澳门成潮产生的原因、危害及防治对策

咸潮又称咸潮上溯、盐水入侵,是发生在沿海河口水域的一种水文现象。近年来,澳门咸潮频繁发生,严重影响了人们的正常生活和工作,也为工农业生产带来了巨大的损失。随着咸潮危害的加剧,人们对咸潮的防御对策问题也越来越重视。该论文分析了澳门成潮产生的原因,认为干旱少雨和海平面上升等自然因素是导致咸潮发生的主要原因,而由人类活动导致的过度用水和生态失衡则加速了咸潮的发生。接着论述了咸潮给澳门带来的危害和测定成潮的指标方法,最后对预防澳门咸潮的发生提出了一些建议。在澳门的地理背景条件下,除充分利用澳门的水库湖泊资源以增加澳门淡水储备外,更加需要全流域公众珍惜水资源,注意节约用水。     

澳门特别行政区园林绿化植物病虫害调查初报

对澳门主要区域园林绿化植物病虫害进行的初步调查,共采集到病害标本85份,昆虫标本315份,鉴定确认危害澳门园林植物的病害有64种,害虫77种;其中还发现属于检疫对象的椰心叶甲为害椰树。并对发生较普遍和严重的病虫害提出了一些防治措施和建议。     

亦敌亦友的酒

在节假日、喜庆和交际场合，人们常饮酒助兴。但无节制地饮酒会使食欲下降，食物摄入减少以至发生多种营养缺乏，严重时还会造成酒精性肝硬化，增加患高血压、中风及诱发癌症等危险，并可导致事故及暴力的增加，对个人健康和社会安定都是有害的，故对于饮酒应讲少饮或适量，千万不可狂饮或滥饮，否则，会给健康带来不可估量的危害。     

蓝光光生物安全危害研究的现状分析

LED技术的发展和普及极大地满足了人们对视觉效果的追求,但是伴随而来的大量光辐射也引发了人们对于光生物安全问题的担忧。目前已知的白光LED制作方式,绝大多数都是使用蓝色LED芯片来激发黄色荧光粉,最终混合制成白光,导致其中含有大量的蓝光成分。蓝光辐射危害是目前人类受到的最主要的光辐射危害之一。本文通过对蓝光危害的产生原理、危害评价机制以及对人类的影响进行综述,旨在揭示蓝光危害的严重性,为防范蓝光危害提供理论依据和实践指导。     

我国外来生物入侵的现状、危害及防治研究

外来生物在丰富了区域物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成巨大危害.综述了外来生物入侵的基本概念、在我国生物入侵的现状、危害、入侵的原因,并从4个方面提出了防治对策.     

浅谈妇产科腹部手术术后切口脂肪液化临床分析

随着生活水平提高人们在享受着方便的快餐及各种既无营养、含脂量高的食物的同时,身体质量随之上升,而肥胖是导致腹部手术切口脂肪液化的一个重要原因。在医疗方面,越来趋向于妇产科剖宫产,而高频电刀的使用是脂肪液化的情况逐渐增多的一个重要因素。脂肪液化主要是指脂肪细胞受损害,从而导致破裂、坏死和液化的过程,脂肪崩解后产生的脂肪酸会对周围组织产生刺激,使周围组织出现炎症反应,在很大程度上延长了切口愈合时间,提高了患者发生并发症的概率,从而给患者产生较大危害。     

围手术期低体温预防的护理概况

随着医疗技术的发展,越来越多复杂手术在临床开展,围手术期“低体温”的发生率也越来越高。有文献报道,术中低体温发生率为50％～70％。低体温可影响凝血功能、药物代谢、肾脏功能和心肌收缩力,增加术后并发症的发生率,对手术病人的危害较大。即使是轻度低体温（临床上将中心温度34～36℃称为轻度低体温）也可以导致很多并发症。现对围手术期低体温发生的原因、低体温对机体的危害及预防低体温发生的各种方法和护理措施综述如下,旨在有效的预防和减少围手术期低体温的发生,降低术后并发症,提高围手术期的护理质量。     

呼吸系统疾病相关因素分析

第三次产业革命以后,人们的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化,伴随经济与科技的高速发展,高科技产品逐渐应用与各行各业,在给人们带来更加便捷、高效生活的同时,空气的污染、气候的变化以及吸烟等对人们的呼吸系统造成了极大的危害。为了有效的预防呼吸系统相关疾病,本文针对其相关因素进行分析。     

