Tributyltin in U.S. Market-Bought Seafood and Assessment of Human Health Risks

This study assessed potential human health risks posed by tributyltin in seafood purchased from U.S. seafood markets. In 1989 and 1990, samples of fish, bivalve molluscs and crustacea were purchased at local markets along the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts of the United States and along the Great Lakes (Lake Michigan). Samples were then analyzed for tributyltin, and the concentrations observed used to evaluate potential human health risks from consumption of market-bought seafood on the basis of available mammalian toxicology data. The assessment indicated health effects were unlikely from exposure to tributyltin in market-bought seafood during 1989 to 1990, shortly after peak tributyltin usage in antifoulant bottom paints on vessels in the United States.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and biota from the lagoon of Bizerte (northern Tunisia): Potential risk for consumers?

Levels of butyltins (BTs) were monitored in sediment samples and in seven fish species (Boops boops, Diplodus sargus, Sarpa salpa, Serranus scriba, Spicara smaris, Trachurus draco, and Trachinus mediterraneus), five bivalve species (Cerastoderma glaucum, Chlamys flexuosa, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Pinna nobilis, and Ruditapes decussatus), two gastropod species (Bolinus brandaris and Hexaplex trunculus), cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), and shrimp (Penaeus notialis), most of which are commonly consumed in Tunisia. Samples were collected from Bizerte lagoon during March 2012. Average concentrations of total BTs found in sediment and the muscle of fishes, bivalves, gastropods, cuttlefish, and shrimp were 17.7, 11.5, 31.8, 36.9, 8.1, and 9.4 ng Sn g^?1 dw, respectively. The calculation of tolerable average residue levels and non-cancer hazard quotient for tributyltin (TBT) showed that daily exposure of these seafood to TBT is unlikely to cause any deleterious effects to humans, thus indicating that consumers may not be at risk through the inclusion of these species in their regular diet.     

Butyltins in sediments and biota from the Pearl River Delta,South China

Abstract

Butyltins in sediments and biota collected from the Pearl River Delta, South China were analyzed by a gas chromatograph–atomic emission detector (GC-AED). The concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in the sediments ranged from 1.7 to 379.7 ng/g dry weight. Their spatial distribution suggested that shipping activities, especially shipyards were mostly responsible for the TBT contamination in the region. A good linear relationship was observed between the DBT (dibutyltin)/TBT and MBT (monobutyltin) /TBT ratios of the samples in the Pearl River, the Pearl River estuary and the West River, suggesting that TBT in these areas came from similar sources but had undergone a different extent of degradation. The butyltins in the Macao waters seemed to have undergone a different degradation process. All TBT concentrations of the fish, mussel and shrimp samples collected in this study were below the seafood tolerable average residue level (TARL).     

Variation of Total and Speciated Arsenic in Commonly Consumed Fish and Seafood

This article compiles available data and presents an approach for predicting human intakes of inorganic arsenic (As_i), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) from marine, estuarine, and freshwater seafood when only total arsenic (As_tot) concentrations are reported. Twenty studies provided data on total arsenic (As_tot) and As_i. Mean As_i concentrations were approximately 10 to 20 ng/g wet weight (ww) in freshwater, anadromous, and marine fish, whereas crustaceans and molluscs had mean As_i concentrations of 40 to 50 ng/g ww. Thirteen studies provided data for MMA and DMA. MMA was seldom detected, whereas DMA averaged 10 ng/g ww in freshwater fish, and 45 to 95 ng/g ww in anadromous fish, marine fish, crustaceans, and molluscs. There was little correlation between As_tot concentrations and As_i concentrations; however, when only As_tot data are available to assess health risks from arsenic in seafood, these data could support conservative, upper end estimates of the percent of As_tot likely to be As_i. For marine and estuarine fish, and crustaceans and molluscs 2–3% of As_tot was As_i at the 75th percentile of the dataset. For freshwater fish As_i was 10% of As_tot at the 75th percentile. Due to the nonlinearity and low carcinogenic potency of DMA, the reported DMA concentrations should not contribute substantially to potential health risks from arsenic in seafood.     

