7份不同产地野生甜茶FTIR指纹图谱及其甜茶苷含量比较分析

本研究运用傅里叶变换红外光谱法,采集7份不同产地甜茶叶片的FTIR图谱,结合相关性系数和二阶导数方法对其红外光谱特征进行指认,并比较各供试甜茶的红外指纹图谱及甜茶苷含量间差异。研究结果表明,依据不同产地甜茶红外指纹图谱特征,可以将其归结为3大类Ⅰ类包括:金秀、荔浦、平南、象州及永福等地的甜茶,相关系数在0.992～0.999间;Ⅱ类包括第Ⅰ类型以外的广西其它采集地区的甜茶,相关性系数主要集中在0.984～0.990之间;Ⅲ类包括广东分布区,该区甜茶与广西分布区甜茶的相关系数均在0.986以下。供试甜茶与甜茶苷标准品的光谱特征比较结果表明,不同产地甜茶甜茶苷含量有较大差异。其中,广西金秀和广西平南产的甜茶叶片中甜茶苷含量最高,广西岑溪产的甜茶叶片中甜茶苷含量最低。所以,运用FTIR技术可以对不同产地甜茶进行分析并快速鉴别出不同产地甜茶中甜茶苷含量差异。本研究结果对广西地区甜茶的引种驯化和合理开发利用有一定指导意义。     

甜茶的毒性研究

<正> 甜茶Rubus suavissimus S.Lee的急性毒性试验证明:动物一次经口(大白鼠小白鼠),的LD_(50)=2413毫克±200毫克/公斤体重,与有关文献规定的“食品急性毒性分级标准”对照,符合低毒物质。 亚急性毒性技术证明:每天给予大白鼠服用大剂量(1/10LD_(50))甜茶素连续60天,狗每日服用甜茶水提物(人用高限量的25倍),连续三周,结果未见明显毒副作用,一般表现良好,食欲大小便均正常,无松毛、萎糜现象,体重曲线上升,与对照组比P>0.2～0.5,无明显差异,不影响动物正常生长。     

甜茶营养器官的解剖观察

<正> 甜茶Rubus suavissimus S.Lee,是广西民间长期以来应用的甜茶品种之一。干燥的甜茶叶可入药,有清热止咳之效。甜茶的化学成份除了黄酮类和维生素C等成份之外,主要是含有比甘蔗糖甜300倍的甜叶菊甙,有降血糖,降血压,促进新陈代谢,治疗胃酸过多等功用,适宜于糖尿病人,肥胖症等患者代糖使用。 甜茶是一种很好的经济作物,我们对它的形态作了研究。本研究着重对甜茶的营养器官进行解剖观察。     

甜茶蛋白质成分的研究

对甜茶的蛋白质和氨基酸进行了试验,从甜茶水解产物中检出了18种氨基酸,其中8种为必需氨基酸。     

外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应

以苹果属植物平邑甜茶水培幼苗为试验材料,采用20%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫,进行了外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应研究。结果表明:100~500μmol·L-1外源硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理,能在一定程度上提高渗透胁迫下平邑甜茶叶片内SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性和ASA含量,不同程度减轻20%PEG-6000胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗活性氧的累积和氧化损伤,其中以300μmol·L-1 SNP处理缓解效应最佳,而相对高浓度的700μmol·L-1 SNP处理则不能起到缓解作用,反而有一定的毒害作用。     

甜茶的生物学研究初报

<正> 甜茶Rubus suavissimus S.Lee为蔷薇科多年生灌木,主产于我区,由于其叶片味甜,故名甜茶。在我区民间有悠久的应用历史,长期以来一直当茶饮用,亦用来代糖加工食品,还可入药,有清热、润肺、祛痰和止咳的功效,也有用来(包括甜茶根)止血、消肿,是埋口生肌的良药。我所植化室对甜茶进行了化学成分研究,确定了其所含甜味物质的化学结构与甜叶菊甙(Stevioside)相一致。目前世界先进工业国家在大力寻找无毒、高甜度、低热性的天然甜料,并对已经发现的某些种类加以积极发展。这种高甜度的天然甜料越来越     

