柠檬酸钠对L-组氨酸发酵代谢流分布的影响

目的：建立谷氨酸棒杆菌TL1105生物合成L-组氨酸的代谢网络模型,并进行代谢网络计量分析。方法：通过所构建的L-组氨酸代谢网络模型,利用MATLAB软件计算出添加柠檬酸钠和不添加柠檬酸钠发酵中后期代谢网络的代谢流分布。结果：在L-组氨酸分批发酵过程中,在发酵初期未添加柠檬酸钠的条件下流向戊糖磷酸途径（HMP）的代谢流为9.59,合成组氨酸的代谢流为8.91;在发酵初期添加2g/L柠檬酸钠的条件下流向HMP的代谢流为12.74,合成组氨酸的代谢流为9.61。结论：在发酵初期添加柠檬酸钠能够改变L-组氨酸生物合成途径的关键节点6-磷酸葡萄糖、丙酮酸及乙酰辅酶A的代谢流分布,保持糖酵解途径、三羧酸循环与HMP之间代谢流量平衡,有利于提高L-组氨酸生物合成途径的代谢流量,最终使流向组氨酸的代谢流增加了7.86%。     

黄色短杆菌TK0303的L-亮氨酸生物合成途径分析

应用途径分析方法分析了在拟稳态时黄色短杆菌(Brevibacterium flavum)TK0303由葡萄糖发酵生产L-亮氨酸的代谢途径,确定了L-亮氨酸合成的最佳途径和最大理论产率。通过比较途径分析所获得的反应模型,确定了丙酮酸和乙酰辅酶A是L-亮氨酸合成途径的关键节点。在此基础上改变外界环境因子,强化L-亮氨酸生物合成途径中丙酮酸和乙酰辅酶A两个关键节点的代谢流,以期进一步提高L-亮氨酸产率。结果表明,经过谷氨酸以及醋酸铵的调节,代谢途径流量发生显著变化,L-亮氨酸产量有明显提高。     

L-组氨酸产生菌的选育及发酵条件的优化

以谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）CLW0506（TRA^RDCP^R AMT^R histidine^- shikimic acid^-）为出发菌株,利用亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变选育得到缺失腺嘌呤脱氨酶、肌苷酸合成酶、肌苷酸脱氢酶活性的突变株CLW0125,使磷酸核糖焦磷酸（PRPP）到组氨酸的转化率大幅度提高。该菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源、硫酸铵为氮源的培养基中直接发酵72h,积累L-组氨酸可达9．2g/L。与亲株相比,L-组氨酸的产量提高了73．3％。研究了各单因素对发酵的影响。最后用响应面分析法得出最佳培养基配方。     

乙酸合成途径阻断及NADH氧化酶表达对于谷氨酸棒杆菌生产乙偶姻的影响

【目的】研究乙酸合成途径阻断及NADH氧化酶表达对于谷氨酸棒杆菌生产乙偶姻的影响。【方法】在谷氨酸棒杆菌CGF2中异源表达als SD操纵子构建乙偶姻生产菌株CGT1,考察敲除乙酸生成途径cat和pqo对乙偶姻的影响。然后引入短乳杆菌的NADH氧化酶,在优化的溶氧条件下研究其对乙偶姻产量的影响。【结果】CGT1在摇瓶发酵中可积累6.27 g/L乙偶姻,敲除cat使乙偶姻产量显著提高30.94%,达到8.21 g/L;双敲除cat和pqo没有进一步提高产量。通过优化发酵的溶氧水平,乙偶姻产量达到10.06 g/L。在高溶氧水平下引入NADH氧化酶导致菌株的生长和糖代谢速率提高,但乙偶姻产量略有降低。在分批补料发酵中,重组菌株乙偶姻产量达到40.51 g/L,产率为0.51 g/(L?h)。【结论】在谷氨酸棒杆菌中阻断乙酸合成途径cat能够有效提高乙偶姻产量,NADH氧化酶在高溶氧水平下表达不利于乙偶姻的合成,需要进一步调节表达水平以确定其效果。     

L-组氨酸高产菌株的选育及其发酵条件优化

目的:以谷氨酸棒杆菌TQ2223(Phe-/Tyr-/5-MTr/SGr/5-FTr/CINr)为出发菌株,定向选育具有5-甲基色氨酸抗性(5-MTr)、磺胺胍抗性(SGr)、5-氟色氨酸抗性(5-FTr)、8-氮鸟嘌呤抗性(8-AGr)、6-巯基嘌呤抗性(6-MPr)、2-噻唑丙氨酸抗性(2-TAr)等遗传标记的突变株;同时对突变株发酵培养基及条件进行研究,获得最优条件。方法:经硫酸二乙酯诱变处理,测定了诱变时间与致死率的关系,并对发酵培养基中不同氮源、生物素添加量进行了单因素实验,对接种量、发酵培养温度等发酵条件也进行了实验确定。结果:经诱变处理后,定向选育出的菌株TL1105(5-MTr/SGr/5-FTr/8-AGr/6-MPr/2-TAr)在未经优化的摇瓶发酵条件下,L-组氨酸的产量为12.02g/L;而优化培养条件后,L-组氨酸的产量达23～24g/L。结论:确定最佳诱变时间30min,此时致死率为80%。硫酸铵为发酵培养基中最适碳源,生物素添加量为50μg/L,采用5%接种量为宜,组氨酸发酵的最适温度为30℃。     

