基于景观安全格局的嘉绒藏族传统村落形态研究——以马尔康市直波村为例

以优化土地利用、实现村落形态可持续发展为导向,以景观安全格局的理论为基础对高原传统村落形态进行定量化研究。运用最小累积阻力模型和信息量评价模型相结合的方法,选取坡度、坡向、高程差、距水体距离、距道路距离、土地资源和文化景观7个阻力评价因子,构建研究区景观格局体系并分析其村落形态与土地利用的适宜关系。以直波村为例,将之分为4种等级的景观安全水平,共104个"源"地,其由低到高的景观格局及"源"地分为乡土建筑遗产保护源、民俗风情影响源、自然景观影响源、开放空间影响源,占研究区面积的比例分别为29.44%、25.35%、32.41%、12.8%;通过各阻力评价因子的最小累计阻力值和信息量值的大小影响村落形态"源"地的分布概率,计算出研究区村落形态"源"地未来适宜用地范围在高程为2501-2522 m、坡度为9°-15°、坡向为南坡、西坡、西北坡;结合景观安全水平提出土地利用可考虑两种情景：一是根据村落形态重新赋予新的功能,二是采用渐进式更新。研究结果表明通过探究土地利用与村落形态的关系,既能够较好解决人地空间关系,推进川西北高原乡村振兴建设,同时实现嘉绒藏族传统村落形态的存续。     

Tibetan medicine plurality

Tibetan medicine historically has had multiple medical lineages, despite ancient, shared literary medical canons. However, since the second half of the 20th century in Tibet, increasing state control and commoditization has lead to centralization and standardization of Tibetan medicine. Here we investigate how much variation in the use of medicinal plants remains in contemporary Tibetan medicine. Medicinal plants used and/or sold by fifteen Tibetan medical institutions, markets, and doctors, as well as two additional non-Tibetan markets, are inventoried and vouchered (where allowed). The data are ordered by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling. Four distinct groups are defined: (1) government recognized Tibetan medical institutions and their disciples both in Lhasa and elsewhere, (2) local herbal doctors near Mt. Khawa Karpo, eastern Himalayas, (3) Tibetan medicinal markets in Lhasa and near Mt. Khawa Karpo, and (4) non-Tibetan medicinal markets near Dali and Kunming, Yunnan. This clearly documents the plurality of Tibetan medical traditions—official, local, and market—while differentiating these from non-Tibetan markets.     

Participatory Resource Monitoring as a Means for Promoting Social Change in Yunnan,China

Recent international forest policies stimulate involvement of communities in forest management as a strategy to improve biodiversity conservation and the quality of local livelihoods. Increasingly, the role of local people in monitoring forest resources is also acknowledged. This paper presents a participatory resources monitoring (PRM) system developed and implemented by representatives of 12 villages, six each within and adjacent to two nature reserves in Yunnan, China. The short-term objectives are to monitor resource and wildlife abundance, resource use, wildlife damage to crops, and land use. Main methods used by the village monitoring team are: (1) observation through forest walk, (2) village interview, and (3) market survey. Monitoring is implemented throughout the year to fit in the daily work of villagers. Staff from the nature reserve or forestry bureau provide support by visiting the villages several days per year. Results indicate that participatory monitoring is a valuable tool for villagers to engage in self-owned management actions. We discuss how monitoring is also a process which could lead to social change. Based on narratives we suggest that participatory monitoring builds trust between stakeholders, changes perceptions and attitudes and leads to more democratic and transparent decision-making. In discussing accuracy, we argue that all stakeholders perceive and interpret nature differently based on different worldviews, knowledge systems, values and beliefs. We argue that if participatory monitoring is to be sustainable, community-based monitoring – preferably linked to scientific monitoring and patrolling – should be designed as a discursive institution where the process of building social capital and inter-actor learning is extremely important. Finally, we briefly reflect upon efforts to scale up participatory monitoring.     

Selection of land cover by the Tibetan foxVulpes ferrilata on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, western Sichuan Province, China

Habitat loss is one of the main factors impacting endangered wildlife in China. The Tibetan foxVulpes ferrilata Hodgson, 1842 is a characteristic species of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its habitat use is poorly known. We conducted a project (2001–2003) to better understand habitat use by the Tibetan fox in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, China. The research site was classified into four land cover categories: grassland, grassland and shrubs, shrubs, and disturbed area (more than half of the area in a plot covered by bare soil and gravel). Their proportional share in land cover categories was estimated by line transects and used as expected land cover. Plots were also located at fox locations, fox dens, and fox feces (hereafter “fox plots”). Using Bonferroniz-statistics, land cover proportions in fox plots were compared with the expected land cover proportions. Tibetan foxes were found primarily in grassland habitat and there was evidence of use of grassland/shrub habitat and disturbed area. However, the fox were rarely observed in shrubs. Two reasons for this are: (1) the need of prey, pika, which mainly lives in open areas; (2) the requirement of security from natural enemies.     

