中华蜜蜂性信息素结合蛋白ASP1的原核表达及配基结合特性分析

【目的】研究中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana信息素结合蛋白ASP1与蜜蜂信息素及某些植物挥发物分子的结合功能。【方法】构建中蜂ASP1的原核表达载体, 对其进行重组蛋白的诱导表达和分离纯化, 并得到具有生化活性的中蜂ASP1重组蛋白, 最后以1-NPN作为荧光报告探针, 通过荧光竞争结合实验研究中蜂重组ASP1蛋白与蜜蜂信息素及其他气味分子的结合功能。【结果】在22种潜在信息气味物质中, 有7种与中蜂ASP1有较强的结合能力, 能将1-NPN的相对荧光强度降至50%以下。其中发现蜂王信息素两种成分对 羟基苯甲酸甲酯和香草醇的竞争能力最强, 可分别引起1-NPN相对荧光值下降99.31%和95.50%, 解离常数K_D分别为13.39和98.44 μmol/L; 而与除蜂王信息素外的其他信息素如幼虫信息素和工蜂信息素等分子均不结合。此外中蜂ASP1对于水杨酸甲酯、 苯乙醛、 3, 4-二甲基苯甲醛4-烯丙基藜芦醚和β-紫罗兰酮等5种植物挥发物质能产生强度不一的结合。【结论】中蜂信息素结合蛋白ASP1对蜂王信息素具有非常强的特异性, 同时也能结合某些植物挥发性气味分子, 暗示中蜂ASP1是一种以蜂王信息素识别为主要功能、 植物挥发物识别为次要功能的多功能信息素结合蛋白。     

荷叶中紫云英苷和牛血清白蛋白相互作用的光谱学研究

本文采用荧光光谱法、紫外光谱法研究在生理条件(pH=7.4)下荷叶中紫云英苷(AST)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。结果表明AST可与BSA结合并通过静态猝灭作用机制对BSA内源性荧光进行猝灭。在温度为298K及308K时,测得其猝灭速率常数(Kq)分别为4.31×1013L/mol/s和3.72×1013L/mol/s;结合常数(Kd)分别为2.009×105L/mol和0.927×105L/mol;结合位点数(n)分别为0.943和0.893。依据298K时测定的反应自由能变(△G0=-30.25kJ/mol),反应焓变(△H0=-59.02kJ/mol)及反应熵变(△S0=-96.54J/mol/K),结果发现AST与BSA间的结合反应可自发进行且其作用力主要表现为氢键和范德华力。此外,根据Frster非辐射能量转移理论得到AST与BSA之间的结合距离(r)为4.13nm,表明非辐射能量可从BSA转移至AST。     

次氯酸与不饱和脂肪酸氧化机制和转化产物的理论研究

摘要 目的：揭示次氯酸与不饱和脂肪酸的氧化反应机制及转化产物。方法：运用Gaussian 16软件包,采用密度泛函方法M06-2X(D3),结合6-31+G(d)基组,在SMD液相水模型水平下进行计算。结果：次氯酸与单不饱和脂肪酸油酸的氧化反应是先形成氯鎓离子中间体,氯鎓离子再与水分子反应生成氯醇,第一步氯鎓离子的形成是控速步骤,其反应活化自由能~8 kcal/mol。环氧化合物和短链的醛是两种转化产物,前者由氯醇脱氯化氢而来,而后者由环氧化合物和氯醇通过系列与次氯酸根的反应而得到,生成它们的控速步骤的反应活化自由能分别为23 和24 kcal/mol。选取两个乙基为取代基的乙烯为油酸模型,其与次氯酸反应的活化自由能仅比油酸高1 kcal/mol。计算得到次氯酸与亚油酸、顺-9,反-11 亚油酸、梓树酸和花生四烯酸模型氧化反应生成氯醇的活化自由能分别是~10、13、16和14 kcal/mol。结论：氯鎓离子中间体机制是次氯酸与不饱和脂肪酸氧化反应的主要机制,反应的活化自由能通常低于15 kcal/mol,意味着此氧化反应动力学上容易发生。氧化产物氯醇能转化为环氧化合物和短链的醛,但活化自由能较高,约23和24 kcal/mol。选取距离双键3个碳以内的结构为不饱和脂肪酸模型,它能够很好地反映不饱和脂肪酸的反应活性。     

