三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为

【目的】研究三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri成虫的交配与产卵行为,丰富三叶虫萤的生物学研究,推动三叶虫萤的人工繁育。【方法】采用室内试验与野外观察相结合、仪器拍摄和人工观察相结合的方法研究三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为。【结果】本文先描述了三叶虫萤成虫交配前雄雄相遇、雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇分别会发生的情况,然后较为详细地描述了交配的过程。交配姿势有上下体位(或称"∠"型)和尾对尾体位(或称"—"型),后者由前者转换而来。雌雄成虫可以多次交配,雄虫有交配干扰和假交配现象。成虫24 h内均有交配现象,交配高峰出现在20:00-22:00(交配率20.8%)和12:00-14:00(交配率15.1%)。雌虫多数喜将卵产在潮湿的苔藓上,卵常聚集成一丛或成簇排列。雌虫可多次产卵,但初次产卵数量最多(高达67.82%),随后产卵量则随产卵次数增加而减少。雌雄虫多次交配后单只雌虫的第一次产卵量[(45±5)粒]多于单次交配后单只雌虫第一次产卵量[(20±4)粒]。雌虫的产卵次数和产卵量与其体重相关,体重越重则其产卵次数和产卵量越多。【结论】三叶虫萤的交配产卵行为与以往报道的萤火虫交配产卵行为很多相似之处,但也有一些特殊行为或规律。     

柳毒蛾繁殖生物学的初步观察

【目的】为了明确柳毒蛾Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus)交配的日节律高峰,温度和不同交配持续时间处理对成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率等繁殖生物学的影响。【方法】将新羽化的柳毒蛾成虫置于养虫笼中,观察交配的日节律高峰,并统计不同温度和不同交配持续时间处理下的成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率。【结果】成虫在羽化当晚的后半夜凌晨开始交尾,次日晚上开始产卵。成虫交配集中在羽化翌日凌晨3:00—5:00之间,高峰为4:00。产卵高峰都出现在2日龄成虫,但是,25℃下成虫交配持续时间(9.2 h)显著短于28℃(11.8 h)。交配持续时间为30、60和300 min的处理,雌成虫平均寿命显著长于对照(对照9.2 h),雄虫仅60 min的处理显著长于对照。同时,极短的交配持续时间(30 min)显著降低雌虫的产卵量和孵化率。【结论】试验明确了成虫交配的日节律高峰,在适宜的温度范围内(25~28℃),雌雄成虫的寿命、单雌总产卵量无显著差异,交配持续时间明显影响成虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫下小菜蛾ABCC1～ABCC5 mRNA的表达特征

【目的】为探讨小菜蛾Plutella xylostella ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter)与氯虫苯甲酰胺代谢的关系【方法】采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术,测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺敏感和抗性小菜蛾及用LC50剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理敏感种群不同时间后ABCC1~ABCC5 mRNA的表达量;并检测了其中过表达的ABCC3~ABCC5在小菜蛾不同发育阶段和4龄幼虫不同组织中的表达量。【结果】所检测的5个ABCC基因在氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系中均上调表达,最高为敏感品系的2倍;LC50的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5 mRNA的表达量分别上调2.16倍、2.81倍和1.85倍,ABCC1和ABCC2则分别下调为对照组的65.8%和37.2%。ABCC3的mRNA在幼虫期和雄性成虫中表达量显著高于其它时期;ABCC4的mRNA在各发育阶段表达量差异不大,其中在预蛹期最高;ABCC5的mRNA在3龄幼虫中表达量显著高于其它龄期。在4龄幼虫各组织中,ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5在中肠中的表达量均显著高于其它组织。【结论】小菜蛾ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5可能在其对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢中起作用,该研究结果为进一步探究小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性与ABCC1~ABCC5的关系奠定了基础。     