广西甜茶苷柱纯化工艺研究

以含70%的广西甜茶粗提取物为原料,通过柱纯化与重结晶对甜茶苷进行提纯,从而制备高纯度的甜茶苷单体。以聚酰胺和LSA-10大孔吸附树脂树脂为吸附剂乙醇为洗脱剂进行柱纯化。实验表明,比较聚酰胺与大孔吸附树脂的吸附与脱附能力,皆为后者强;比较不同吸附材料处理所得甜茶苷单体的纯度,则是聚酰胺所吸附的样纯度高,特别是25%乙醇的处理样。     

两种苹果砧木根系水力结构及其PV曲线水分参数对干旱胁迫的响应

研究干旱胁迫对平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)和楸子(Malus prunifolia)根系水力结构及其PV曲线水分参数的影响.设定正常与干旱2种水分处理,对2种苹果砧木进行氯化汞-巯基乙醇处理和压力室-容积(PV)曲线测定试验,并利用高压流速仪(HPFM),测定平邑甜茶和楸子根系水力结构.结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加重,平邑甜茶和楸子的根系导水率、根系叶比导水率、根系茎比导水率出现减少趋势.在适宜水分和重度干旱条件下,平邑甜茶根系叶比导水率分别为楸子根系叶比导水率的95％和92％,平邑甜茶根系茎比导水率分别为楸子根系茎比导水率的52％和62％,楸子与平邑甜茶相比在根系茎比导水率和根系叶比导水率上出现增加趋势.干旱胁迫可能会导致水通道蛋白的活性受到抑制,致使其根系导水率出现降低,继而导致了地上部分气体交换受到影响.严重干旱时,楸子与平邑甜茶相比可能具有更大的水孔蛋白表达量来抵御干旱胁迫.在2种水分条件下,楸子的初始质壁分离时的渗透势(ψstlp)、饱和含水时的渗透势(Ψssal)、初始质壁分离时的相对水含量(RWCtlp)、初始质壁分离时的相对渗透水含量(ROWCtlp)、组织细胞总体弹性模量(ε')值与平邑甜茶相比较均处于较低水平,束缚水含量(Va)值处在较高水平.对PV曲线水分参数进行隶属函数综合评价得出的△值为楸子大于平邑甜茶,平邑甜茶和楸子之间b值差异不明显.在适宜水分和重度干旱条件下楸子所体现出的输水策略优于平邑甜茶.PV曲线水分参数同苹果砧木根系的水力结构一样能够随着植物所处的环境做出相应的调整.对于PV曲线水分参数研究发现,楸子在膨压保持方面与平邑甜茶相比,其抗旱性优于平邑甜茶.     

黄腐酸和甜菜碱预处理对干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶生理特性及光合的影响

该研究以平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis(Pamp.)Rehd.]2年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽试验于干旱处理前3d分别连续喷施黄腐酸(FA)、甜菜碱(GB)和复配(FA+GB),并以清水为对照(CK)进行预处理,比较分析不同预处理对干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶的生理及光合特性变化,探讨FA和GB对平邑甜茶的抗旱生理机制。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,FA、GB和FA+GB预处理均能够显著提高平邑甜茶叶片相对含水量,且FA的保水性效果最佳。(2)3种预处理均可显著促进干旱胁迫下叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加,且FA+GB预处理后在干旱胁迫下叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸累积量显著高于单施FA或GB。(3)3种预处理均可显著提高干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性,并显著降低MDA的积累速度及其累积量,且以FA+GB预处理的MDA含量最低、抗氧化酶活性最高。(4)GB和FA+GB预处理下平邑甜茶的净光合速率、瞬时水分利用率显著高于CK和FA,且FA+GB处理下改善光合特性的效果最佳,GB次之。研究表明,单独喷施黄腐酸和甜菜碱及两者配施预处理均能够增加干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶的渗透调节物质和相对含水量,提高叶片的保水性,调节抗氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,增加细胞膜稳定性,改善光合性能,进而提高平邑甜茶的抗旱能力,且以复配喷施(FA+GB)预处理的效果最好。     