经济发展模式对乡村生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响——以鲁中山区三个村庄为例

生态系统服务在不同空间尺度支持人类的生存发展,人类活动也影响着生态系统服务功能。行政村作为乡村地区社会经济的基本构成单位和典型的自然社会经济复合生态系统,其经济发展模式对生态系统服务具有重要影响。因此,以行政村为单位研究经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响,可为优化乡村经济结构,提升乡村生态系统服务价值提供决策支持。以鲁中山区3个地形地貌相似、经济发展模式迥异的毗邻行政村—房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村为研究对象,依据国际通用生态系统服务分类标准和评估方法,结合乡村生态系统小尺度特征,对各村9大类共15个生态系统服务功能指标进行了价值评估,并结合各村产业结构和土地利用特点,分析了经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响。结果表明:以生态旅游为主导的房干村生态系统服务功能价值总量最大,为10382.1万元/a;以养殖业为主导的富家庄村次之,为1203.1万元/a;以种植业为主导的安子湾村最低,为1191.9万元/a;单位面积(hm2)生态系统服务价值量也呈现相似的格局,房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村分别为8.8万元/a、5.9万元/a、3.7万元/a;经济发展模式通过影响土地利用影响生态系统服务价值积累和利用,进而影响人均经济收入和从生态系统服务获得的福利。因此,在乡村尺度合理布局土地利用类型,适度发展乡村旅游等低影响产业,有利于保育和提升生态系统服务价值,提高乡村经济收入,实现乡村环境和经济社会的持续发展。     

Ecosystem‐based management of coral reefs under climate change

Coral reefs provide food and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people as well as harbour some of the highest regions of biodiversity in the ocean. However, overexploitation, land‐use change and other local anthropogenic threats to coral reefs have left many degraded. Additionally, coral reefs are faced with the dual emerging threats of ocean warming and acidification due to rising CO₂ emissions, with dire predictions that they will not survive the century. This review evaluates the impacts of climate change on coral reef organisms, communities and ecosystems, focusing on the interactions between climate change factors and local anthropogenic stressors. It then explores the shortcomings of existing management and the move towards ecosystem‐based management and resilience thinking, before highlighting the need for climate change‐ready marine protected areas (MPAs), reduction in local anthropogenic stressors, novel approaches such as human‐assisted evolution and the importance of sustainable socialecological systems. It concludes that designation of climate change‐ready MPAs, integrated with other management strategies involving stakeholders and participation at multiple scales such as marine spatial planning, will be required to maximise coral reef resilience under climate change. However, efforts to reduce carbon emissions are critical if the long‐term efficacy of local management actions is to be maintained and coral reefs are to survive.     

定居放牧方式下归一化植被指数（NDVI）的空间变化特征

利用遥感数据,对内蒙古锡林河流域定居放牧方式下归一化植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）的空间变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：１．定居放牧方式下,ＮＤＶＩ随定居点距离的变化格局经历了３个阶段。第一阶段,草场处于原生阶段,ＮＤＶＩ不随距离变化;第二阶段,定居点附近开始局部退化,ＮＤＶＩ随距离增加而增大;第三阶段,退化区域扩大,ＤＮＶＩ不随距离变化。２．在草场局部退化阶段,ＮＤＶＩ随距离的变化呈对数函数规律,定居点的放     

青藏高原高寒草地地下生物多样性: 进展、问题与展望

栖息于土壤中的微生物和微型动物种类繁多、数量巨大, 在对地上生物多样性的调控和在生态系统功能与服务的维系中, 具有举足轻重的作用。虽然对土壤微生物以及土壤动物已经开展了广泛的调查, 但是整体上对于地下生物多样性的分布格局、驱动机制及其对全球变化的响应与适应过程, 仍缺乏深刻的认识。青藏高原是全球变化的敏感区域, 其中高寒草地是高原最主要的植被类型, 占高原面积的60%左右, 在高寒生态系统生物多样性维持中具有重要意义。近年来, 已有大量研究关注于高寒草地地下生物多样性, 但是缺乏系统的总结与论述。基于此, 本文从细菌、真菌、古菌、线虫、节肢动物五大土壤生物类群出发, 阐述了青藏高原高寒草地的地下物种丰富度、分布格局及其影响因素, 重点探讨了它们对气候变化和人类活动的响应, 并就未来高寒草地地下生物多样性亟需关注的关键问题进行了展望, 包括: (1)地下各个生物类群的分布格局、各类群之间的联系及驱动机制; (2)地上与地下生物多样性耦联的机制; (3)地下生物多样性对生态系统功能和健康的影响; (4)地下生物多样性的调控实验研究。     