成虫期饲毒对小菜蛾试验种群当代与子代繁殖力的影响

为研究成虫期饲毒对小菜蛾种群繁殖力的影响,将氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素和溴虫腈3种药剂用10％蜂蜜水分别配制成终浓度为250 mg/L、125 mg/L和229.25 mg/L的溶液,饲喂敏感品系小菜蛾成虫,观察对成虫寿命及产卵量的影响;在此基础上,配制终浓度分别为50、20、10和5 mg/L的氯虫苯甲酰胺浓度蜂蜜水溶液,研究对小菜蛾成虫交配率、成虫寿命、产卵量及卵孵化率的影响;并通过建立子代幼虫生命表,分析摄入不同浓度药剂后对子代幼虫存活和生殖力的影响.结果表明,高剂量杀虫剂的摄入,对小菜蛾成虫具有直接毒杀作用;降低杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺摄入剂量后,成虫交配率和产卵量与对照相比显著降低(P＜0.05);雌成虫平均寿命出现一定程度下降,下降幅度与处理浓度呈正相关;分析子代幼虫生命表,发现子代成虫产卵量仍显著减少(P＜0.05).计算各处理对子代幼虫种群控制作用干扰指数(IIPC),结果表明小菜蛾成虫摄入杀虫剂后,至少2代内子代种群发展产生较强的干扰.     

小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗药性与田间防治效果的相关性研究

【目的】明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗药性变化与田间防治效果的相关性。【方法】2011—2015年在田间进行了氯虫苯甲酰胺防治小菜蛾田间药效试验,并测定了该地小菜蛾田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺在相同剂量下对小菜蛾田间防治效果从2011的97.74%下降到2015年的63.53%;而小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的相对毒力指数从2011年的1上升到2015的11.93。【结论】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性与其抗药性总体上呈现负相关。     

椰子木蛾的产卵节律及其对寄主植物的产卵选择性

【背景】椰子木蛾是近年来新入侵我国棕榈科植物的害虫,研究其产卵习性可为监测和防治该虫提供参考。【方法】在室内条件下,观察、记录了椰子木蛾雌成虫的产卵节律及其对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性。【结果】椰子木蛾最高日产卵量可达34.4粒·头-1,且主要集中在羽化后4 d内产卵,占总产卵量的54.1%;产卵活动主要发生在夜间23:00到次日8:00;在椰子、蒲葵、大王棕、槟榔和散尾葵等寄主植物上的产卵量无显著差异,为89.3~147.7粒·头-1,但产卵位置存在差别。【结论与意义】椰子木蛾雌成虫具有较强的繁殖能力和产卵节律性,且在不同寄主植物上的产卵量一致。     

高原春油菜田小菜蛾种群动态和抗药性的监测

【目的】为了准确掌握典型春油菜种植区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群变化动态和抗药性现状。【方法】诱捕法调查了青海高原小菜蛾成虫发生动态、室内用浸渍法测定了小菜蛾田间种群的抗性倍数,并进行了田间药效试验。【结果】青海省小菜蛾一般一年发生3代,但2 500 m以上的地区第3代成虫数量较第1代、第2代明显下降。在我省高原春油菜区,每日20:00至次日晨4:00是小菜蛾成虫发生主要的时间段。小菜蛾在青海省不能越冬。湟中点小菜蛾对溴虫腈产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、丁醚脲产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、高效氯氰菊酯、茚虫威产生高水平的抗性;对阿维菌素、啶虫隆、氯虫苯甲酰胺产生极高水平抗性。互助点小菜蛾对溴虫腈、丁醚脲产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、啶虫隆产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威产生高水平抗性;对阿维菌素产生极高水平抗性。小菜蛾的抗性监测结果与田间药效结果基本一致,溴虫腈的抗性倍数最低,田间防治效果好于其他参试药剂。【结论】青海省小菜蛾年发生代数较少,且不能越冬。春油菜田小菜蛾已对大部分农药产生了抗药性。     