Dietary Exposure to Organochlorine Compounds in Tarragona Province (Catalonia,Spain): Health Risks

The human health risks due to the dietary exposure to organochlorine compounds (OC) were assessed in the Catalan stretch of the Ebro River (Spain). The concentrations of various persistent organic pollutants (POPs): polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), various hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), as well as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and derivatives, were determined in samples of fish and seafood, vegetables, fruits, and rice, acquired in localities of the zone under evaluation. In general terms, pollutant concentrations were similar to recent levels reported in the literature. With the exception of the consumption of fish and seafood by children, and due to the presence of PCBs (Aroclor 1254), food intake from local sources does not pose non-carcinogenic risks for all population groups examined. The presence of OC in foods of local origin in the Catalan basin of the Ebro River would not increase the health risks for the area's consumers.     

A Preliminary Human Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues Associated with Aquatic Organisms from the Rangsit Agricultural Area,Central Thailand

Food consumption is one of the main routes of human exposure to organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPRs). To assess the potential health risks associated with OCPRs contaminants due to freshwater organism consumption, a number of vegetables, prawn, snail, and fish were collected from Khlong 7 (canal), Rangsit agricultural area, Pathum-Thani Province, Thailand. The samples were extracted using a multiresidue extraction method and then analyzed by gas chromatography with microelectron capture detector (μ -ECD). The results show that low concentrations of OCPRs were detected in parts per billion (ppb) levels. Based on a plausible worst-case scenario, the local population could be at risk for cancer due to consumption of fish contaminated by α -, β -HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, DDD, DDE, and DDT. Likewise, individuals may be at risk from consumption of Lanchester's freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri, freshwater snail Filopaludina mertensi, swamp morning-glory Ipomomea aquatica, neptunia Neptunia oleracea, and water lily Nymphaea lotus because these species all contained elevated concentrations of α -, β -HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, and dieldrin.     

Toxicity of Tributyltin in Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio): Physiological Responses,Hepatic Gene Expression,and Stress Protein Profiling

In this study, the effects of tributyltin (TBT) on biochemical parameters (antioxidant responses and Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase) in different tissues were investigated by using juvenile common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) as well as growth and ion regulation–related genes expression and stress‐related proteins profiling in fish liver. Oxidative stress indices and Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase showed tissues‐specific responses in fish exposed to different TBT concentrations. All tested genes related to GH/IGF‐I axis and ion‐regulation were significantly induced in the TBT group with lower concentrations (except for the igfbp3 in 10 μg/L) and were inhibited in 20 μg/L. In addition, the profiling of two proteins Hsp 70 and MT were increasing in a dose‐dependent manner under TBT stress. In short, TBT‐induced biochemical and molecular responses in different tissues were reflected in the measured parameters in the test. On the basis of TBT residue levels in the natural environment, more long‐term experiments at lower concentrations will be necessary in the future.     

Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of rare earth elements in Porphyra seaweed species

In this study, the content and bioaccessibility of rare earth elements (REEs) in Porphyra spp. Samples before and after thermal treatments were investigated. Additionally, the risks of REEs exposure to human health were assessed. REEs content significantly reduced after thermal processing (P < 0.01), and the removal rate of REEs was approximately 30%. Thermal treatment increased REEs bioaccessibility from 44% to 64.34%. The concentration and bioaccessibility of Ce, La, Y, Nd were high in raw and thermally treated Porphyra samples, and there was no correlation between REEs content and bioaccessibility. Based on the following parameters: highest content of REEs in the studied seaweed samples (13.45 mg/kg), the highest daily seafood consumption (44.9 g/day), and the highest bioaccessibility (64.34%), the ratio of the calculated daily intake (DI) to daily allowable intake by diet (DAI_diet) of REEs did not exceed the reference value in rare earth mining areas or under extreme conditions. The DI via seafood consumption would be exceeded when the content of REEs in the seafood sample is greater than 15.77 mg/kg. In this study, the concentration of REEs did not exceed 15.77 mg/kg in any sample. Thus, the human health risks of REEs associated with seafood are low.     

