GABABR异二聚体和GBl-GBl同二聚体中的GBl亚基的作用

GABA水属于c族G蛋白偶联受体,是中枢神经细胞重要的抑制性神经递质受体。在体内GABAa_R由GBl和GB2两个基因编码,1998年以来研究者证实GABABR是由GBl和GB2形成的异二聚体,但近年来的研究表明,GBl也可以单独形成GBl-GBl同二聚体并在体内行使功能。本文系统介绍了GBl亚基的分类,在GB2存在或不存在时的表达,以及在GABAaR异二聚体和GBl．GBl同二聚体激活过程中所扮演的角色和生理功能;同时也展望了这些研究成果对于基础研究和药学研究的意义。关键词：GABA,~R：GBl：GB2：GBl．GBl同二聚体：激活机制     

G蛋白βγ异二聚体与跨膜信号转导的保真

G蛋白信号通路是细胞跨膜信号转导体系中的重要组成部分,其转导信号的功能涉及广泛的细胞生物学活动。G蛋白的信号转导特性与结合GTP的α亚单位和βγ亚单位异二聚体有关。越来越多的研究表明,βγ亚单位在维持信号转导的保真度和信号转导途径交联中扮演着关键角色。     

真核生物细胞中的无义介导mRNA降解机制

真核生物细胞具有不同的机制用于监视转录本的准确性以保证翻译产物的完整性与正确性．无义介导mRNA降解(NMD)的作用对象主要是由于编码氨基酸的密码子突变为终止密码子,而使翻译提前终止的无义mRNA,其降解方式是直接进行5′端脱帽和5′→3′方向的水解。     

MDM2/MDMX异二聚体及MDMX磷酸化调控p53的研究进展

p53作为肿瘤抑制因子在维持机体内稳态和抑制肿瘤发生发展中起到关键作用。超过半数的人类肿瘤中都存在p53的突变。突变的p53具有"获得性功能",反而促进肿瘤的发生、转移和耐药。MDM2和MDMX是两个最主要的p53负调控蛋白,二者是同源蛋白,可以独自或以异二聚体的方式调控p53。在多种刺激信号下,MDM2/MDMX异二聚体对p53的负调控作用被抑制,使得p53活化进而激活下游复杂的信号网络,维持细胞内稳态。磷酸化修饰是MDMX调节的重要方式之一,对其自身的稳定性、核定位以及与MDM2、p53的相互作用均有影响。该文对以上内容进行简要综述,并对现有治疗靶标和小分子化合物进行讨论,为进一步开发新的有效的肿瘤治疗策略提供思路。     

mRNA 的无义介导降解

无义介导的mRNA衰变（NMD）选择性地迅速降解含有提前终止密码子的mRNA,保护机体免于截短蛋白质产生的有害效应,是真核细胞广泛存在的保守的mRNA监视机制,有重要生物学意义。关于其基本机制目前提出了一些模型。     

mRNA降解机制的新进展

ｍＲＮＡ降解机制的新进展侯学文郑穗平（华南理工大学生物工程系,广州５１０６４１）关键词ｍＲＮＡ降解虽然人们已对ｍＲＮＡ降解过程有大致了解,但对某些细节问题尚未完全弄清。最近Ｂｅｅｌｍａｎ及其合作者对降解过程中的关键酶ＤＣＰ１的研究,使酵母中ｍＲＮＡ降...     

母型mRNA的定位和翻译机制

在卵或早期胚胎细胞内,有些RNA,包括mRNA,呈定位分布,其分布因RNA种类而异。定位分布的RNA一般具备如下生理功能:决定子细胞的命运,或阻止子细胞被纳入其它命运的轨道,或为子细胞建立、维持某特定的极性功能所需,或仅仅参与某特定结构的组成,显示一定的结构功能。     

mRNA选择性剪接的分子机制

真核细胞mRNA前体经过剪接成为成熟的mRNA,而mRNA前体的选择性剪接极大地增加了蛋白质的多样性和基因表达的复杂程度,剪接位点的识别可以以跨越内含子的机制(内含子限定)或跨越外显子的机制(外显子限定)进行。选择性剪接有多种剪接形式：选择不同的剪接位点,选择不同的剪接末端,外显子的不同组合及内含子的剪接与否等。选择性剪接过程受到许多顺式元件和反式因子的调控,并与基本剪接过程紧密联系,剪接体中的一些剪接因子也参与了对选择性剪接的调控。选择性剪接也是1个伴随转录发生的过程,不同的启动子可调控产生不同的剪接产物。mRNA的选择性剪接机制多种多样,已发现RNA编辑和反式剪接也可参与选择性剪接过程。     

昆虫中的核输出现象

核质转运是真核细胞生命活动重要的组成部分,细胞核内蛋白的平衡及转录出的RNA出核成熟过程都依赖于核输出,核输出与真核生物的生命活动密切相关;病原物在侵染昆虫时也会利用宿主的核输出机制干扰宿主的免疫反应或劫持宿主的核输出蛋白以利于病毒的组装及复制.本文主要介绍真核细胞中核输出的基本机制、蚊子和果蝇等模式昆虫中核输出通路;...     