实验动物许可证管理现状分析

随着生命科学研究的发展,我国实验动物科学进入快速发展时期,加强实验动物行业的规范化管理彰显重要。实验动物许可证管理是实验动物工作规范化、科学化管理的重要组成部分,同时也是推进实验动物学科发展的重要途径。随着国家实验动物立法和各省市对实验动物的配套立法等工作,促进了实验动物行业的有序发展,加强实验动物许可证的有效管理,对于促进我国实验动物的产业化和规范国家实验动物管理发挥了重要的推动与保障作用。本文对我国实验动物许可证管理现状进行分析,以对实验动物管理工作提供参考。     

哨兵动物概述

哨兵动物在我国还未作为一个＂工具＂用于实验动物微生物检测工作,但随着实验动物种类和特殊动物的日益增加,现有方法已经不能满足检测需要。探讨哨兵动物的应用,采用国外先进方法,对提高我国实验动物质量显得非常重要。本文对哨兵动物的概念、使用方法和设置做一概述。     

Animal transgenesis: recent data and perspectives

Gene transfer to generate transgenic animals is used more and more to study gene regulation and function. It is also an essential tool to prepare pharmaceuticals or pig organs for transplantation to humans. It is also expected to be a potent way to generate farm animals having traits that cannot emerge by conventional selection. During the last few years, the different techniques to generate transgenic animals and obtain a well-controlled expression of the transgenes have been quite significantly improved. This paper is a brief summary of the most recent relevant data in this field.     

Correlation between variability and body size in vertebrates

An analysis of allozymic variation carried out in the main groups of vertebrate animals revealed a tendency towards the increased level of genetic polymorphism in the species of small animals compared to the large ones. This tendency was clearly followed in caudate amphibians, fishes, and mammals. The data are discussed in terms of the integration of monogenic and polygenic systems in the populations. It is hypothesized that this relationship between heterozygosity and body size confirms more general regularity consisting in highly statistically significant correlation between polygenic heterozygosity, maturation rate and life span. It is suggested that high rate of development in small animals resulting in early sexual maturation, can serve as a mechanism determining correlation between heterozygosity and body size at the species level. As a result, compared to large animals, small animals display higher rates of generation change, resulting in accelerated growth of population size and faster accumulation of genetic variability.     

Correlation between Genetic Variability and Body Size in Vertebrates

An analysis of allozymic variation carried out in the main groups of vertebrate animals revealed a tendency towards the increased level of genetic polymorphism in the species of small animals compared to the large ones. This tendency was clearly followed in caudate amphibians, fishes, and mammals. The data are discussed in terms of the integration of monogenic and polygenic systems in the populations. It is hypothesized that this relationship between heterozygosity and body size confirms more general regularity consisting in highly statistically significant correlation between polygenic heterozygosity, maturation rate and life span. It is suggested that high rate of development in small animals resulting in early sexual maturation, can serve as a mechanism determining correlation between heterozygosity and body size at the species level. As a result, compared to large animals, small animals display higher rates of generation change, resulting in accelerated growth of population size and faster accumulation of genetic variability.     

What Is the Future for Zoos and Aquariums?

ABSTRACT

Animal welfare concerns have plagued the professional zoo and aquarium field for decades. Societal differences remain concerning the well-being of animals, but it appears a shift is emerging. Scientific studies of animal welfare have dramatically increased, establishing that many previous concerns were not misguided public empathy or anthropomorphism. As a result, both zoo and aquarium animal welfare policy and science are now at the center of attention within the world’s professional zoos and aquariums. It is now possible to view a future that embraces the well-being of individual captive exotic animals, as well as that of their species, and one in which professional zoos and aquariums are dedicated equally to advancing both. Though the ethics of keeping exotic animals and animals from the wild in captivity are still a contentious subject both outside and even within the profession, this study argues. We argue that this path forward will substantially improve most zoo and aquarium animals' welfare and could significantly reduce societal concerns. If animal welfare science and policy are strongly rooted in compassion and embedded in robust accreditation systems, the basic zoo/aquarium paradigm will move toward a more thoughtful approach to the interface between visitors and animals. It starts with a fundamental commitment to the welfare of individual animals.     

Gluconeogenesis in vertebrate livers.