耕作制度与水稻品种对二化螟发生世代的影响

探讨了我县耕作制度与水稻品种的变化对二化螟发生世代及危害程度的影响。双季杂交水稻的大面积种植,一是使早稻的播、插期提早,二化螟第1、2代发生期也相应提早,发生量与危害程度转轻;二是杂交早稻为2代安全过渡创造了条件。提高2代转化率,导致晚稻上第3代发生期提早、危害加重;三是杂交水稻改善了二化螟的营养条件,加速幼虫发育,促进世代的转化。     

酸雨与微生物

近些年来,酸雨的危害日益引起国际上的关注,我国把酸雨的成因、危害及其防治等方面的问题列入国家重点科研项目,据文献报道,酸雨不仅对农牧业、森林业带来灾难,而且对人类的安全造成威胁,这是当今世界“天然祸害”之一,有人认为这是生物圈的一大病症。随着工业化的大发展,酸雨形成及其危害日益严重,它不但损害自然环境、农作物、森林、水生物以及耐旱的地衣等等,也给人们尤其是老人和儿童的健康带来严重危害,据统计,欧洲一些国家每年因酸雨致死的老人和儿童好几千人,如联邦德国每年达2000—4000人,英国最多的一年可达5000人。这是人们非常关切的一个问题,应引起各有关部门的密切注视。     

山东沿海地区海水入侵防治

山东沿海地区海水入侵防治杨明华,文力（中国科学院生态环境研究中心北京１０００８５）ＰｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｆＳａｌｉｎｅＷａｔｅｒＩｕｔｒｕｓｉＯｎｉｎｔｏｔｈｅＣｏａｓｔａｌＺｏｎｅｏｆＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．￥ＹａｎｇＭｉｎｇｈｕａ;Ｗｅ...     

莱州湾地区防治海水入侵灾害的农田生态工程试验研究

针对莱州湾地区面临的干旱缺水、海水入侵严重、土地生产力下降的严峻现状,在莱州和寿光两地进行了以良种选育、结构调整、轮作套种、地膜覆盖、节水灌溉、改土培肥和林农间作等技术为主的农田生态工程试验示范研究,取得了显着生态效益和经济效益。为防治海水入侵灾害,实现农业可持续发展,建立了可供借鉴的典型样板.     

Salt Intake and Health Risk in Climate Change Vulnerable Coastal Bangladesh: What Role Do Beliefs and Practices Play?

BackgroundHigh salt consumption is an important risk factor of elevated blood pressure. In Bangladesh about 20 million people are at high risk of hypertension due to climate change induced saline intrusion in water. The objective of this study is to assess beliefs, perceptions, and practices associated with salt consumption in coastal Bangladesh.MethodsThe study was conducted in Chakaria, Bangladesh between April-June 2011. It was a cross sectional mixed method study. For the qualitative study 6 focus group discussions, 8 key informant interviews, 60 free listing exercises, 20 ranking exercises and 10 observations were conducted. 400 adults were randomly selected for quantitative survey. For analysis we used SPSS for quantitative data, and Anthropac and Nvivo for qualitative data.ResultsSalt was described as an essential component of food with strong cultural and religious roots. People described both health benefits and risks related to salt intake. The overall risk perception regarding excessive salt consumption was low and respondents believed that the cooking process can render the salt harmless. Respondents were aware that salt is added in many foods even if they do not taste salty but did not recognize that salt can occur naturally in both foods and water.ConclusionsIn the study community people had low awareness of the risks associated with excess salt consumption and salt reduction strategies were not high in their agenda. The easy access to and low cost of salt as well as unrecognised presence of salt in drinking water has created an environment conducive to excess salt consumption. It is important to design general messages related to salt reduction and test tailored strategies especially for those at high risk of hypertension.     

