3 +/- 1.3 nM). The Bmax of 0.24 +/- 0.07 nM extrapolates to 15 000 +/- 4000 sites/cell. The binding of 125I-VIP to T lymphoblasts is highly specific; secretin and glucagon, peptides of similar molecular weight which show sequence homology with VIP, are unable to competitively inhibit binding of 125I-VIP to Molt 4b lymphoblasts. VIP activates adenylate cyclase in membrane preparations from Molt 4b lymphoblasts and increases cAMP in intact cells. Half maximal activation in both membrane preparations and intact cells occurs at 5 nM VIP. This demonstration of a functional receptor for VIP suggests that the Molt 4b lymphoblastic cell line may be a useful model system in which to study neuropeptide modulation of T lymphocyte function.     

Meal stimulated levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in gastroplasty for morbid obesity

Plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were measured after a meal consisting of 11 ml meat extract and 40 ml of 20% soya oil in 11 patients before and 3 months after gastroplasty for morbid obesity. Gastroplasty results in a small proximal pouch with a narrow stoma allowing delayed emptying into the distal pouch, and consequently postprandial distension of the proximal pouch. Postprandial plasma PP increased significantly (P less than 0.01) independent of gastroplasty. PP is therefore not involved in the early satiety after gastroplasty. Postprandial plasma VIP increased significantly from fasting levels both before and after gastroplasty (P less than 0.05). Only 10 min after a meal, the median value of VIP was significantly higher after than before gastroplasty (P less than 0.02) and may be caused by distension of the proximal pouch.     

Role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the neurogenic vasodilatation of the portal vein in the rabbit

A coarse network of nerve fibres displaying immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was found in the wall of the hepatic portal vein of the rabbit. Electrical field stimulation of the rabbit portal vein in vitro, in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade, caused a marked relaxation of the vessel and a release of VIP into the perfusate. Addition of VIP to the tissue bath elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of the mechanical activity of the portal vein. The results suggest that VIP containing neurones might participate in the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic vasodilatation of the portal vein in the rabbit.     

Hippocampal asymmetry in exploratory behavior to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) microinjected uni- or bilaterally into the CA1 hippocampal area of male Wistar rats at a dose of 10, 50 and 100 ng on exploratory behavior were examined. VIP microinjected bilaterally at a high dose (100 ng) significantly decreased the horizontal movements, while at low doses (10 and 50 ng) had no effect on the exploratory activity. Microinjections of VIP into the left hippocampal CA1 area at doses 50 and 100 ng suppressed the exploratory activity, while right-side VIP administration at a dose 100 ng significantly increased horizontal movements compared to the respective controls. Vertical activity was stimulated only by VIP administered into the right hippocampal CA1 area at the three doses used. Neither bilateral nor left injections of VIP induced changes in the vertical movements. The main finding was the presence of hippocampal asymmetry in exploratory behavior to unilateral microinjections of VIP depending on the dose and the microinjected hemisphere.     

Prostaglandin D2 stimulates vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release into rat hypophysial portal blood

The effect of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) release from the hypothalamus was examined by determining plasma VIP levels in rat hypophysial portal blood. Intraventricular injection of PGD2 (5 micrograms/rat) caused a 3-fold increase in the concentration of plasma VIP in hypophysial portal blood in anesthetized rats. A PGD2 metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGD2, did not affect VIP levels in portal blood. The flow rate of hypophysial portal blood was not changed after the injection of PGD2. The intraventricular injection of PGD2, but not PGD2 metabolite, resulted in an increase in peripheral plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in the rat. These findings suggest that PGD2 plays a stimulatory role in regulating VIP release from the hypothalamus into hypophysial portal blood and causes PRL secretion from the pituitary in rats.     

Is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) a sleep factor?

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was tested in order to determine its hypnogenic properties in cats. VIP was administered intraventricularly in doses of 10 and 100 ng and compared to Ringer controls. In addition the dose of 100 ng was tested in cats pretreated with 150 mg/kg of chloramphenicol (CAP). The results showed that the 100 ng dose of VIP had small but significant REM enhancing properties, but that it did not protect the animals from the specific REM inhibiting properties of CAP. The results suggest that VIP may participate in the regulation of REM sleep.