番茄潜叶蛾对四唑虫酰胺的抗性选育及交互抗性研究

【目的】明确番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)对四唑虫酰胺的抗药性发展趋势及对7种杀虫剂的交互抗性,为四唑虫酰胺的田间应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用浸叶法,在室内用四唑虫酰胺对番茄潜叶蛾进行抗性选育汰选,评估了抗性发展趋势并研究了交互抗性。【结果】在室内经过14代11次汰选后,获得了抗性倍数为18.67倍的番茄潜叶蛾四唑虫酰胺抗性品系。番茄潜叶蛾对四唑虫酰胺抗性现实遗传力h2为0.1885,在致死率为50%-90%选择压力下,预计番茄潜叶蛾对四唑虫酰胺抗性增长10倍需要3.59-8.00代。番茄潜叶蛾抗四唑虫酰胺品系对茚虫威存在明显的交互抗性,抗性倍数为8.89;对甲维盐、苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt)存在负交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为0.80和0.25;对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯不存在交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为3.58、2.39、1.80和1.73。【结论】用四唑虫酰胺防治番茄潜叶蛾存在抗性风险,番茄潜叶蛾四唑虫酰胺抗性品系会与其他药剂产生交互抗性,以上结果可为田间科学使用四唑虫酰胺和合理轮换用药提供理论依据。     

北京和河北地区小菜蛾的抗药性动态

【目的】了解北京和河北地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对主要防治药剂的抗药性现状,为小菜蛾的有效防治提供参考。【方法】2011—2015年,采用浸叶法监测了小菜蛾对9种药剂的抗药性。【结果】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素和丁醚脲均为敏感水平,对Bt制剂、虫螨腈和茚虫威个别年份出现中等抗性水平,但总体上为敏感状态,对阿维菌素和氟啶脲保持中等抗性水平,对高效氯氰菊酯为中等至高水平抗性。【结论】在北京和河北地区高效氯氰菊酯不适用于小菜蛾的防治,少用或暂停使用阿维菌素,其它药剂可交替或轮换使用。     

黑翅土白蚁长翅生殖蚁生殖行为及配对方式研究

【目的】研究黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes fomosanus(Shiraki)生殖行为及不同配对方式对新巢发育的影响。【方法】分别对雌虫、雄虫和配对的雌雄成虫生殖行为进行观察。将雌、雄虫组合成9种配对方式,室内建立170个新巢,分析初建巢生长发育状况。【结果】成虫日活动节律的两个高峰期分别位于9:00—10:00和21:00—22:00,交配集中在高峰期进行,交配前雌雄成虫有触角触碰、首尾衔接成环、互相舔食的标志性行为。生殖蚁来源于同巢和异巢的处理组,在召唤、配对、串联、交配和产卵等生殖行为中均存在差异,来源于异巢的生殖蚁,其配对时间显著长于同巢(P<0.05)。未经分飞的成虫可交配、产卵且成功孵化,3个月后,新巢死亡率为0.61%~0.99%,而分飞蚁新建巢的死亡率为0.22%~0.58%。孤雌生殖可产卵,但卵不能孵化。【结论】成虫的生殖行为有两个高峰期;远亲交配分飞蚁新建巢的生存竞争力最强。     

星天牛在悬铃木木段上的产卵行为研究

为明确产卵木段粗细对星天牛Anoplophora chinensis刻槽产卵的影响、了解刻槽产卵习性及产卵规律,以不同直径悬铃木Platanus acerifolia木段为产卵材料,通过无选择和选择性产卵试验,测定了星天牛在悬铃木上产卵部位选择,并监测了星天牛的产卵过程。结果表明：星天牛产卵过程主要包括刻槽部位选择、咬槽、产卵和封槽4个阶段。星天牛在不同直径的悬铃木木段上都能刻槽产卵,但木段的粗细对刻槽数量、产卵量的影响差异显著,对空槽率、卵的大小没有影响。刻槽产卵行为主要集中在直径10~15 cm木段。在直径3~5 cm木段上刻槽数量和产卵量最低,显著低于直径大于5 cm的木段。在武汉地区,星天牛产卵高峰期在6月下旬-7月中旬,孵化高峰期在7月中下旬。该结果为深入研究星天牛的生殖行为,精准监测和防控提供参考。     

Oviposition behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic and behavioural decoupling between oviposition acceptance and preference for natural fruits