CLUENaban—A land use change model combining social factors with physical landscape factors for a mountainous area in Southwest China

Land use modelling has used rural areas as object for a long time. Modellers start in general with physical landscape factors to determine the spatial distribution of land use, especially agricultural crops. An important factor defining rural areas is the dominance of livelihoods/economies based on agriculture combined with a strong relationship to tradition, high value of family ties, scales of social aggregation, and a framework given by nature. The inter-linkages among economic, social and environmental components determine both the complexity and dynamics of rural development. Both modellers and social scientists seek a better understanding of these complex rural systems in terms of their development paths, the underlying forces and the interactions between physical land use and rural society. In this paper, we use a combination of a land use change model and information about social relationship by referring both to the common spatial unit of villages for a rural region in south west China. We want to show how such a common unit can help to include social science information into a physically oriented land use model. The inclusion of social data results in a substantial improvement of the modelling results. In the model run we could show that land use patterns in the study area were closely related to socio-economic characteristics and governmental rules. In China, collective land and state land are distinguished. This land designation turned out to be the most important factor for the land use types rainfed, irrigated land, and rubber. All land use types were influenced by the ethnicity of village inhabitants because they had different land use traditions.     

A Landscape-based Model for Predicting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium ulcerans</Emphasis> Infection (Buruli Ulcer Disease) Presence in Benin,West Africa

Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer [BU] disease) is an emerging tropical disease that causes severe morbidity in many communities, especially those in close proximity to aquatic environments. Research and control efforts are severely hampered by the paucity of data regarding the ecology of this disease; for example, the vectors and modes of transmission remain unknown. It is hypothesized that BU presence is associated with altered landscapes that perturb aquatic ecosystems; however, this has yet to be quantified over large spatial scales. We quantified relationships between land use/land cover (LULC) characteristics surrounding individual villages and BU presence in Benin, West Africa. We also examined the effects of other village-level characteristics which we hypothesized to affect BU presence, such as village distance to the nearest river. We found that as the percent urban land use in a 50-km buffer surrounding a village increased, the probability of BU presence decreased. Conversely, as the percent agricultural land use in a 20-km buffer surrounding a village increased, the probability of BU presence increased. Landscape-based models had predictive ability when predicting BU presence using validation data sets from Benin and Ghana, West Africa. Our analyses suggest that relatively small amounts of urbanization are associated with a decrease in the probability of BU presence, and we hypothesize that this is due to the increased availability of pumped water in urban environments. Our models provide an initial approach to predicting the probability of BU presence over large spatial scales in Benin and Ghana, using readily available land use data.     

Tibetan land use and change near khawa karpo, Eastern Himalayas

Collaborating Authors: Bee Gunn, Wayne Law, George Yatskievych, Wu Sugong, Fang Zhendong, Ma Jian, Wang Yuhua, Andrew Willson, Peng Shengjing, Zhang Chuanling, Sun Hongyan, Meng Zhengui, Liu Lin, Senam Dorji, Ana, Liqing Wangcuo, Sila Cili, Adu, Naji, Amu, Sila Cimu, Sila Lamu, Lurong Pingding, Zhima Yongzong, Loangbao, Bianma Cimu, Gerong Cili, Wang Kai, Sila Pingchu, Axima, and Benjamin Staver.TIBETAN LAND USE AND CHANGE NEAR KHAWA KARPO, EASTERN HIMALAYAS. Economic Botany 59(4):312-325, 2005. Tibetan land use near Khawa Karpo, Northwest Yunnan, China, incorporates indigenous forest management, gathering, pastoralism, and agriculture. With field-based GIS, repeat photography, and Participatory Rural Appraisal we quantitatively compare land use between higher and lower villages, and between villages with and without roads. Households in higher elevation (> 3,000 meters) villages cultivate more farmland (z = -5.387, P ≤ 0.001), a greater diversity of major crops (z = -5.760, P < 0.001), a higher percentage of traditional crops, and fewer cash crops (z = -2.430, P = 0.015) than those in lower elevation villages (< 2,500 meters). Villages with roads grow significantly more cash crops (z = -6.794, P ≤ 0.001). Both lower villages and villages with roads travel farther to access common property resources. Historical analyses indicate agricultural intensification in valleys, an increase in houses, new crop introduction, hillside aforestation, cessation of hunting, glacial retreat, and timberline advance within the past century. We suggest that Tibetan land use reveals trade-offs between high, remote villages and lower villages near roads. Higher villages offer abundant land and access to natural resources but short growing seasons and little market access; in contrast, lower villages have road and market access, an extended growing season, and modern technology, but limited access to land and many other natural resources.     