mRNA的出核转运

mRNA的出核转运是真核生物基因表达的重要步骤之一,它与pre-mRNA的各个加工过程都存在密切的偶联。这种偶联对于基因表达的高效准确完成至关重要。本文介绍了mRNA出核转运与pre-mRNA加工及质量监控之间的关联,并总结了近年来关于mRNA出核转运的研究进展。     

Ty1 Gag Enhances the Stability and Nuclear Export of Ty1 mRNA

Retrotransposon and retroviral RNA delivery to particle assembly sites is essential for their replication. mRNA and Gag from the Ty1 retrotransposon colocalize in cytoplasmic foci, which are required for transposition and may be the sites for virus‐like particle (VLP) assembly. To determine which Ty1 components are required to form mRNA/Gag foci, localization studies were performed in a Ty1‐less strain expressing galactose‐inducible Ty1 plasmids (pGTy1) containing mutations in GAG or POL. Ty1 mRNA/Gag foci remained unaltered in mutants defective in Ty1 protease (PR) or deleted for POL. However, Ty1 mRNA containing a frameshift mutation (Ty1fs) that prevents the synthesis of all proteins accumulated in the nucleus. Ty1fs RNA showed a decrease in stability that was mediated by the cytoplasmic exosome, nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD) and the processing body. Localization of Ty1fs RNA remained unchanged in an nmd2Δ mutant. When Gag and Ty1fs mRNA were expressed independently, Gag provided in trans increased Ty1fs RNA level and restored localization of Ty1fs RNA in cytoplasmic foci. Endogenously expressed Gag also localized to the nuclear periphery independent of RNA export. These results suggest that Gag is required for Ty1 mRNA stability, efficient nuclear export and localization into cytoplasmic foci.     

Stressed out! Effects of environmental stress on mRNA metabolism

Exposure of yeast cells to environmental stresses can disrupt essential intracellular processes, especially those carried out by large macromolecular complexes. The production of mature, translatable mRNAs is most sensitive to stress owing to the inhibition of messenger RNA splicing and alterations in the export of mRNA from the nucleus. Changes in the cytoplasmic pools of mRNAs also occur following exposure to stress conditions. Messenger RNAs accumulate in discrete cytoplasmic foci such as processing bodies and stress granules. These dynamic changes in RNA metabolism, following exposure to stress, ensure the preferential production and export of heat-shock mRNAs and the sequestering of general cellular mRNAs in the nucleus or in cytoplasmic foci, thus allowing for a redirection of the translational machinery to encode stress proteins, which aid in cellular recovery following stress. Stress proteins, such as Hsp70p and Hsp104p, have been shown to play a direct role in the repair of macromolecular complexes involved in RNA metabolism in yeast cells, thus ensuring that the cell returns to homeostasis.     

Functional Analysis of Tpr: Identification of Nuclear Pore Complex Association and Nuclear Localization Domains and a Role in mRNA Export

Tpr is a 270-kD coiled-coil protein localized to intranuclear filaments of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The mechanism by which Tpr contributes to the structure and function of the nuclear pore is currently unknown. To gain insight into Tpr function, we expressed the full-length protein and several subdomains in mammalian cell lines and examined their effects on nuclear pore function. Through this analysis, we identified an NH₂-terminal domain that was sufficient for association with the nucleoplasmic aspect of the NPC. In addition, we unexpectedly found that the acidic COOH terminus was efficiently transported into the nuclear interior, an event that was apparently mediated by a putative nuclear localization sequence. Ectopic expression of the full-length Tpr caused a dramatic accumulation of poly(A)⁺ RNA within the nucleus. Similar results were observed with domains that localized to the NPC and the nuclear interior. In contrast, expression of these proteins did not appear to affect nuclear import. These data are consistent with a model in which Tpr is tethered to intranuclear filaments of the NPC by its coiled coil domain leaving the acidic COOH terminus free to interact with soluble transport factors and mediate export of macromolecules from the nucleus.     

Nucleophosmin deposition during mRNA 3' end processing influences poly(A) tail length

During polyadenylation, the multi-functional protein nucleophosmin (NPM1) is deposited onto all cellular mRNAs analysed to date. Premature termination of poly(A) tail synthesis in the presence of cordycepin abrogates deposition of the protein onto the mRNA, indicating natural termination of poly(A) addition is required for NPM1 binding. NPM1 appears to be a bona fide member of the complex involved in 3' end processing as it is associated with the AAUAAA-binding CPSF factor and can be co-immunoprecipitated with other polyadenylation factors. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of NPM1 results in hyperadenylation of mRNAs, consistent with alterations in poly(A) tail chain termination. Finally, knockdown of NPM1 results in retention of poly(A)(+) RNAs in the cell nucleus, indicating that NPM1 influences mRNA export. Collectively, these data suggest that NPM1 has an important role in poly(A) tail length determination and may help network 3' end processing with other aspects of nuclear mRNA maturation.     

mRNA出核转运及其偶联网络

真核细胞中,编码蛋白质基因的表达是一个复杂的、分步骤进行的过程,这个过程从转录和新生pre-mRNA的核内加工开始,经过正确加工的成熟mRNA从加工位点释放,出核转运后在细胞质内翻译成蛋白质。mRNA出核转运是基因表达中的关键步骤,由进化上高度保守的特定蛋白质介导完成。mRNA出核与转录和mRNA加工步骤密切偶联,这样的偶联可以提高基因表达的有效性和准确性。