角倍蚜瘿内干雌蜜露的排泄和糖分组成

【目的】角倍是角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis在第一寄主植物盐肤木Rhus chinensis叶片上取食而形成的一种封闭型虫瘿,瘿内蚜虫排泄物(蜜露)的清洁对于维持角倍蚜种群的生存至关重要。本研究旨在探究角倍蚜瘿内世代的蜜露排泄及糖分组成情况。【方法】采用倒置荧光显微镜连续观察角倍蚜瘿内干雌的蜜露排泄情况;用含有不同浓度蔗糖或淀粉的培养基饲喂瘿内干雌,统计泌露率,分析蔗糖和淀粉对角倍蚜瘿内干雌蜜露排泄的影响;利用液相色谱检测和分析蜜露的糖分组成和含量。【结果】角倍蚜瘿内,很少能观察到无翅干雌排泄蜜露,35.40%±2.41%的有翅干雌可被观察到排泄蜜露。但在琼脂糖培养基上,无翅干雌和有翅干雌均可排泄蜜露,泌露率分别为23.89%±5.58%和173.96%±28.61%;在含有不同蔗糖浓度的琼脂糖培养基上,无翅干雌和有翅干雌泌露率均随蔗糖浓度的升高而降低。在含有不同淀粉浓度的琼脂糖培养基上,无翅干雌泌露率随淀粉浓度的升高而降低;当淀粉浓度由0增加至2%时,有翅干雌泌露率由173.96%±28.61%增加至236.81%±55.67%,随后泌露率随淀粉浓度的升高而...     

瘿外不同时期的气象因子对肚倍蚜致瘿数量的影响

肚倍蚜是一种致瘿蚜虫,其虫瘿为肚倍,是重要的工业原料。2013-2015年,在湖北竹山对肚倍蚜致瘿数量和瘿外不同时期的气象因子的相关性进行了观察分析。结果表明,肚倍蚜瘿外时期(除性蚜期外)的气象因子与肚倍蚜致瘿数量密切相关,而且不同时期的主要影响因子各不相同。迁飞前期,总降水量和平均气温低于2.3℃的天数与肚倍蚜致瘿数量呈极显著负相关。迁飞期,平均气温、平均相对湿度和总降水量是主要影响因子,其中平均气温是正相关,而平均相对湿度和总降水量是负相关。致瘿期,平均相对湿度、总降水量和降水天数与当年肚倍蚜致瘿数量呈极显著负相关。而在性蚜期,气象因子与当年肚倍蚜致瘿数量无显著相关性。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂胚胎发育及胚后发育

【目的】对桉属树木的重要害虫桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa胚胎发育及胚后发育生物学特征进行详细调查,以期深入了解该害虫的生物学特征及发生为害规律。【方法】对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌性生殖系统、卵、虫瘿进行解剖,观察其胚胎发育和胚后发育过程,测量其各发育阶段的虫瘿、虫室和幼体的体积及薄壁细胞层的厚度。【结果】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂完成胚胎发育约需138 h,由3个阶段组成：产卵后0-24 h为营养物质聚集期;36-84 h为胚胎期;96-138 h为孵化期。桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在虫瘿内完成发育,其发育过程与虫瘿发育过程保持一致。虫瘿结构由3个基本层组成,由外至内分别为表皮层、中间层和薄壁细胞层。桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫体积增长速率随发育时间呈现单峰型,在30 d时增长速率达到最大;虫瘿体积的增长速率呈抛物线状,并且虫瘿内薄壁细胞层厚度随发育时间也呈现抛物线状,其前期增长较快,后期下降变缓。【结论】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂发育至25 d时处于取食量较小的低龄阶段,而虫瘿内薄壁细胞层(食物)厚度已达到最大,为幼虫体积快速增大阶段作好准备。     

瘿绵蚜科虫瘿的多样性研究

是否形成虫瘿及虫瘿的位置、形态等是蚜虫生物学的重要特征.本文在已有标本采集记录和资料的基础上,从形成虫瘿的寄主植物、虫瘿的类型、虫瘿着生的部位和虫瘿的形态结构4方面对瘿绵蚜的虫瘿多样性进行了系统研究.结果表明该科蚜虫的虫瘿在类型上有虫瘿和伪虫瘿之别;在着生部位上,有叶片、侧脉、主脉、叶柄、复叶总轴、嫩枝等不同部位;就虫瘿而言,在形状上有尖椒状、鸡冠状、袋状、球状、黄瓜状、枫叶状和倍花状之分,在结构上有单室和多室两类.同时,基于系统分类及虫瘿多样性研究的结果,初步探讨了瘿绵蚜科虫瘿的演化,为进一步从分子水平深入研究虫瘿演化奠定基础.     