Decreased precipitation exacerbates the effects of sea level on coastal dune ecosystems in open ocean islands

The alteration of fresh and marine water cycling is likely to occur in coastal ecosystems as climate change causes the global redistribution of precipitation while simultaneously driving sea‐level rise at a rate of 2–3 mm yr^?1. Here, we examined how precipitation alters the ecological effects of ocean water intrusion to coastal dunes on two oceanic carbonate islands in the Bahamas. The approach was to compare sites that receive high and low annual rainfall and are also characterized by seasonal distribution (wet and dry season) of precipitation. The spatial and temporal variations in precipitation serve as a proxy for conditions of altered precipitation which may occur via climate change. We used the natural abundances of stable isotopes to identify water sources (e.g., precipitation, groundwater and ocean water) in the soil–plant continuum and modeled the depth of plant water uptake. Results indicated that decreased rainfall caused the shallow freshwater table on the dune ecosystem to sink and contract towards the inland, the lower freshwater head allowed ocean water to penetrate into the deeper soils, while shallow soils became exceedingly dry. Plants at the drier site that lived nearest to the ocean responded by taking up water from the deeper and consistently moist soil layers where ocean water intruded. Towards the inland, decreased rainfall caused the water table to sink to a depth that precluded both recharge to the upper soil layers and access by plants. Consequently, plants captured water in more shallow soils recharged by infrequent rainfall events. The results demonstrate dune ecosystems on oceanic islands are more susceptible to ocean water intrusion when annual precipitation decreases. Periods of diminished precipitation caused drought conditions, increased exposure to saline marine water and altered water‐harvesting strategies. Quantifying species tolerances to ocean water intrusion and drought are necessary to determine a threshold of community sustainability.     

Other Dark Sides of Resilience: Politics and Power in Community-Based Efforts to Strengthen Resilience

ABSTRACT

Oceanic people and places are increasingly labelled as either ‘resilient’ or ‘vulnerable’ to disasters and climate change. Resilience is often described in disaster discourse as a strategy designed to overcome vulnerability by helping communities to ‘bounce back’ in the wake of ‘natural’ disasters. Using ethnographic research conducted with Community Disaster and Climate Change Committees (CDCs) in Vanuatu in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Pam, this paper seeks to problematise disaster responses that see the ‘community’ as a space to be acted upon by outsiders, or where people will respond in a unified way to the challenges of rebuilding after disaster. Using political ecology framings this paper critiques the ideas of resilience that appear entrenched in community-based disaster and climate change adaptation discourse and practice in Oceania. Rather than presupposing resilience or vulnerability, this paper details the dispersal and distribution power and agency amongst individual actors and groups that either supported or manipulated, the distribution of goods by Community Disaster Committees. In this way, it moves beyond the limitations of conceptual framings of resilience in disaster management and climate change into a more considered appraisal of power, by exploring what James Ferguson has termed ‘the politics of distribution’ in the context of disaster.     

澳门鸟类资源调查报告

1989～2009年在澳门山林和沿海滩涂湿地对鸟类进行了调查和记录,共记录鸟类297种,加上文献中记录的3种,整理出澳门鸟类名录共300种,隶属17目56科.其中非雀形目有30科160种,占澳门鸟类总种数的53.33%;雀形目有26科140种,占澳门鸟类种数46.67%.就数量来看,澳门鸟类中的优势种有9种,常见种44种,偶见种96种,稀有种则有151种.白腹海雕Haliaeetus leucogaster属于国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类.属于国家Ⅱ级重点保护的鸟类有33种.澳门鸟类属于<濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约,2007>公约附录Ⅰ的有游隼Falco peregrinus peregrinus、小青脚鹬Tringa guttifer和小杓鹬Numenius minutus 3种,属于公约附录Ⅱ的有29种.勺嘴鹬Eurynorhynchus pygmeus被世界自然保护联盟(2009)列入极危(CR)鸟类,黑脸琵鹭Platalea minor和小青脚鹬被列入濒危(EN)鸟类.易危(VU)鸟类有4种,近危(NT)鸟类有5种.本文成果可为今后长期监测和保护澳门鸟类资源提供依据.     