In phytophagous insects, oviposition behaviour is an important component of habitat selection and, given the multiplicity of genetic and environmental factors affecting its expression, is defined as a complex character resulting from the sum of interdependent traits. Here, we study two components of egg-laying behaviour: oviposition acceptance (OA) and oviposition preference (OP) in Drosophila melanogaster using three natural fruits as resources (grape, tomato and orange) by means of no-choice and two-choice experiments, respectively. This experimental design allowed us to show that the results obtained in two-choice assays (OP) cannot be accounted for by those resulting from no-choice assays (OA). Since the genomes of all lines used are completely sequenced, we perform a genome-wide association study to identify and characterize the genetic underpinnings of these oviposition behaviour traits. The analyses revealed different candidate genes affecting natural genetic variation of both OA and OP traits. Moreover, our results suggest behavioural and genetic decoupling between OA and OP and that egg-laying behaviour is plastic and context-dependent. Such independence in the genetic architectures of OA and OP variation may influence different aspects of oviposition behaviour, including plasticity, canalization, host shift and maintenance of genetic variability, which contributes to the adoption of adaptive strategies during habitat selection.     

Oviposition behaviour and response of Monochamus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to conspecific eggs and larvae

• 1 The oviposition behaviour of white‐spotted sawyer beetle Monochamus scutellatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) females was studied under laboratory and field conditions.
• 2 Females walked over the bark surface and stopped to palpate it with their labial and maxillary palpi. Once a potential oviposition site was located, the female excavated a scar in the bark with her mandibles, deposited an egg and brown plug in the scar and inserted her mandibles again into the scar prior to leaving the area.
• 3 Female M. scutellatus preferred to lay eggs on bolts containing no eggs (control) to those containing eggs from other females, but did not show this preference when provided with control bolts and those containing their own eggs. When females were provided with bolts containing their own eggs and bolts containing eggs from other females, they laid more eggs on bolts containing their own eggs. Females laid more eggs on control bolts than on bolts containing their own larvae or larvae from other females.
• 4 The brown plug in the oviposition scar may provide a protective barrier to the egg, a chemical message that the site is occupied, or both.

     

Oviposition decreased in response to enriched water: a field study of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Abstract.  1. Environmental cues are known to influence oviposition behaviour in mosquitoes, with important consequences for larval survival and insect population dynamics. Enriched microhabitats have been shown to be preferred oviposition sites.
2. In a field experiment designed to determine whether ovipositing mosquitoes are sensitive to different levels of nutrient enrichment, new pitcher-plant ( Sarracenia purpurea ) leaves were opened and enriched with 0, 2, or 20 dead ants, and the number of pitcher-plant mosquito ( Wyeomyia smithii ) larvae resulting from subsequent oviposition were measured.
3. Oviposition rates were higher in leaves with low levels of enrichment (0 and 2 ants per leaf), although larval development was enhanced at the highest enrichment level.
4. Results suggest that, although these mosquito larvae are nutrient limited, ovipositing females preferentially avoid highly enriched leaves. This counterintuitive result may be due to low oxygen concentrations or a masked cue in enriched leaves, and contrasts with other oviposition studies.     

Factors affecting pheromone secretion and oviposition by fertilized females of Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The effect of age and a blood meal on pheromone secretion by virgin and fertilized females of Culicoides nubeculosus was studied. In virgin females, the secretion varies in relation to age, the blood meal, and oviposition. In fertilized females, rate of pheromone secretion is very low after fertilization and does not seem to vary subsequently in relation to the above factors. Mating was found to accelerate oviposition. The role of seminal fluid in the decrease in rate of pheromone secretion by fertilized females is discussed.     