Participatory rural appraisal of ecosystem services of wetlands in the Amazonian Piedmont of Colombia: elements for a sustainable management concept

Considering the rapid changes in land use in tropical countries and the difficulties of law enforcement in remote areas, management of ecosystems benefits from the landscape approach. Within the landscape approach it is important to assess the different livelihoods of the local populations, as well as the vulnerability of the ecosystems that are supporting these livelihoods. Specifically for wetlands in rural tropical areas that face fast developing agro-industrial land use change, there is little information available on the attitude of stakeholders considering the ecosystems they manage. We used a combination of participatory rural appraisal and participatory mapping methods on rural wetlands in the Amazonian Piedmont region in Colombia, an area that has hardly ever been studied. We found that 77.7 % of the current livelihoods depend directly on the provisioning ecosystem services delivered by the wetlands, where fishing and hunting are the most important services that contribute to the household income. Ecotourism, which is emerging as a promising source of income, was also pointed as one key ecosystem service. However, our results revealed that the wetlands in our study area are very vulnerable (up to 41 % endangered). The main causes for wetland deterioration were cattle ranching, invasive grasses, deforestation, drainage, and burning. We conclude with a brief overview on the pros and cons of reconciling wetland conservation and human development in sensitive regions such as the Amazonian Piedmont in Colombia and other similar regions in the Tropics.     

Efficacy of Integrating Herder Knowledge and Ecological Methods for Monitoring Rangeland Degradation in Northern Kenya

The world-wide debate on land degradation in arid lands, usually linked to local land use practices, does not reflect methodological advancements in terms of assessments and monitoring that integrate local communities’ knowledge with ecological methods. In this paper, we evaluated the efficacy of three different methods related to herder assessments and monitoring of land degradation; herder knowledge and ecological methods of assessing impacts of livestock grazing along gradients of land use from settlement and joint monitoring of selected marked transects to understand long-term vegetation changes in southwestern Marsabit northern Kenya. The performance of each method was carefully evaluated and interpreted in terms of the indicators used by herders and ecologists. Herder interpretations were then related to ecologists’ empirical analysis of land degradation. The Rendille nomads have a complex understanding of land degradation which combines environmental and livestock productivity indicators, compared to conventional scientific approaches that use plant-based indicators alone. According to the herders, the grazing preference of various livestock species (e.g., grazers versus browsers) influences perceptions of land degradation, suggesting degradation is a relative term. The herders distinguished short-term changes in vegetation cover from long-term changes associated with over-exploitation. They attributed current environmental degradation around pastoral camps, which shift land use between the alternating wet and dry seasons, to year-round grazing. We deduced from long-term observation that herders interpret vegetation changes in terms of rainfall variability, utilitarian values and intensification of land use. Long-term empirical data (23 years) from repeated sampling corroborated herder interpretations. Land degradation was mostly expressed in terms of declines in woody plant species, while spatial and temporal dynamics of herbaceous species reflected the effects of seasonality. The efficacy of the three methods were inferred using explanatory strengths of ecological theory; insightfulness of the methods for describing land degradation and the likelihood of using the methods for promoting local community participation in the implementation of the UN Convention on Combating Desertification (CCD) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).     

Social Network and Vulnerability: A Clear Link in Bedouin Society (Egypt)

In the last 60 years, the livelihoods of agro-pastoral and pastoral families in the arid and semi-arid zones in North Africa and the Middle East have undergone major changes caused by significant incentives to adopt a sedentary lifestyle and the increasing intensity of drought events. Such changes have also been influenced by land reclamation projects accompanied by the construction of reservoirs and dikes in the dry lands as well as the extension of irrigation canals in the desert in the Coastal Zone of the Western Desert, Egypt. To understand the changes in the traditional social organization of this desert society, and how these social changes have affected families’ ability to adapt to external shocks such as the recent 15-year drought, we developed a typological approach to investigate the link between family livelihoods and social capital in Bedouin society. We showed a clear link between physical assets (mainly land and animals), the nature and intensity of social links within the traditional society, and level of education. The analysis revealed also some new wealth accumulation processes in link with the socio-political influence of urban zones and the increasing level of education in the zone.     