Concentration of toxic metals and potential risk assessment in edible fishes from Congo River in urbanized area of Kinshasa,DR Congo

Abstract

The objective of this research is to determine the concentration and potential health risks of toxic metals in six most consumed freshwater fish species (Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Bagrus ubangensis, Citharinus gibbosus, Distichondus fasciolatus, Marcusenius moorii, and Schilbe mystus). A total of 126 samples of these fish species were collected from seven sites of Congo River in the vicinity of Kinshasa City, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Toxic metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb) levels in fish muscle tissues were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry whereas Hg analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The maximum metal concentration (mg kg^?1 wet weight) of Zn (59.72), Sb (5.98), and Pb (4.96) was detected in muscle tissues of M. moorii, C. gibbosus, and D. fasciolatus, respectively. Pb, Zn, and Hg values in many fish samples exceeded the permissible levels set by Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization for human consumption. Given the concentrations of Pb in all fish species and Zn in M. moorii, human health implications are likely to occur on continuous consumption. Addition, the evaluation of potential health risks for fish consumers indicates that there may or not be adverse effects.     

Water cytotoxicity and dioxins bioaccumulation in an Egyptian delta wetland ecosystem

Manzala Lake, as one of the main Egyptian wetland ecosystems, is facing risks of pollution. An in vitro cytotoxicity test using a mammalian cell line was employed to determine the toxicity of multiple pollutants in the water and Tilapia zillii fish sampled from the lake. The concentrations of seven polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and ten polychlorinated dibenzofurans were investigated in water and muscle of the fish in 2014. Cytotoxicity testing showed that the percentage inhibition of cell viability in the studied sites ranged between 56.16% and 83.22%. Dioxin analysis indicated that the average concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzofuran were higher than the toxic equivalence quotients (TEQs) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in all water and fish muscle samples; however, the average concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran was higher only in fish muscle samples. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) ranged dramatically between 2 and 58.5 for the detected dioxins. Adverse human health effects through the consumption of fish are not expected, because dioxin levels in fish muscle are deemed safe for human consumption. Implementation of a strategic multidisciplinary action plan is strongly recommended to sustain this delta wetland ecosystem.     

The dynamics of the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium contents in the fresh water mollusc zebra musselDreissenia polymorpha during stress

The sodium and magnesium concentration in the hemolymph of the zebra musselDreissenia polymorpha decreased by 25.1 and 25.6%, respectively, in 7.5 h after catching and transportation. One day later, the content of all four cations studied in the molluscan body was significantly reduced. After 7 days, the decrease in the tissue concentration, as compared to initial levels, was 2.7, 2.5, 4, and 4.4 times for sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, respectively. After 18 days of acclimation, the concentrations of cations in the hemolymph and molluscan body did not differ from the initial values. Comparative analysis shows that bivalve molluscs and fish have a common negative mechanism connected with a loss of salt from the organism during the initial period of stress. Possible causes are discussed of the decrease in the salt content in the body of the marine bivalve molluscs to minimal values during their migration to the fresh water in the course of evolution.     

The dynamics of the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium contents in the fresh water mollusc zebra musselDreissenia polymorpha during stress

The sodium and magnesium concentration in the hemolymph of the zebra musselDreissenia polymorpha decreased by 25.1 and 25.6%, respectively, in 7.5 h after catching and transportation. One day later, the content of all four cations studied in the molluscan body was significantly reduced. After 7 days, the decrease in the tissue concentration, as compared to initial levels, was 2.7, 2.5, 4, and 4.4 times for sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, respectively. After 18 days of acclimation, the concentrations of cations in the hemolymph and molluscan body did not differ from the initial values. Comparative analysis shows that bivalve molluscs and fish have a common negative mechanism connected with a loss of salt from the organism during the initial period of stress. Possible causes are discussed of the decrease in the salt content in the body of the marine bivalve molluscs to minimal values during their migration to the fresh water in the course of evolution.     