合成黑翅土白蚁踪迹信息素类似物的生物活性

合成了黑翅土白蚁踪迹信息素类似物(Z,Z)-3,6-十二碳二烯醇-1（DDE-OH）,该类似物对黑翅土白蚁工蚁具有和信息素提取物类似的行为反应。活性反应阈值为10^-3～10 ng/cm,大于10 ng/cm时产生较强的驱避作用。最佳活性浓度DDE-OH与信息素提取物的活性反应之间没有显著差别。     

一种新的计算Langmuir单层膜中二元聚集参数的数学模型及实验研究北大核心CSCD

建立了一种新的对Langmuir膜中二元组分聚集有关参数定量计算的数学模型。该模型能实现对平衡常数、二聚物的平均分子面积、未聚集组分的平均分子面积、发生聚集的物质占总物质的比例等参数的计算,并首次导出两种组分中发生聚集的物质占总物质的比例与两种组分比例的函数关系。选用硬脂酸(stearic acid,SA)和二棕榈酸磷酸酰胆碱(dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine,DPPC)为原料制成Langmuir膜,对模型进行实验验证,结果表明SA与DPPC的平均分子面积分别为24.0魡2/molecule和63.7魡2/molecule,其二聚物的平均分子面积为81.3魡2/molecule,室温下聚集常数为1.86×107m2/mol。并得出SA所占比例约为49.73%时,发生聚集的组分的物质的量与膜中加入组分的总物质的量的比值最大,约有84.96%的分子发生了聚集反应。     

苝醌类光敏剂HA, HB与纳米半导体CdS间的光生电子传递——HA-CdS, HB-CdS复合体光敏还原动力学的EPR研究

根据非均相体系电子传递动力m = Es*/s+ - ECB (m＜0 的原理, 构建出相匹配的HA-CdS和HB-CdS复合体(以下简称Hys-CdS, Hys代表HA, HB). 在该体系中, 1Hys*向CdS导带传递电子是热力学允许的. 通过荧光淬灭实验, 测出它们之间的表观结合常数(Kapp)分别为940 (mol/L)-1(HA-CdS), 934 (mol/L) -1(HB-CdS), 表明Hys与CdS间存在较强烈的吸附效应. 荧光寿命测定得1Hys*向CdS导带传递电子的速率常数Ket分别为5.16×109 s-1(HA-CdS), 5.10×109 s-1(HB-CdS). 以一种稳定的氮氧自由基TEMPO(2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperdinyloxy)作为电子受体, 当它接受一个电子和一个质子, 其EPR(electron paramagnetic resonance)信号便会消失, 据此, 应用消自旋的EPR技术, 定量研究了苝醌类光敏剂Hys与纳米半导体CdS间光生电子传递动力学, 确定了受Hys光敏化作用的CdS纳米半导体表面光还原速率方程和反应动力学速率常数, 结果发现, 本体系中TEMPO接受电子的反应级数均为0, 而不同于均相体系中的反应级数, 特别是在相同可见光照射条件下, 通过比较单独的CdS与Hys-CdS复合体的光还原速率常数还发现, 后者的光还原效率比前者均大, 约为350倍, 表明Hys对CdS纳米半导体具有显著的光敏化作用. 这提示在太阳能应用中, Hys是一种很有效的光敏化剂.     