Diversity, Risk Mediation, and Change in a Trans-Himalayan Agropastoral System

We describe the diversity and dynamism of social, agricultural, and livestock husbandry practices in a traditional mountain production system in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. These are interpreted in the context of their role in mediating environmental risk. The production system is a little known Buddhist agropastoral system in the high altitude Spiti Valley (agriculture up to 4450 m, livestock grazing 4900 m, total area ca. 12,000 km²) in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh. The local population (ca. 10,000) belongs to one of the three Buddhist sects Gelukpa, Shakyapa, or Ningmapa, is related by blood, and shares a common Tibetan dialect. Family is the basic unit of production, though families are highly dependent upon the community to meet production goals. A village council appointed on rotation and functioning democratically is responsible for village administration, and is the arbiter of all decision-making pertaining to collective work and settling disputes. The council ensures equal access of families to common resources, as well as equitable distribution of responsibilities among them. Systems of primogeniture, celibacy, and polygamy seem to have prevented the fragmentation of land holdings and limited population growth. The diversity of practices in the agropastoral system seems adapted to the risk-prone mountainous environment, the risks being climatic, geological, and those posed by wildlife. The system seems to aim at maximizing production while mediating environmental risk. The production system comes forth as highly dynamic, characterized by continuous innovation and experimentation. Recent changes in the production system are in response to both changes in local conditions as well as increasing integration of the local economy with regional markets, though many aspects of the traditional lifestyle continue to be maintained.     

黄土高原农户生计转型及其生态效应——以陕西省佳县为例

在乡村地域系统人地关系日趋复杂的情况下,农户生计活动与生态环境之间的关系已成为生态效应研究的核心。本文以陕西省佳县为研究区,结合遥感影像、GIS技术和实地调研获取的微观数据,对1990年以来典型生态脆弱区农户生计对生态环境的影响进行长时序动态监测和分析,从农户种植结构、收入结构和劳动力要素投入结构对农户生计类型和乡村发展类型进行界定,分析农户生计转型过程和特征,基于土地利用分析生境质量时空变化,以生境质量为媒介分析农户生计转型的生态效应。主要结论如下：(1)佳县农户类型和乡村类型演化特征显著。从农户尺度上看,农户生计类型从以粮食主导型为主,逐渐演化为非农主导型为主粮食主导型为辅的组合模式。从乡村类型上看,传统农业型和新型农业型均逐渐演化为非农业型。(2)农户生计转型路径由多元化逐渐转向单一非农化发展,不同农户生计转型过程存在差异,按照转型路径特征可分为4类：持续稳定型、渐进型、调整型和倒退型。(3)生境退化度呈下降态势,从退化等级上看,无退化、轻度退化和中度退化等级面积增加,高度退化等级面积减少,严重退化等级面积降低为0。生境质量呈波动上升态势,从等级上看,占主导的为优等和较差等级,且...     

Autonomy,productiveness, and community: the rise of inequality in an Amazonian society

In Amazonian societies, autonomy is said to be a core value motivating egalitarian politics. This article shows how the quest for autonomy and productiveness presently sets in motion processes that encroach upon these very values. Among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador, the realization of autonomy and productiveness increasingly depends on the capture of state resources. Shuar interact with the local state as members of relatively recent sedentary communities and through the mediation of elected leaders. In these processes, ‘community’ itself is transformed: being a channel to regenerate domestic livelihoods, it also becomes an end in itself, giving rise to new economistic attitudes while legitimizing inequalities between commoners and leaders. The article suggests that the pursuit of autonomy and productiveness within a process of village formation is central to the transformation of egalitarianism that occurs when small-scale Amazonian polities engage with nation-state politics.     

An Event History Analysis of Parcel Extensification and Household Abandonment in Pays Basque,French Pyrenees, 1830–1958 AD

This paper examines local processes of agricultural abandonment, socioeconomic changes, and associated landscape transition in a Pyrenean mountain village. We analyze the effects of socioeconomic and demographic factors contributing to changes in parcel level land use and ownership from 1830 to 1958. We use an event-history analysis to examine how individual etxe (Basque households) influenced the pace and character of landscape transition through their internal composition and their mediation of market pressures. Contrary to conventional narratives of agricultural transitions, our analysis suggests that more rapid “abandonment” of the landscape was prevented by etxe that were able to both engage in markets and maintain higher fertility rates. We conclude that the capacity of agropastoral landscapes to absorb broad-scale change is directly tied to local institutions, such as the etxe, which ultimately mediate socioeconomic drivers of change.