重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-苯丙氨酸培养基的优化

【目的】提高重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-苯丙氨酸(L-phenylalanine,L-Phe)的产量。【方法】使用正交试验设计以及响应面优化法分别对种子培养基及发酵培养基进行优化,确定了重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-Phe的最佳种子培养基及最佳发酵培养基。【结果】重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-Phe最佳种子培养基(g/L):葡萄糖25.0,玉米浆25.0,硫酸铵15.0,硫酸镁1.0,磷酸二氢钾2.0,尿素2.0,p H 6.8-7.0;最佳发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖110.0,玉米浆7.0,硫酸铵25.0,硫酸镁1.0,磷酸二氢钾1.0,柠檬酸钠2.0,谷氨酸1.0,碳酸钙25.0,p H 6.8-7.0;在最佳培养基条件下L-Phe产量最高达到9.14 g/L,较优化前的7.46 g/L提高了22.5%。【结论】通过正交试验和响应面分析对重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-Phe培养基进行优化,明显提高了L-Phe的产量,并确定了葡萄糖、玉米浆和硫酸铵为发酵培养基中影响L-Phe产量的3个关键因子。研究结果为L-Phe的发酵放大提供了依据。     

产生L-异亮氨酸的黄色短杆菌的代谢途径分析

目的:代谢工程要解决的主要问题是改变某些途径中的碳架物质流量或改变碳架物质流在不同途径中的流量分布,其目标就是修饰初级代谢,将碳架物质流导入目的产物的载流途径,以获得产物的最大转化率。方法:利用途径分析方法对黄色短杆菌生产L-异亮氨酸的途径进行了分析。结果:建立了9种基础模型,确定L-异亮氨酸理论最高摩尔产率是1;确定了黄色短杆菌生产L-异亮氨酸的最佳途径的通量分布,并以此为依据进行发酵溶氧控制优化,溶氧分阶段控制发酵生产L-异亮氨酸比溶氧恒定控制方式发酵的产率提高了8.2%。结论:根据途径分析结果,通过改变发酵过程有关参数,可使目的产物产率得到提高。     

不同碳源生物转化合成L-亮氨酸的代谢计量分析

目的:建立黄色短杆菌利用不同碳源生物合成L-亮氨酸的代谢网络模型,并进行代谢网络计量分析.方法:通过对所构建的L-亮氨酸代谢网络模型进行途径分析,确定以果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖或木糖为碳源时L-亮氨酸生物合成的基元模型、最大理论产率和不同模型的呼吸熵.结果:通过途径分析得到了L-亮氨酸生物合成的基元模型.以果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和木糖为碳源时L-亮氨酸的最大理论产率均为66.7%,其对应的最大呼吸熵分别为18、16、19、18.结论:L-亮氨酸理论得率与碳源种类无关;呼吸熵增加,能够有效提高L-亮氨酸合成代谢流,限制菌体量的过量生成.与其他碳源相比,蔗糖能够避免碳架溢流出现,合成L-亮氨酸能量代谢需求低;而葡萄糖能够较好地满足菌体生长和产酸的需求.     

葡萄糖酸钙对L-组氨酸发酵的影响及条件优化

目的：提高L-组氨酸的产量并且得出最佳发酵条件。方法：在L-组氨酸的摇瓶发酵实验中,加入20g/L的葡萄糖酸钙,对发酵条件进行优化。结果：L-组氨酸的产量大幅度提高,产酸量由3.00g/L提高到7.50g/L。条件优化后L-组氨酸的产量提高到9.30g/L。结论：发酵培养基中20g/L的葡萄糖酸钙的加入能够诱导葡萄糖酸激酶生成,大幅度提高其比活,增大磷酸戊糖（HMP）途径的通量。有利于L-组氨酸的合成、菌体的生长。     

L-色氨酸生物合成的代谢流量分析

建立了谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-色氨酸(L-Try)的代谢流量平衡模型,应用该模型计算出发酵中后期的代谢流分布并通过MATLAB软件线性规划得到Try理想代谢流分布。结果表明75．15％的碳架进入糖酵解,24．85％的碳架进入HMP途径;但与理想代谢流相比,应从遗传改造和发酵控制方面降低TCA循环的代谢流,减少副产氨基酸的生成,摸索最适的溶氧控制对提高Try产率至关重要。     