Exposure to Metals through the Consumption of Fish and Seafood by the Population Living Near the Ebro River in Catalonia,Spain: Health Risks

The health risks due to metal exposure from consuming various fish and seafood species were assessed for the Catalan population living near the Ebro River (Spain). The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, and lead were determined in samples of mussel, clam, hake, sole, cuttlefish, sardine, and anchovy randomly acquired in various localities of the zone under evaluation. In general terms, metal concentrations were similar or lower than the levels recently reported in the literature. The current dietary intake of metals is analogous to that recently estimated for the non-exposed population of Catalonia. Metal exposure through fish and seafood consumption would only mean a slight increase of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for arsenic, whereas the remaining elements showed risk values below the corresponding threshold levels.     

Toxic metal ion in seafood: Meta-analysis of human carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic threat assessment,a geomedical study from Dhamra and Puri,Odisha

The investigation revealed the adverse health threats on human beings from toxic metals via ingestion of seafood from two contaminated sites in Odisha. Bioaccumulation through food chain was presented as tissue metal concentrations. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazards were estimated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Target Cancer Risk (TCR) following USEPA referred safe metal intake limit. THQ of Metals like Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb in both sites showed >1, indicating a severe non carcinogenic health threat to humans from the investigated metals. THQ of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr and Hg showed < 1, implying the least possible deleterious health effects. Cr was the most significant carcinogenic pollutant in both sites. The marine fish consumption of Dhamra site might cause extra 7 cases of cancer per 10000 populations due to higher Cr level (cancer risk 6.7 × 10^?3). Carcinogenic risk of Ni and Pb were below the tolerable range of 10E-4. The presence of Cd in sea foods elevated cancer risks in both sites. The metal pollution index (MPI) indicated, the highest toxic metal bio accumulation was contributed by Arius arius species. Ilisha megaloptera and Lates calcarifer from Dhamra and Puri showed highest hazard index (HI) suggesting unaccountable non-carcinogenic health threat.     

Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessments of PAHs in Fish from Lake Taihu,China

The concentrations of PAHs in four species of fish (Common carp, Crucian carp, Bighead carp, and Topmouth culter) from Lake Taihu were tested, and the human health risks of PAHs by fish consumption were evaluated. Results showed that concentrations of PAHs in fish from Lake Taihu were 52.5–247.6 ng/g wet weight (ww), and the BaP equivalent concentrations of total PAHs (B[a]P_eq) were 0.2–0.6 ng/g ww, which were less than the screening value of 2.6 ng/g wet for human consumption. The concentration sequences of PAHs in fish from Lake Taihu from high to low were Bighead carp > Crucian carp > Common carp > Topmouth culter. The human health risk level of PAHs by fish consumption was 5.8 ± 2.5 × 10^?6, which was less than the maximum acceptable risk level of 1 × 10^?5 for human health set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The tissue residue guideline (TRG) of PAHs for protecting aquatic wildlife was 1.3 mg/kg diet ww, which was higher than the concentrations of PAHs in fish from Lake Taihu. The results indicated that fish consumption from Lake Taihu would not cause health risk or harmful effects on wildlife that consume aquatic biota.     