鸡嗉果榕榕小蜂产卵时序与种群数量分析

榕树与传粉榕小蜂的互惠共生体系被多种非传粉榕小蜂利用。在同一个榕果中,具有较高种群密度的传粉榕小蜂和多种非传粉榕小蜂生存在一起并相互作用。通过野外观察和采样分析的方法,对鸡嗉果榕内5种榕小蜂（传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi;非传粉榕小蜂Apocrypta sp., Philotrypesis dunia, Platyneura cunia和Sycoscaptertr ifemmensis）的产卵行为进行了研究。结果证明,鸡嗉果榕内生活的各种榕小蜂通过比较严格的产卵时序在榕果内产卵以占领不同的生态位,这反映了这些榕小蜂各自的生物学特性。自然种群数量分析表明,单个非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群数量几乎不与传粉榕小蜂种群数量呈负相关,而所有非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群个体总量与传粉榕小蜂的种群个体数呈正相关,这可能是多个物种共存于单个榕果内的进化适应。     

Preferred egg laying sites in Palmacorixa nana (Heteroptera : Corixidae)

Female Palmacorixa nana showed clear preference for wood oviposition substrates over Elodea and plexiglass in both laboratory and field experiments. Wood was chosen because of its rigidity and rough surface. These data raise the possibility that males could gain access to females by controlling localized resources.Present address: Department 0f Entomology University 0f Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6 G 2E3Present address: Department 0f Entomology University 0f Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6 G 2E3     

Protein hydrolysates and associated bacterial contaminants as oviposition attractants for the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Abstract. Six protein or protein hydrolysate solutions were tested for activity as attractants for ovipositing Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the laboratory. Four of these solutions (egg albumin, lactalbumin hydrolysate, casein hydrolysate and yeast hydrolysate) were attractive to ovipositing females at varying concentrations, when compared to distilled water controls. Soy hydrolysate was repellent at 1%, but not significantly attractive or repellent at lower concentrations. 'Nulure', a tephritid fly bait containing protein hydrolysate, also had no significant effect on oviposition behaviour. Gravid females mostly oviposited within the first 4 h of the scotophase, regardless of the presence or absence of an oviposition attractant.
Lactalbumin hydrolysate 1% solution, with or without 0.1% neomycin antibiotic, was attractive to Cx quinquefasciatus . This effect was reduced by the presence of neomycin which, alone, had no effect on oviposition. Hence both lactalbumin hydrolysate and bacterial contaminants were shown to be attractive to gravid Cx quinquefasciatus .     

黑胸散白蚁多对脱翅成虫群养的产卵及孵化行为

采用室内多对脱翅成虫群养的方法对黑胸散白蚁群Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder体产卵及孵化行为进行观察。结果表明:多对脱翅成虫群养,黑胸散白蚁表现出群居行为,会共同产卵、护卵;1～5对脱翅成虫群养的产卵历期分别为9.00,8.25,8.17,7.33,7.13d;孵化历期分别为36.67,39.33,31.33,35.88,36.33d;经分析差异均不显著。在1～4对脱翅成虫群养范围内,群体产卵成功率随原始脱翅成虫配对数量的增加而升高;4～5对产卵成功率比1～2对的显著要高(P<0.05)。     

螺旋粉虱产卵行为及产卵分泌物的形态和化学成分

螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell具独特的产卵过程--成虫将卵产在叶片上排列成螺旋状并覆盖丝状蜡泌物。本研究利用数码摄像机拍摄记录螺旋粉虱的产卵过程,并采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜及气相色谱/质谱联用研究产卵分泌物的结构和化学成分。结果表明：单头雌成虫产卵时可形成典型螺旋轨迹,当其他雌成虫加入产卵时,其产卵行为包括跨越螺旋轨迹后继续在外围扩大螺旋圈、仅在螺旋轨迹表面穿过及在螺旋轨迹外围直接产卵3种情况。 在体视镜及扫描电镜下产卵分泌物呈交错的白色丝状结构。 另用GC/MS联用检测仪检测发现产卵分泌物主要是一些饱和长链烃（66.21%）和芳香酯类（26%）,同时有少量酸和酚。 其中烃类化合物含有3种碘代物（10.64%）,其他为直链烃类,碳原子数介于C₈～C₃₀;芳香酯类化合物有3种,碳原子数介于C₁₆～C₂₄,其中含量最大的是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（21.19%）。 最后讨论了产卵分泌物在吸引初孵爬虫、抵御天敌及阻碍其他植食性者进入螺旋圈的可能性。