肚倍蚜抗氧化酶基因的克隆与表达

肚倍蚜Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi是一种转寄主寄生昆虫,其虫瘿单宁含量较高为70%。为了解肚倍蚜适应复杂瘿内环境生化机制,根据已发布的基因保守区域设计引物,从肚倍蚜中克隆β-actin、sod-1、sod-2、cat、prx和gst6个结构基因的保守序列,并利用半定量RT-PCR方法检测了瘿内外不同时期肚倍蚜中肠中抗氧化相关基因的表达量。研究表明:与瘿外时期相比,肚倍蚜sod-1、sod-2、cat、prx和gst5个基因在表达量上存在一定差异;sod-1、cat、prx和gst基因在部分瘿内时期表达量显著高于瘿外时期。本研究为肚倍蚜抗氧化相关基因的克隆和肚倍蚜瘿内环境适应机制研究奠定了良好的基础。     

中华蚊母树虫瘿类型及其致瘿昆虫生活史初探

初步观察了中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense(Fr.)Diels)不同类型虫瘿的发生过程及致瘿昆虫生活史。结果表明,中华蚊母树的虫瘿有3种类型,分别为叶/枝上大型虫瘿、叶上泡状虫瘿和叶柄/果上球型虫瘿。三者均为单室封闭型,次生开口。经鉴定致瘿昆虫均为半翅目蚜科昆虫,其中叶上泡状虫瘿致瘿昆虫为蚊母新胸蚜Neothoracaphis yanonis Matsumura。该虫3月初在虫瘿内营孤雌生殖,繁殖2代,5月底前飞离出瘿。     

栎空腔瘿蜂种群时空动态及其影响因子

【目的】掌握栎空腔瘿蜂Trichagalma acutissimae(Monzen)自然种群的时空数量变动规律及不同生态因子对其种群发生数量的影响,为该虫预测预报和综合治理提供依据。【方法】2012-2016年,采用系统调查方法,调查栎空腔瘿蜂的在不同年份种群数量变化以及坡位、坡向、海拔等生态因子对有性世代和无性世代虫瘿发生数量的影响。【结果】(1)坡位、坡向对其有性世代和无性世代虫瘿发生数量影响不显著;(2)随着海拔高度升高,有性世代及无性世代虫瘿数量逐渐下降;(3)幼龄林距离成龄林越远,无性世代虫瘿密度越小;(4)不同年份间无性世代虫瘿数量差异显著;(5)回归分析表明,2012年有性世代虫瘿数量与无性世代虫瘿数量关系为:y=15.80x+46.85,r=0.939,2013年有性世代虫瘿数量与无性世代虫瘿数量关系为:y=2.128x-2.186,r=0.930。【结论】栋空腔瘿蜂在南太行山区有其适宜的分布范围,分布适生区是在海拔500~800m的栓皮栎纯林内;自然状态下,种群向外扩张距离每年不超过1000m;不同年份种群数量存在显著差异,4月中旬的极端低温是影响其种群数量消退的重要生态因子。     

扁蚜亚科昆虫虫瘿多样性研究(半翅目,蚜科)

虫瘿是蚜虫诱导植物异速生长的结果,虫瘿作为蚜虫重要的延伸特征,对蚜虫系统分类、系统发育关系、以及起源演化等研究具有非常重要的作用.而且虫瘿的形态结构、着生部位等在蚜虫的物种间存在非常丰富的多样性,是蚜虫重要的生物学特征,也是物种鉴定的重要依据之一.本文在已有标本采集记录和资料的基础上,从结瘿的植物、虫瘿着生部位、形态结构及类型等4个方面对扁蚜亚科虫瘿的多样性进行了系统研究.结果表明该亚科蚜虫大多都在原生寄主上形成虫瘿,个别属及种可在次生寄主上成瘿;虫瘿在类型上有虫瘿和伪虫瘿之别;在着生部位上,有叶片、叶脉、叶柄、小枝、粗枝等;虫瘿的形状也十分多样,有管状、袋状、球状、半球形、刺球状、纺锤形、圆锥形、分支状、香蕉束状等;在结构上既有单室、多室之分,也有开放型、封闭型之别.对于虫瘿多样性的研究,可为虫瘿演化规律的探讨提供重要信息,也是基于虫瘿进行物种鉴定的重要基础.     