Perfluorinated Compounds in Aquatic Products from Bohai Bay,Tianjin, China

To understand concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic products, and risks to human health, concentrations of 12 PFCs were measured in edible tissues of aquatic products collected from Tianjin, China, a typical industrial area on the western Bohai Sea. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFC. Concentrations of PFOS in aquatic products from Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) ranged from <0.10 to 241 ng/g wet weight, with the greatest concentration observed in the edible portions of mullet (Mugil so-iuy Basilewsky). Concentrations of PFOS in mullet from the TBNA were greater than those in other species of lower trophic levels, which suggests biomagnification. Concentrations of PFOS in aquatic products from markets were greater than those of locally farmed or wild marine products. Relatively great concentrations of PFOS were not only observed in products from the rapidly growing industrial areas such as Tangu District (TG) and Hangu District (HG), but also in less industrialized areas like the Dagang District (DG). The results of the hazard assessment indicated that consumption of seawater-farmed fish and market fish posed a greater hazard than wild marine fish or freshwater-farmed fish, but the risk to human health was not great.     

Fluoride in Commercially Important Bivalves from Polluted Sites along the Egyptian Sea Coasts: Relation to Human Health Risk

The human health risk of fluoride from the consumption of four commercial bivalve species collected from contaminated sites along the Egyptian Sea coasts was assessed. The fluoride concentration in soft and shell tissues of fresh bivalve species (Callista florida, Paphia textile, Donax vittatus and Anadara diluvii) was determined. The predicted human health risk of fluoride from the consumption of the samples was studied by applying the calculations of estimated daily intake and hazard quotient for toddlers' (1.84–3.99 mg/kg/day and 15.1–32.7, respectively) and adults' (1.22–2.64 mg/kg/day and 10.0–21.7, respectively) ingestion. The fluoride contents in soft and shell tissues of bivalve samples along all the sampling locations were 0.38–0.64 and 0.56–0.69 mg/g with averages 0.50 ± 0.10 and 0.62 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively. ANOVA and multiple regression analyses reflected that the accumulation of fluoride in bivalve species was influenced by the dimensions and weight of the bivalve species. The average calculated estimation of the daily intake of fluoride for toddlers and adults ingesting the bivalve species exceeded the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of skeletal effects' value (LOAEL; 0.25 mg fluoride/kg/day). The evaluated hazard quotient values also pointed to the human health hazards that may be caused by bivalve consumption.     

Trace Metal Levels in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cultured in Net Cages in a Reservoir and Evaluation of Human Health Risks from Consumption

Although fish consumption has positive health effects, metals accumulated in fish can cause human health risks. In this study, the levels of ten metals in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in the Keban Dam Reservoir, which has the biggest rainbow trout production capacity in Turkey, were determined and compared with the maximum permissible levels (MPLs). Also, human health risks associated with rainbow trout consumption were assessed. The metal concentrations in rainbow trout were found below the MPLs. The estimated daily intake of each metal was much lower than the respective tolerable daily intake. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for individual metal and total THQ for combined metals did not exceed 1, indicating no health risk for consumers. The cancer risk (CR) value for inorganic arsenic was within the acceptable lifetime risk range of 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁴. For carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, the maximum allowable fish consumption rates were high enough to ensure the human health. According to these results, the consumption of rainbow trout farmed in the Keban Dam Reservoir does not pose a risk on human health.

     

Acute toxicity of tributyltin to encapsulated embryos of a marine gastropod

The marine gastropod Buccinanops globulosus is known to have high imposex incidence in areas moderately polluted by tributyltin (TBT). Acute toxicity was previously studied in adults but no information is known about embryonic intracapsular development. To estimate the potential effects of organotin pollution on the progeny of B. globulosus, acute toxicity tests were conducted on encapsulated and excapsulated pre-hatching embryos. The lethal median concentration estimated for 96?h (LC₅₀ 96?h) in B. globulosus excapsulated embryos was 196.70?µg?TBTCl?L^?1, while in encapsulated embryos it was 2951.28?µg?TBTCl?L^?1. The LC₅₀ 96?h was 15-fold higher for encapsulated embryos compared to excapsulated embryos, denoting egg capsule protection against pollutants from the external environment. Our results show that TBT pollution can have significant effects in molluscs other than the chronic effect of imposex.