六斑月瓢虫成虫捕食洋槐蚜的功能反应研究

在实验室条件下研究了六斑月瓢虫成虫对洋槐蚜的捕食功能反应,并进行了Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应模型拟合,拟合的圆盘方程为Na=0.9615 Nt/(1 0.00673 Nt),经χ2检验,圆盘方程理论值与实测值相符。六斑月瓢虫成虫的捕食率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系用Hassell模型拟合为E=0.935.P-0.169,其自身密度的功能反应用W att模型拟合为A=109.4.P-0.629。     

六斑月瓢虫模板DNA的制备及16SrDNA序列扩增

本文对酒精浸泡的六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata(Fabricius)标本进行基因组DNA的提取,用线粒体16 SrDNA引物扩增出长度约为500bp的PCR产物,为进一步开展瓢虫的分子系统学研究打下基础.     

双带盘瓢虫与六斑月瓢虫成虫对螺旋粉虱幼虫的捕食作用

在实验条件下分别研究了双带盘瓢虫Lemnia biplagiata与六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius成虫对螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell幼虫的捕食功能反应,并用Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应模型拟合.拟合的圆盘方程分别为Na=1.0776N/1+0.0032N和Na=0.8606/1+0.0060N,双带盘瓢虫和六斑月瓢虫的理论日最大捕食量分别为333.333头和142.857头.结果表明,两种瓢虫对入侵害虫螺旋粉虱有良好的捕食作用和控制潜能.     

六斑月瓢虫触角及感觉器扫描电镜观察

[目的] 明确六斑月瓢虫雌雄成虫触角感觉器种类、分布及形态特征。[方法] 利用扫描电子显微镜对六斑月瓢虫雌、雄成虫触角形态及触角感受器超微结构进行观察。[结果] 六斑月瓢虫成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,柄节长度与宽度显著大于梗节长度与宽度;鞭节分为9个亚节,末端3节横向膨大呈锤状。雌雄成虫触角上共有8种感觉器:刺形感觉器(SC)、毛形感觉器(ST)、锥形感觉器(SB)、腔形感觉器(CaS)、钟形感觉器(CS)、哑铃形感觉器(DS)、香肠形感觉器(SS)及B?hm氏鬃毛感觉器(BB)。以毛形感觉器和刺形感觉器分布最广,遍布触角;B?hm氏鬃毛仅存在于触角柄节与梗节;触角鞭节第9亚节顶端密布7种触角感觉器。六斑月瓢虫雌雄成虫触角长度、触角感觉器类型及分布无显著差异。[结论] 六斑月瓢虫成虫触角上共有8种感觉器,其触角可能具有感知机械刺激、识别化学信息素及感受温湿度变化的作用。本研究为进一步了解六斑月瓢虫触角与其行为间的关系提供基础资料。     

高温胁迫六斑月瓢虫对其生物学特性及其捕食作用的影响

【目的】为明确高温胁迫下对六斑月瓢虫Menochilussexmaculates的生物学特性及其捕食作用的影响。【方法】在35℃高温处理不同时长(3、6、9 h)的胁迫下,探究六斑月瓢虫的生长发育、存活、繁殖力和虫态特征的变化规律,同时评估了其对豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食功能与寻找效应。【结果】与25℃饲喂相比,高温胁迫下六斑月瓢虫的幼期历期和雌雄虫寿命随着胁迫时长的增加而缩短,且高温胁迫不同程度降低了六斑月瓢虫的产卵量、卵孵化率和幼期存活率,而对六斑月瓢虫4龄幼虫、成虫的体长和虫重无影响。通过研究捕食作用,与常温25℃相比,35℃高温胁迫在一定程度上促进了六斑月瓢虫对蚜虫的捕食效能,其中在高温胁迫9 h后,其捕食能力(a'/Th)和寻找效应(S)均高于3 h和6 h的。【结论】高温对六斑月瓢虫的生物学特性产生负面的影响,而对其捕食活动具有正面的影响。研究结果为六斑月瓢虫的生物防治提供了科学依据,同时为全球气候变暖下天敌昆虫的保护与利用奠定了基础数据。     