What otolith microchemistry and stable isotope analysis reveal and conceal about anguillid eel movements across salinity boundaries

Otolith microchemistry studies indicate that growth-phase (yellow stage) anguillid eels commonly shift at irregular intervals between fresh and saline waters, but this technique has not detected regular seasonal migrations across salinity zones. We tested the ability of otolith microchemistry and stable isotope analysis to detect migrations of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) between salinity boundaries in two small stream–estuary systems in Canada’s Bay of Fundy. Although the two methods showed concordant classifications of recent residence history, most eels caught in fresh water in spring (68.8–89.7 %) and fall (78.8–83.3 %) showed microchemical and isotopic signatures that reflected occupancy of saline waters. These eels were classified as migrants which had summered in saline waters and then migrated to freshwater wintering grounds where they retained their saline signatures. In summer, most eels (85.0–100.0 %) captured in fresh and saline water had recent microchemical and isotopic signatures matching the habitat of capture. Our results suggest that lifetime otolith microchemistry profiles are unable to detect eel wintering migrations, a failure that is likely due to winter depression of otolith accretion. Elucidation of seasonal eel movements requires cross-seasonal and cross-site sampling for the microchemistry and stable isotope methods, or tagging studies. Seasonal saline–fresh eel migrations may be more common than previously appreciated, underlining the need for conservation of both habitats, and connectivity between the two.     

Phytoplankton dynamics at the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea (Southern Ocean) during the austral summer 1994/1995 drogue study

Phytoplankton dynamics in the open waters of the ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea were investigated over 12 consecutive days during a drogue study conducted in austral summer (December/January) 1994/1995. Throughout the study, the upper water column (<30 m) was stratified with a well-defined pycnocline evident. Although a subsurface intrusion of colder, more saline water into the region was recorded on days 5-9 of the experiment, its effect on the water column structure was negligible. Total surface chlorophyll a biomass doubled between days 1 and 5 (from 0.82 to 1.62 mg m^-3), and then showed a tendency to stabilise, while the depth-integrated chlorophyll a standing stock displayed an increasing trend during the entire experiment. All changes in biomass were associated with an increase in microphytoplankton. Flagellates and picoplankton dominated cell counts, while diatoms composed most of the phytoplankton biovolume. Results of the study indicate that, during the period of investigation, average cell abundance decreased. Coupled with this decrease was an increase in the biovolume and average size of the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton succession was observed in the ice edge during the drogue study. Typical ice-associated species of genera Haslea, Fragilariopsis and Chaetoceros, which dominated at the beginning of study, were replaced by open-water species of genera Corethron, Dactyliosolen and Rhizosolenia. The shift in phytoplankton species composition and size can likely be related to high light intensities and grazing by microzooplankton. The intrusion of colder, more saline water on day 5 appeared to modify the diatom succession, indicating extreme variability in phytoplankton dynamics in the near ice-edge zone of the Lazarev Sea.     

Sea-level rise effects on macrozoobenthos distribution within an estuarine gradient using Species Distribution Modeling

The sea-level rise induced by climate change has caused impacts (e.g., floods and saline intrusion) in estuaries. In this work, we used monitoring data (salinity, sediment and taxa occurrence), simulated saline intrusion and Species Distribution Model to predict the spatial distribution of families in the estuary at two levels of SLR (0.5 m and 1 m) for two scenarios (moderate and extreme). For the simulation, we used the ensemble method applied to five models (MARS, GLM, GAM, RF and BRT). High AUC and TSS values indicated “good” to “excellent” accuracy. RF and GLM obtained the best and worst values, respectively. The model predicted local extinctions and new colonization in the upper estuarine zones. With the effects of climate change intensifying, it is extremely important that managers consider the use of predictive tools to anticipate the impacts of climate change on a local scale on species migration.     

Side effects of control treatment can conceal experimental data when studying stress responses to injection and psychological stress in mice

Routine laboratory procedures, such as handling or transporting animals or carrying out injections on animals, are stressful for animals but are necessary in many pre-clinical studies. Here, the authors show that multiple injections of the non-toxic vehicle cyclodextrin moderately increased plasma corticosterone concentrations in female BALB/c mice. Additionally, male BALB/c mice that had received a single intraperitoneal injection of harmless saline had an increased glucocorticoid response to a second saline injection. The authors found that female mice that had been exposed to an acute psychological stress session had a decreased glucocorticoid response to a second homotypic stressor. In contrast, multiple psychological stress sessions led to increased glucocorticoid release in female mice. Acute injection(s) of saline in male mice and of cyclodextrin in female mice led to transient lymphocytopenia. Further analysis showed that repeated stress-induced lymphocytopenia is glucocorticoid-dependent. The authors conclude that laboratory stress can affect physiological parameters in mice, potentially altering study results.