中华蜜蜂信息素结合蛋白OBP10的基因克隆、原核表达和配基结合特性分析

【目的】气味结合蛋白在中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana嗅觉系统中起到重要作用,本实验拟研究中华蜜蜂一个新的信息素结合蛋白OBP10及其与蜜蜂信息素以及蜜源开花植物挥发物的结合特性。【方法】本实验通过RT-PCR扩增获得OBP10基因全长(Gen Bank登录号:KP717060.1),以p ET-30a构建原核表达载体,并以Ni2+琼脂糖柱进行重组蛋白表达和分离纯化,在N-苯基-1-萘胺(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine,1-NPN)作为荧光报告子下利用荧光光谱法体外研究重组Acer OBP10与多种候选化学配基的结合特征。【结果】经多序列联配分析,发现Acer OBP10的多个同源基因均为信息素结合蛋白(pheromone binding proteins,PBPs)。配基结合特性分析显示,Acer OBP10对14种候选配基中的蜂王信息素成分对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(HOB)竞争力最大,相对荧光可降至6.06%,解离常数11.04μmol/L;进一步表明Acer OBP10属于一个新的中蜂PBPs。此外,Acer OBP10也能和包括工蜂信息素(香叶醇和橙花醇)、报警信息素(2-庚酮和乙酸异戊酯)等蜜蜂信息素以及蜜源开花植物挥发物之一的β-紫罗兰酮结合,表明Acer OBP10可能是一种以信息素结合为主的多功能结合蛋白。【结论】Acer OBP10是中蜂一个新的信息素结合蛋白,与此前我们鉴定的蜂王信息素结合蛋白Acer ASP1相比,Acer OBP10对蜜蜂信息素的结合谱更为广泛,这些结果将对进一步研究中华蜜蜂信息素识别和传递提供理论基础,对于深入了解中华蜜蜂嗅觉影响生理功能的行为机制具有重要意义。     

顺铂与小鼠艾氏腹水肝癌细胞膜的相互作用

本文研究了顺铂对小鼠艾氏腹水肝癌细胞膜蛋白内源性荧光的淬灭作用和测定了其在膜上的结合量。结果表明顺铂能与癌细胞膜结合。按存在两类结合部位,得到表观结合常数和结合部位数为: K_1=1.35×10~5L/mol n_1=6.80×10~(-4)mol/g(protein) K_2=2.50×10~3L/mol n_2=1.92×10~(-3)mol/g(protein)     

α-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵动力学模型

对α-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵动力学进行了研究。基于Logistic方程和Luedeking-Piret方程,得到了描述Pseudomonas W20菌发酵过程菌体生长、α-氯丙酸脱卤酶生成及基质消耗的动力学数学模型和模型参数,对试验数据与模型进行了验证比较,模型计算值与试验结果拟合良好,平均相对误差大部分小于10%;对脱卤酶反应动力学进行了研究,结果表明脱卤酶的脱卤反应基本符合米氏方程,并求得最大反应速率V_(max)=1.11×10~(-5)mol/(g·min),表观米氏常数K_m=3.72×10~(-3)mol/L。     

黄酮类化合物结构与清除活性氧自由基效能关系的研究

以X－XOD体系产生O2,Luminol作为发光增强,用化学发光法测定了12种黄酮单体清除O2,反应的速率常数（k3),其K3值在10^-5-10^-6(mol/L)^-1sec^-1之间,以k3值的大小作为比较指标,对黄酮体的结构与清O2活力之间的关系进行了探讨,同时又用化学发光法测定了这些黄酮试样在1mol/L浓度时对V -H2O2-C^2 - 酵母多糖体系产生的．OH的抑制,显示出黄酮类化合物在清除O2和．OH时的活性部位和作用机制并不完全相同,认为4－OH和双键是清O2的主要活性部位,而环邻二羟基（3,4,．－di-OH)则是清除．OH的关键功能团。     