六斑月瓢虫取食不同猎物的生长发育及繁殖特性

六斑月瓢虫是我国农、林、蔬、果生态系统中重要的捕食性天敌之一,能够捕食多种猎物。不同的猎物质量显著影响捕食性天敌昆虫的活力。为评价取食不同猎物对六斑月瓢虫生物学特性的影响,采用实验种群生命表的方法研究了六斑月瓢虫取食烟粉虱、豆蚜和玉米蚜的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明,六斑月瓢虫取食烟粉虱的世代发育历期最长、存活率、雌虫寿命和繁殖力最低,分别为(26.15±0.42)d、(52.95±1.98)%、(53.73±2.17)d和(157.67±16.79)粒/雌;而取食玉米蚜的世代发育历期最短、存活率、雌虫寿命和繁殖力最高,分别为(16.40±0.49)d、(77.93±0.76)%、(68.33±4.31)d和(798.77±44.29)粒/雌;取食豆蚜时的各生物学参数介于两者之间。种群生命表参数也反映了类似的结果,取食烟粉虱的净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)最低分别为71.216、0.092和1.094,世代平均历期(T)最长为47.377d;取食玉米蚜的R_0、r_m和λ最高分别为290.281、0.131和1.143,T最短为42.428d。总体来看,相对于烟粉虱而言,蚜虫更适合六斑月瓢虫的生长发育和繁殖,且玉米蚜优于豆蚜。     

六斑月瓢虫对菊小长管蚜的捕食作用

六斑月瓢虫对菊小长管蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程。功能反应受到温度、容器大小和捕食者密度的影响。在同一温度下,六斑月瓢虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。在15℃～25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,捕食的菊小长管蚜高龄若蚜头数增多,而在25℃～35℃有相反的趋势,以25℃下的捕食数量最大,平均达95头/天,捕食上限达392.1头。相同猎物密度条件下,温度与六斑月瓢虫捕食作用的关系可用二次曲线拟合,捕食的最适温度（25℃左右）与菊小长管蚜发生高峰季节的温度相吻合。六斑月瓢虫的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应地降低,搜索常数Q为0.9003,干扰系数m为0.9816,E=0.9003P^-0.9816。实际应用时,要充分考虑气象因子、瓢蚜密度比等对防效的影响,以期获得最佳防治效果。     

异色瓢虫与隐斑瓢虫的区别及其色斑型和横脊的频率

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)和隐斑瓢虫H.yedoensis(Takizawa)是亲缘关系很近的姐妹种,在中国(北京到南岭,西至甘肃南部和西藏东部)、日本(北海道以南)和南韩等地同域分布,常常在松树等植物上共存。长期以来,隐斑瓢虫被认为是异色瓢虫的一个异名。有时从外形上很难区分这2种瓢虫,因此对于依据野外数据,分析异色瓢虫色斑型和鞘翅横脊的发生频率及小进化会产生一些错误。本文从没有隐斑瓢虫分布的东北地区的材料及其他数据,报道异色瓢虫的色斑型及鞘翅横脊发生频率。异色瓢虫的花斑型在我国东部地区(从东北至广东北部,西至甘肃和云南)发生率很低,而在新疆西北部发生率较高。鞘翅横脊的发生率从东北佳木斯的98.85%降低到云南大理的78.26%。本文列出了区分这2种瓢虫的形态特征及自然分布。如果鞘翅具横脊,则属于异色瓢虫,但如果标本来自2种瓢虫的共存区,鞘翅没有横脊,鞘翅的斑纹呈花斑型、四窗型或二窗型,则很难从外部形态上对它们进行鉴定。但这2种瓢虫的幼虫很容易区分。本文还提供了2种瓢虫的雄性外生殖器形态图、幼虫和成虫。     