Changes of pentose phosphate pathway flux in vivo in Corynebacterium glutamicum during leucine-limited batch cultivation as determined from intracellular metabolite concentration measurements

Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important organism for the industrial production of amino acids such as lysine. In the present study time-dependent changes in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity, an important site of NADPH regeneration in C. glutamicum, are investigated, whereby intracellular metabolite concentrations and specific enzyme activities in two isogenic leucine auxotrophic strains differing only in the regulation of their aspartate kinases were compared. After leucine limitation only the strain with a feedback-resistant aspartate kinase began to excrete lysine into the culture medium. Concomitantly, the intracellular NADPH to NADP concentration ratio increased from 2 to 4 in the non-producing strain, whereas it remained constant at about 1.2 in the lysine-producing strain. From these data the in'vivo flux through the pentose phosphate pathway was calculated. These results were used to approximate the total NADPH regeneration by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, which agreed fairly well with the calculated demands for biomass formation and lysine biosynthesis. The analysis allowed to conclude that NADPH regeneration in the pentose phosphate pathway is essential for lysine biosynthesis in C. glutamicum.     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌厌氧产丁二酸的发酵条件

考察谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC13032Δldh厌氧产丁二酸的发酵条件。结果发现:补加NaHCO3的效果最好,并且考察了NaHCO3浓度对葡萄糖转化速率及丁二酸生成速率的影响。运用代谢流分析方法分析了乳酸脱氢酶基因敲除对谷氨酸棒状杆菌厌氧代谢的影响,发现乳酸脱氢酶基因敲除导致磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸生成丁二酸的流量提高了214.3%,流向乳酸的流量变为0;分批厌氧转化36 h生成41.2 g/L丁二酸,产率45.0%。     

Rational design of a Corynebacterium glutamicum pantothenate production strain and its characterization by metabolic flux analysis and genome-wide transcriptional profiling

A "second-generation" production strain was derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum pantothenate producer by rational design to assess its potential to synthesize and accumulate the vitamin pantothenate by batch cultivation. The new pantothenate production strain carries a deletion of the ilvA gene to abolish isoleucine synthesis, the promoter down-mutation P-ilvEM3 to attenuate ilvE gene expression and thereby increase ketoisovalerate availability, and two compatible plasmids to overexpress the ilvBNCD genes and duplicated copies of the panBC operon. Production assays in shake flasks revealed that the P-ilvEM3 mutation and the duplication of the panBC operon had cumulative effects on pantothenate production. During pH-regulated batch cultivation, accumulation of 8 mM pantothenate was achieved, which is the highest value reported for C. glutamicum. Metabolic flux analysis during the fermentation demonstrated that the P-ilvEM3 mutation successfully reoriented the carbon flux towards pantothenate biosynthesis. Despite this repartition of the carbon flux, ketoisovalerate not converted to pantothenate was excreted by the cell and dissipated as by-products (ketoisocaproate, DL-2,3,-dihydroxy-isovalerate, ketopantoate, pantoate), which are indicative of saturation of the pantothenate biosynthetic pathway. Genome-wide expression analysis of the production strain during batch cultivation was performed by whole-genome DNA microarray hybridization and agglomerative hierarchical clustering, which detected the enhanced expression of genes involved in leucine biosynthesis, in serine and glycine formation, in regeneration of methylenetetrahydrofolate, in de novo synthesis of nicotinic acid mononucleotide, and in a complete pathway of acyl coenzyme A conversion. Our strategy not only successfully improved pantothenate production by genetically modified C. glutamicum strains but also revealed new constraints in attaining high productivity.     

Identification and characterization of the last two unknown genes,dapC and dapF,in the succinylase branch of the L-lysine biosynthesis of Corynebacterium glutamicum

The inspection of the complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 led to the identification of dapC and dapF, the last two unknown genes of the succinylase branch of the L-lysine biosynthesis. The deduced DapF protein of C. glutamicum is characterized by a two-domain structure and a conserved diaminopimelate (DAP) epimerase signature. Overexpression of dapF resulted in an 8-fold increase of the specific epimerase activity. A defined deletion in the dapF gene led to a reduced growth of C. glutamicum in a medium with excess carbon but limited ammonium availability. The predicted DapC protein of C. glutamicum shared 29% identical amino acids with DapC from Bordetella pertussis, the only enzymatically characterized N-succinyl-aminoketopimelate aminotransferase. Overexpression of the dapC gene in C. glutamicum resulted in a 9-fold increase of the specific aminotransferase activity. A C. glutamicum mutant with deleted dapC showed normal growth characteristics with excess carbon and limited ammonium. Even a mutation of the two genes dapC and ddh, interrupting both branches of the split pathway, could be established in C. glutamicum. Overexpression of the dapF or the dapC gene in an industrial C. glutamicum strain resulted in an increased L-lysine production, indicating that both genes might be relevant targets for the development of improved production strains.     