Theoretical investigations of the hydrolysis pathway of verdoheme to biliverdin

Conversion of iron(II) verdoheme to iron biliverdin in the presence of OH(-) was investigated using B3LYP method. Both 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets were employed for geometry optimization calculation as well as energy stabilization estimation. Calculation at 6-31G* level was found necessary for a correct spin state estimation of the iron complexes. Two possible pathways for the conversion of iron verdoheme to iron biliverdin were considered. In one path the iron was six-coordinate while in the other it was considered to be five-coordinate. In the six-coordinated pathway, the ground state of bis imidazole iron verdoheme is singlet while that for open chain iron biliverdin it is triplet state with 4.86 kcal/mol more stable than the singlet state. The potential energy surface suggests that a spin inversion take place during the course of reaction after TS. The ring opening process in the six-coordinated pathway is in overall -2.26 kcal/mol exothermic with a kinetic barrier of 9.76 kcal/mol. In the five-coordinated pathway the reactant and product are in the ground triplet state. In this path, hydroxyl ion attacks the iron center to produce a complex, which is only 1.59 kcal/mol more stable than when OH(-) directly attacks the macrocycle. The activation barrier for the conversion of iron hydroxy species to the iron biliverdin complex by a rebound mechanism is estimated to be 32.68 kcal/mol. Large barrier for rebound mechanism, small barrier of 4.18 kcal/mol for ring opening process of the hydroxylated macrocycle, and relatively same stabilities for complexes resulted by the attack of nucleophile to the iron and macrocycle indicate that five-coordinated pathway with direct attack of nucleophile to the 5-oxo position of macrocycle might be the path for the conversion of verdoheme to biliverdin.     

Mechanism for the depolymerization of cellulose under alkaline conditions

The mechanism for the hydroxyl-radical-induced depolymerization of cellulose under alkaline conditions in air was investigated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level as well as electron transfer theory. The pathway for the depolymerization of cellulose was obtained theoretically and H abstraction from the C(3) atom of the pyran ring during the cleavage of the glucosidic bond was found to be the rate-limiting step due to its high energy barrier (16.81 kcal/mol) and low reaction rate constant (4.623?×?10⁴ mol L^?1 s^?1). Calculations of the electron transfer between O₂ and the saccharide radical performed with the HARLEM software package revealed that following the H abstraction, the oxygen molecule approaches C(2) on the saccharide radical and obtains an electron from the radical, even though no bond forms between the oxygen molecule and the radical. The rate constant for electron transfer could be as high as 1.572?×?10¹¹ s^?1. Furthermore, an enol intermediate is obtained during the final stage of the depolymerization.     

Theoretical studies on the kinetics and mechanism of the gas-phase reactions of CHF2OCHF2 with OH radicals

The mechanism, kinetics and thermochemistry of the gas-phase reactions between CHF(2)OCHF(2) (HFE-134) and OH radical are investigated using the high level ab initio G2(MP2) and hybrid density functional model MPWB1K quantum chemical methods. Two relatively close in energy conformers are found for CHF(2)OCHF(2) molecule; both of them are likely to be important in the temperature range (250-1000?K) of our study. The hydrogen abstraction pathway for both the conformers with OH radical is studied and the rate constants are determined for the first time in a wide temperature range of 250 - 1000?K. The G2(MP2) calculated total rate constant value of 2.9?×?10(-15)?cm(3)?molecule(-1)?s(-1) at 298?K is found to be in very good agreement with the reported experimental value of 2.4?×?10(-15)?cm(3)?molecule(-1)?s(-1) at 298?K. The heats of reaction for CHF(2)OCHF(2)?+?OH reaction is computed to be -13.2?kcal?mol(-1). The atmospheric lifetime of CHF(2)OCHF(2) is expected to be around 12?years.     

QM/MM investigation on the catalytic mechanism of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-glucosidase BtGH97a

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-glucosidase BtGH97a is an inverting enzyme. In this paper, the hydrolysis mechanism of p-nitro-phenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) catalyzed by BtGH97a was firstly studied by using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach. Two possible reaction pathways were considered. In the first pathway, a water molecule deprotonated by a nucleophilic base (here E439 or E508) attacks firstly on the anomeric carbon of pNP-Glc, then a proton from an acid residue (E532) attacks on the glycosidic oxygen to finish the hydrolysis reaction (named as nucleophilic attack-first pathway). In the second pathway, the proton from E532 attacks firstly on the glycosidic oxygen, then the water deprotonated by the nucleophilic base attacks on the anomeric carbon of pNP-Glc (named as proton attack-first pathway). Our calculation results indicate that the nucleophilic attack-first pathway is favorable in energy, in which the nucleophilic attack process is the rate-determining step with an energy barrier of 15.4kcal/mol in the case of residue E508 as nucleophilic base. In this rate-determining step, the deprotonation of water and the attack on the anomeric carbon are concerted. In the proton attack-first pathway, the proton attack on the glycosidic oxygen is the rate-determining step, and the energy barrier is 24.1kcal/mol. We conclude that the hydrolysis mechanism would follow nucleophilic attack-first pathway.     