肚倍蚜对高单宁环境的抗氧化反应研究

肚倍蚜Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi是我国的一种重要的资源昆虫,其瘿内生活环境较特殊(虫瘿单宁含量为70%)。为了解肚倍蚜适应高单宁环境生化机制,本研究以性母为对照,测定了瘿内不同时期肚倍蚜体内总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的活性,分析了肚倍蚜体内的抗氧化系统对高单宁环境胁迫所作出的相关反应。研究表明,与对照相比,瘿内时期肚倍蚜体内的总抗氧化能力、CAT和POD活性均显著升高;SOD和GST活性除在有翅蚜阶段与对照无差异,在其他阶段的活性均显著高于对照。本研究验证了高单宁环境对肚倍蚜造成氧化胁迫作用,认为肚倍蚜体内的抗氧化能力和抗氧化酶活性提高是其对高单宁环境的一种适应。     

两种肚倍型蚜虫之两种同功酶及可溶性蛋白的比较

应用电泳分析方法,对青麸杨上幼锤形信子与长枣形倍子内蚜虫进行了酯酶同功酶、过氧化物同功酶及可溶蛋白质的比较研究。结果表明：经形态学鉴定同为肚倍蚜可致瘿形成纺锤形与长枣形倍子。2种倍形内蚜虫在可溶性蛋白及酯酶同功酶上有较大差异。相异系数分别为02571,0067。说明肚倍蚜种内已出现分化,不同变形体倍子内蚜虫在分子水平上已具有向不同生物型分化的趋势。     

植物虫瘿

虫瘿是造瘿昆虫诱导植物组织不正常生长产生的,它们通过释放某些酶或者植物激素刺激寄主植物细胞增大或增殖产生了特异形态的虫瘿,而这种特异形态就是造瘿昆虫遗传基因的体外表达。但虫瘿产生的分子机制不是十分清楚,文章主要对目前植物虫瘿的形态特征、形成机制等方面进行综述。     

Asian chestnut gall wasp in Tuscany: gall characteristics,egg distribution and chestnut cultivar susceptibility

• 1 Preliminary investigations were carried out on Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu on Castanea sativa Miller in Tuscany to assess variations in gall characteristics in coppice and high forest at two crown heights (height < 2 or 2–6 m), influence of bud size and bud position on oviposition rates and susceptibility of three cultivars.
• 2 Gall size may depend on various factors, including wasp population density. In the present study area, small galls (with one or two cells) were the most numerous in 2008, whereas larger galls (with more than three cells) prevailed in 2009.
• 3 Dryocosmus kuriphilus oviposition occurrence was influenced by both bud size and bud position. Buds with eggs tended to be larger in size compared with bud without eggs, suggesting that D. kuriphilus females prefer to lay eggs in larger buds (approximately 6 mm³) compared with smaller buds (approximately 3 mm³). The mean number of eggs per bud tended to decrease from the apical bud toward the basal bud.
• 4 Three C. sativa cultivars, Carpinese, Fusca and Cesurone, were examined. Fusca grafts had significantly more galls compared with Carpinese and Cesurone, whereas Cesurone grafts had more larvae per bud compared with Carpinese and Fusca. Overall, the Carpinese cultivar may be less susceptible to D. kuriphilus galling compared with the Fusca and Cesurone cultivars.

     

盐肤木林内间作对角倍蚜虫瘿数量的影响

对不同间作方式下盐肤木林的角倍蚜虫瘿数量进行研究,结果表明:(1)盐肤木纯林的单株虫瘿数、单叶虫瘿数和有虫瘿梢头率分别为14.1个、2.3个和78.4%,而盐肤木襄荷混作林的单株虫瘿数、单叶虫瘿数和有虫瘿梢头率分别为25.8个、3.2个和91.2%,分别为前者的1.8倍、1.4倍,有虫瘿梢头率增加了12.8%。(2)与盐肤木纯林相比,盐肤木襄荷混作林内的温度略低,全天平均低1.6℃,而相对湿度略高,全天平均高5.9%,高湿和较小温度变幅可能是虫瘿数量增加的主要原因。(3)当盐肤木与蔬菜混作时,单株梢头数和有虫瘿梢头数分别比纯林增加了1.4倍,增加的原因可能与蔬菜种植中的松土和施肥有关。综上所述,盐肤木与襄荷混作可以增加倍子产量,盐肤木与蔬菜混作可以增加有虫瘿梢头数量,两种混作模式均可在生产中推广应用。     