一些氨基酸对产甘油假丝酵母甘油生产的促进作用

以EMP途径与TCA循环中间代谢物的添加为对照,研究在尿素为氮源的产甘油假丝酵母发酵过程中添加氨基酸对甘油产量的影响。结果表明:对甘油产量有强促进作用的氨基酸有谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、甘氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸,其最适添加浓度在0.26～0.45g/L之间,丙酮酸、α_酮戊二酸、草酰乙酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸的最适添加浓度在0.24～0.42g/L之间;赖氨酸最适于在0h添加,丙酮酸和草酰乙酸在第14h,谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、组氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、甘氨酸、α_酮戊二酸和琥珀酸在第30h,天冬酰胺、丝氨酸和柠檬酸在第48h;在最适条件下添加这些促进剂,甘油产量均呈显著增加趋势,转化率和增加率分别达到60%和16%以上。氨基酸的作用机理为其脱氨形成的碳骨架经特定的分解代谢途径进入TCA循环,使其强化,导致碳代谢流在3_磷酸甘油醛节点处发生转移,使甘油合成途径的代谢流增加。     

Pathway analysis and metabolic engineering in Corynebacterium glutamicum

The gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the industrial production of amino acids, e.g. of L-glutamate and L-lysine. During the last 15 years, genetic engineering and amplification of genes have become fascinating methods for studying metabolic pathways in greater detail and for the construction of strains with the desired genotypes. In order to obtain a better understanding of the central metabolism and to quantify the in vivo fluxes in C. glutamicum, the [13C]-labelling technique was combined with metabolite balancing to achieve a unifying comprehensive pathway analysis. These methods can determine the flux distribution at the branch point between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. The in vivo fluxes in the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway calculated on the basis of intracellular metabolite concentrations and the kinetic constants of the purified glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases determined in vitro were in full accordance with the fluxes measured by the [13C]-labelling technique. These data indicate that the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in C. glutamicum is mainly regulated by the ratio of NADPH/NADP concentrations and the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The carbon flux via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway correlated with the NADPH demand for L-lysine synthesis. Although it has generally been accepted that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase fulfills a main anaplerotic function in C. glutamicum, we recently detected that a biotin-dependent pyruvate carboxylase exists as a further anaplerotic enzyme in this bacterium. In addition to the activities of these two carboxylases three enzymes catalysing the decarboxylation of the C4 metabolites oxaloacetate or malate are also present in this bacterium. The individual flux rates at this complex anaplerotic node were investigated by using [13C]-labelled substrates. The results indicate that both carboxylation and decarboxylation occur simultaneously in C. glutamicum so that a high cyclic flux of oxaloacetate via phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate was found. Furthermore, we detected that in C. glutamicum two biosynthetic pathways exist for the synthesis of DL-diaminopimelate and L-lysine. As shown by NMR spectroscopy the relative use of both pathways in vivo is dependent on the ammonium concentration in the culture medium. Mutants defective in one pathway are still able to synthesise enough L-lysine for growth, but the L-lysine yields with overproducers were reduced. The luxury of having these two pathways gives C. glutamicum an increased flexibility in response to changing environmental conditions and is also related to the essential need for DL-diaminopimelate as a building block for the synthesis of the murein sacculus.     

Disruption of genes for the enhanced biosynthesis of α-ketoglutarate in Corynebacterium glutamicum

The development of microbial strains for the enhanced production of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) was investigated using a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that overproduces of l-glutamate, by disrupting three genes involved in the α-KG biosynthetic pathway. The pathways competing with the biosynthesis of α-KG were blocked by knocking out aceA (encoding isocitrate lyase, ICL), gdh (encoding glutamate dehydrogenase, l-gluDH), and gltB (encoding glutamate synthase or glutamate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, GOGAT). The strain with aceA, gltB, and gdh disrupted showed reduced ICL activity and no GOGAT and l-gluDH activities, resulting in up to 16-fold more α-KG production than the control strain in flask culture. These results suggest that l-gluDH is the key enzyme in the conversion of α-KG to l-glutamate; therefore, prevention of this step could promote α-KG accumulation. The inactivation of ICL leads the carbon flow to α-KG by blocking the glyoxylate pathway. However, the disruption of gltB did not affect the biosynthesis of α-KG. Our results can be applied in the industrial production of α-KG by using C. glutamicum as producer.