QM/MM investigation on the catalytic mechanism of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-glucosidase BtGH97a

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α-glucosidase BtGH97a is an inverting enzyme. In this paper, the hydrolysis mechanism of p-nitro-phenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) catalyzed by BtGH97a was firstly studied by using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach. Two possible reaction pathways were considered. In the first pathway, a water molecule deprotonated by a nucleophilic base (here E439 or E508) attacks firstly on the anomeric carbon of pNP-Glc, then a proton from an acid residue (E532) attacks on the glycosidic oxygen to finish the hydrolysis reaction (named as nucleophilic attack-first pathway). In the second pathway, the proton from E532 attacks firstly on the glycosidic oxygen, then the water deprotonated by the nucleophilic base attacks on the anomeric carbon of pNP-Glc (named as proton attack-first pathway). Our calculation results indicate that the nucleophilic attack-first pathway is favorable in energy, in which the nucleophilic attack process is the rate-determining step with an energy barrier of 15.4 kcal/mol in the case of residue E508 as nucleophilic base. In this rate-determining step, the deprotonation of water and the attack on the anomeric carbon are concerted. In the proton attack-first pathway, the proton attack on the glycosidic oxygen is the rate-determining step, and the energy barrier is 24.1 kcal/mol. We conclude that the hydrolysis mechanism would follow nucleophilic attack-first pathway.     

Reaction pathway and free energy profiles for butyrylcholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine

The catalytic mechanism for butyrylcholineserase (BChE)-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) has been studied by performing pseudobond first-principles quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical-free energy (QM/MM-FE) calculations on both acylation and deacylation of BChE. Additional quantum mechanical (QM) calculations have been carried out, along with the QM/MM-FE calculations, to understand the known substrate activation effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATCh. It has been shown that the acylation of BChE with ATCh consists of two reaction steps including the nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of ATCh and the dissociation of thiocholine ester. The deacylation stage includes nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the carboxyl carbon of substrate and dissociation between the carboxyl carbon of substrate and hydroxyl oxygen of Ser198 side chain. QM/MM-FE calculation results reveal that the acylation of BChE is rate-determining. It has also been demonstrated that an additional substrate molecule binding to the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of BChE is responsible for the substrate activation effect. In the presence of this additional substrate molecule at PAS, the calculated free energy barrier for the acylation stage (rate-determining step) is decreased by ~1.7 kcal/mol. All of our computational predictions are consistent with available experimental kinetic data. The overall free energy barriers calculated for BChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of ATCh at regular hydrolysis phase and substrate activation phase are ~13.6 and ~11.9 kcal/mol, respectively, which are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding experimentally derived activation free energies of 14.0 kcal/mol (for regular hydrolysis phase) and 13.5 kcal/mol (for substrate activation phase).     

Packaging of DNA in bacteriophage heads: some considerations on energetics

We have made quantitative estimates of some of the energetic factors to be considered in packaging of double-stranded DNA in virus particles. Numerical calculations were made using parameters appropriate for T4 bacteriophage. The unfavorable factors, and the Gibbs free energies per mole virus at 20°C associated with them, are bending, 1.5 × 10³ kcal/mol; conformational restriction upon condensation, 5.1 × 10² kcal/mol; polyelectrolyte repulsion, 2.1 × 10⁵kcal/mol; and melting or kinking, 6.9 × 10³ kcal/mol. These must be counterbalanced in the assembled phage by noncovalent bonding interactions between protein subunits in the phage-head shell; by interactions between the DNA and polyvalent cations, especially putrescine and spermidine; nad perhaps by repulsive excluded volume and electrostatic interaction between the DNA and acidic polypeptides. Indeed, a rough estimate of the standard free energey of interaction between T4 DNA and the putrescine and spermidine contained in the head is --2.1 × 10⁵ kcal/mol. In the absence of the other two sources of stabilization, each head protein subunit must contribute about 210 kcal/mol of binding energy.     