植物冠瘿生长调控及相关基因研究进展

阐述了植物冠瘿产生的影响因素及冠瘿的生长和调控,并对冠瘿发生有关的基因进行了综述。     

Host plant intraspecific variation determines gall traits

• Galls display a multiplicity of traits, including colours, which are driven by pigment accumulation. Their conspicuousness has attracted researchers' attention and several hypotheses have been raised. However, plants themselves vary intra-specifically, including in their pigment concentrations. As galls are a result of host tissue development, colours may be a by-product of the host's own traits, being more conspicuous simply because the sites where galls develop already have the predisposition to accumulate more pigment. Here, we call this the host variation hypothesis.
• We test this hypothesis using the system of galls induced by Palaeomystella oligophaga on Macairea radula host plant. Using spectrophotometry, we calculated the Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) of gall projections, which are responsible for their characteristic colours. We tested the influence of occupant identity (galling insect or any natural enemy), gall volume, parenchyma thickness, height from the ground, ARI of leaf, ARI of gall surface and ARI of the respective stem.
• We corroborated the host variation hypothesis since the anthocyanin content in stems and in galls' projections were positively related. Moreover, anthocyanin in galls' projections was positively related to anthocyanin in the gall surface and negatively related to gall volume and parenchyma thickness. This shows that, besides the host specificities, galls' own traits may also be responsible for pigment accumulation, influencing their colours.
• In this study, using colour as an example, we show that although galls tend to be considered complex expressions of galling insects' stimuli, their traits may be simply influenced by previous and specific attributes of the host organs.

     

Absolute stereochemistry of leucinopine,a crown gall opine

Crown gall tumors incited by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Bo542 have been reported to synthesize a tumor-specific substance identified as N-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-leucine (leucinopine), a compound with two centers of asymmetry. We report here evidence that leucinopine is indeed a crown gall opine, in that it is specifically catabolized by A. tumefaciens strains carrying the tumor-inducing plasmid pTi Bo542, as well as strains carrying closely related plasmids pTi AT1 and pTi AT4. We further report catabolism of leucinopine by the succinamopine-type strains A518, A519 and A532, carrying pTi EU6, pTi AT181 and pTi T10/73, respectively. Strains lacking any virulence plasmid, as well as those carrying octopine or nopaline type Ti plasmids or mannopine type Ri plasmids, did not catabolize leucinopine. On the basis of specificity of catabolism by bacteria carrying pTi Bo542, we conclude that the stereochemistry of natural leucinopine is l-threo, i.e. l^glu,l^leu. Such stereochemistry is novel in the opines known thus far: octopine, nopaline and succinamopine have d,l-stereochemistry: d^ala,l^arg (octopine), d^glu,l^arg (nopaline) and d^glu,l^asn (succinamopine).     

刺桐姬小蜂发生习性及其虫瘿形成分析

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinaeKim是新发现的重要入侵害虫,在广东省深圳地区普遍发生且危害严重,受害植株超过10000株。寄主按受害程度依次为:杂色刺桐Erythrina variegata、金脉刺桐E.variegatevar.orientialis、鸡冠刺桐E.cristagalli和龙牙花E.corallodendron。移栽2年内的刺桐树受害严重。根据虫瘿形状,将其分为球形虫瘿、卷叶形虫瘿、肥厚叶虫瘿、分散虫瘿、粗柄形虫瘿、嫩枝肿大虫瘿、花蕾肿大虫瘿并对其形成过程进行分析。首次报道了刺桐姬小蜂为害鸡冠刺桐花蕾。刺桐姬小蜂在深圳无休眠和滞育现象,常年发生。     

In vitro culture of ovaries of a viviparous gall midge

Summary Ovaries of the viviparous pedogenetic gall midgeHeteropeza pygmaea can be cultured in hemolymph obtained from X-ray-sterilized larvae of the same species. In this culture medium, formation of follicles is essentially the same as in vivo, and sometimes female larvae develop from these follicles. The ovaries of such larvae, in their turn, have been cultured in vitro to produce larvae. In this way, in vitro development from oogonium to larva has been maintained for several generations. When using hemolymph obtained from larvae grown under different conditions, the in vitro cultured ovaries produce a second type of egg which probably is male-determined. Ovarian development in vitro has been studied with differential interference contrast optics and time-lapse cinemicrography. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant No. 3.2010.73.     

Genotypic characteristics of the causal agent of chinaberry gall

Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) is a deciduous tree of moderate size, grown throughout warm countries. The plantation of M. azedarach tree improves the environmental condition of the country. During the years 1390–1391, bacterial gall symptoms were observed on chinaberry. The isolation of the causal agent bacteria was done on nutrient agar medium. Approximately 4 weeks after inoculation, galls developed on the chinaberries inoculated with different isolates. The specific primer was designed based on 16S rRNA gene and all isolates amplified 429 bp fragment. To sequence 16S rRNA gene of Shiraz isolates, the universal primer PS16Sf-FAM/PS23Sr was used to amplify 16S rRNA gene. The Iranian isolates of Pseudomonas meliae showed 99.7% similarity to P. meliae (type strain) in the Gene Bank. Based on the rep-PCR results and sequence of 16S rRNA gene, Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens were placed in the different groups.