1. The hypothesis is advanced that it would be logical for a tissue (liver) to evolve as a gluconeogenic organ in order to recover the lactate produced as a result of rapid and sustained contraction of skeletal muscle. 2. Lactate was present in skeletal muscle of all animals examined and increased following electrical stimulation. It was also present in the blood. 3. Gluconeogenesis from lactate occurred in liver slices of all animals excepting amphibia. However, livers of these animals also contained much glycogen and are probably gluconeogenic. 4. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was present in all animals investigated; pyruvate carboxylase was present in all animals excepting the toad.     

Changes in the reactivity of microvessels of the pia mater system of rats during ontogenesis

Changes in microvascular reactivity in pia mater system have been studied under conditions of bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries in rats of different age groups. The studies were performed on the 7th, 30th, 45th and 90th day of the postnatal development. The occlusion of common carotid arteries lasted 6 min in week-old animals and 9 min in rats of other age groups. The phase character of microvascular reactivity has been determined. It has been found that dilation of arterioles depends on the age of the animal. So dilation of precortical arterioles averaged 20-25% of the initial level in 7-day-old animals and increased to 60-75% in 30- and 45-day-old animals. It has been determined that the smaller is the diameter of the vessels the more expressed is their reactivity. It has been shown that a steady reaction of compensatory adaptation in microvessels in characteristic only of adult animals.     

Immunity to Babesia bigemina in Experimentally Infected Cattle

Two groups of 5 and 6 Babesia bigemina“vaccine donor” animals of which 8 had been splenectomized were challenged 6 and 12 months respectively after they had lost their carrier state. All animals of the former, and 3 of the latter group survived; the remaining 3 animals succumbed to the challenge and died. It was concluded that premunity to B. bigemina is followed by sterile immunity which lasts for at least 6 months. Thereafter it fades gradually with time, depending on the immune response of the host, but can last for at least 12 months. Six splenectomized animals, which had lost their infectivity after treatment of their initial B. bigemina parasitemia at the rapidly rising phase with 1 mg/kg Berenil, died on challenge. It was concluded that a minimum period of contact between host and parasite is required for the acquisition of immunity to B. bigemina. Capillary tube agglutination titers were generally higher in the protected than in the unprotected animals. They remained fairly high for a long period after animals had lost their carrier state, which indicated the sensitivity of the CA test but rendered it unreliable for the detection of carrier animals.     

Understanding Nazi Animal Protection and the Holocaust

Abstract

It is well known that the Nazis treated human beings with extreme cruelty but it less widely recognized that the Nazis also took some pains to develop and pass extensive animal protection laws. How could the Nazis have professed such concern for animals while treating humans so badly? It would be easy to dismiss Nazi proclamations on animals as mere hypocrisy but there may be other explanations for the contradiction. For example, anecdotal reports and psychological evaluations of many prominent Nazis suggest they felt affection for animals but dislike of humans. Second, animal protection measures, whether sincere or not, may have been a legal veil to attack Jews and others considered undesirable. Third, the Nazis blurred moral distinctions between animals and people and tended to treat members of even the Master Race as animals at times. This article argues that at the core of the Nazi treatment of humans and animals was a reconstitution of society's boundaries and margins. All human cultures seek to protect what is perceived to be pure from that which is seen to be dangerous and polluting and most societies establish fairly clear boundaries between people and animals. In Nazi Germany, however, human identity was not contaminated by including certain animal traits but certain peoples were considered to be a very real danger to Aryan purity.     

Attitudes in China toward the use of animals in laboratory research

Public support is a strong impetus for the adoption of alternatives to laboratory animals. It is therefore important to find out what a society thinks about ethical animal use. In the case of China, a useful line of enquiry was to survey Chinese people's as their country is renowned for the deplorable conditions under which animals are kept. This report concerns an investigation into the attitudes of Chinese university students toward the use of animals in laboratory research. The survey revealed a moderate concern amongst students; for example, they agreed that the use of animals for testing cosmetics and household products is unnecessary and should be stopped, and disagreed that humans have the right to use animals as they see fit. This finding is very encouraging. Further research is needed, in order to understand Chinese views about the justification of using animals in research.