Hydration of carbon dioxide by carbonic anhydrase: internal proton transfer of Zn2+-bound HCO3-

Proton transfer within HCO3- has been examined under various conditions through molecular orbital methods: partial retention of diatomic differential overlap and 4-31G self-consistent field programs. These conditions include the absence or presence of Zn2+, Zn2+(NH3)3, or a water ligand on Zn2+. In addition, 4-31G+ and some MP2/4-31G results are obtained. The use of Be2+ to simulate Zn2+ reproduces reaction pathways and energy barriers, except for marginal cases. The barrier of 35.6 kcal/mol for direct internal proton transfer is reduced to 3.5 kcal/mol when one water molecule, not bound to Zn2+, is included for proton relay and to 1.4 kcal/mol when two such water molecules are included. In the enzyme, either Thr-199 or solvent molecules could perform this relay function. Our results favor this facilitated proton transfer over a mechanism in which Zn2+-bound OH- attacks CO2, a bidentate intermediate forms, and the OH moiety of the resulting HCO3- dissociates from Zn2+, thus leaving one of the oxygens of the original CO2 as a ligand to Zn2+.     

A comparative theoretical study for the methanol dehydrogenation to CO over Pt3 and PtAu2 clusters

The density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to study the mechanism details and the ensemble effect of methanol dehydrogenation over Pt(3) and PtAu(2) clusters, which present the smallest models of pure Pt clusters and bimetallic PtAu clusters. The energy diagrams are drawn out along both the initial O-H and C-H bond scission pathways via the four sequential dehydrogenation processes, respectively, i.e., CH(3)OH → CH(2)OH → CH(2)O → CHO → CO and CH(3)OH → CH(3)O → CH(2)O → CHO → CO, respectively. It is revealed that the reaction kinetics over PtAu(2) is significantly different from that over Pt(3). For the Pt(3)-mediated reaction, the C-H bond scission pathway, where an ensemble composed of two Pt atoms is required to complete methanol dehydrogenation, is energetically more favorable than the O-H bond scission pathway, and the maximum barrier along this pathway is calculated to be 12.99 kcal mol(-1). In contrast, PtAu(2) cluster facilitates the reaction starting from the O-H bond scission, where the Pt atom acts as the active center throughout each elementary step of methanol dehydrogenation, and the initial O-H bond scission with a barrier of 21.42 kcal mol(-1) is the bottom-neck step of methanol decomposition. Importantly, it is shown that the complete dehydrogenation product of methanol, CO, can more easily dissociate from PtAu(2) cluster than from Pt(3) cluster. The calculated results over the model clusters provide assistance to some extent for understanding the improved catalytic activity of bimetal PtAu catalysts toward methanol oxidation in comparison with pure Pt catalysts.     

Quantum chemical study on the stability of honeybee queen pheromone against atmospheric factors

The managed honeybee, Apis mellifera, has been experienced a puzzling event, termed as colony collapse disorder (CCD), in which worker bees abruptly disappear from their hives. Potential factors include parasites, pesticides, malnutrition, and environmental stresses. However, so far, no definitive relationship has been established between specific causal factors and CCD events. Here we theoretically test whether atmospheric environment could disturb the chemical communication between the queen and their workers in a colony. A quantum chemistry method has been used to investigate for the stability of the component of A. mellifera queen mandibular pheromone (QMP), (E)-9-keto-2-decenoic acid (9-ODA), against atmospheric water and free radicals. The results show that 9-ODA is less likely to react with water due to the high barrier heights (~36.5 kcal?·?mol^?1) and very low reaction rates. However, it can easily react with triplet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals because of low or negative energy barriers. Thus, the atmospheric free radicals may disturb the chemical communication between the queen and their daughters in a colony. Our pilot study provides new insight for the cause of CCD, which has been reported throughout the world.