温度和光周期对两种瓢虫捕食习性和发育的影响

[目的]在农业上,气候变化影响作物产量、蚜虫动态以及捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫的调节作用.一些瓢虫为广布种,而另一些瓢虫种类却只在特定地理范围内分布,而有关气候因子如何影响瓢虫分布了解甚少.[方法]评价不同温度(15℃,20℃,25℃,30℃和35℃)和光周期(8L:16D,12L:12D和16L: 8D)对两种瓢虫[七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus)(一种广布种)和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius(一种东方/南亚瓢虫)]幼虫取食和利用豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)的影响.[结果]尽管两种瓢虫的捕食作用和发育速率均在25℃时最高,但是随着日长的增加(即光周期从8L:16D增加到16L:8D)捕食作用进一步增强.与狭臀瓢虫相比,在所有温度和光周期下,七星瓢虫幼虫的取食量更高,生长和发育速率更快,其新羽化的成虫体重更重.非线性回归模型显示,七星瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫的最低发育温度分别为11℃和10.5℃左右,最高发育温度分别为41℃和43℃左右.狭臀瓢虫的幼虫捕食和发育速率对气候因子的依赖性强于七星瓢虫.[结论]本研究表明,广布种瓢虫对气候因子的敏感性比土著种瓢虫弱,因而可以广泛分布于不同的地理区域.因此,与土著种瓢虫相比,广布种瓢虫更适于作为生防因子.     

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF TWO APHIDOPHAGOUS LADYBEETLES, CHEILOMENES SEXMACULATA AND COCCINELLA TRANSVERSALIS

Abstract  Reproductive behaviour of two aphidophagous ladybeetles, Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Coccinella transversalis was studied. A premating period of 5.0±0.5 and 11.7±0.4 days and a pre-oviposition period of 5.5±0.7 and 12.7±0.5 days was observed for C. sexmaculata and C. transversalis , respectively. Males of both the species exhibited courtship in five steps, viz . approach, watch, examine, mount and attempt. Sexually immature, recently mated and ovipositing females rejected male advances in both the species. Chemical, visual and behavioural cues probably play a role in mate recognition. Quiescent mating occurred in C. sexmaculata , whereas abdominal shakings in the form of bouts and strokes were characteristic in C. transversalis. C. sexmaculata had a relatively prolonged mating duration (133.4±z8.9 min) than C. transversalis (37.9±2.0 min), possibly due to the absence of active processes, i.e ., bouts and strokes. The active processes in C. transversalis decreased with multiple matings in a day. Unmated adults of both the species mated more vigorously than the mated ones. Reproductive performance of both the species was best after multiple matings.     

二种食蚜瓢虫Cheilomenes sexmaculata和Coccinella transversalis的生殖行为

在实验室中对二种食蚜瓢虫,Cheilomenes sexmaculata(Cs)和Coccinella transversalis(Ct)的生殖行为进行了研究。观察发现Cs和Ct交配前期分别为5.00±0.50和11.70±0.43天,而产卵前期则分别是5.51±0.7和12.67±0.49天。两种雄蛾的求偶行为表现出五个阶段,即靠近、观察、检查、伪装及交配尝试。性不成熟的、近期交配过且正在产卵的两种雌蛾会拒绝雄蛾的进一步行为。化学的和视觉的行为似乎在配偶识别中扮演一个角色。Cs交配相对地平静,而Ct的腹部摇动和敲击是特征。与Ct交配时间(37.90±1.99分钟)相比,Cs相对地延长的交配期间(133.43±8.87分钟),可能与缺少腹部来回摇动和敲击这些活跃的过程有关。经历了一天的多次交配后,Ct的交配的活跃程序减少了。两种未交配过的瓢虫在交配过程中比使那些已交配过成虫显得精力更充沛。两种瓢虫的生殖表现在多次交配中得以改善。     

Evaluation of four co-occurring ladybirds for use as biocontrol agents of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The potential of four co-occurring ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Coccinella transversalis (F.), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.), and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant), as predators of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was investigated. Larger ladybirds were more voracious while smaller ones had higher consumption indices and were more efficient converters of food.     

Intrinsic advantages of Cheilomenes sexmaculata over two coexisting Coccinella species （Coleoptera：Coccinellidae）

Development, survival and reproductive performance of coexisting ladybird species, viz. Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Coccinella septempunctata, and Coccinella transversalis, of the tribe Coccinellini were studied and compared to assess their coexistence and ecological relationships. High values of life history parameters, viz. developmental rate,immature survival, fecundity, egg viability, reproductive rate and conversion of efficiency of ingested food were recorded for C. sexmaculata followed by C. transversalis and C.septempunctata suggesting that the former has intrinsic advantages over the latter two species. This could possibly counterbalance its disadvantages, like relatively smaller size and weight, thereby making it competitive. The developmental period increased with increase in body size. Exceptionally high fecundity after single mating has been recorded in C. sexmaculata. The egg viability, however, was lower than in both Coccinella species.     

Reproductive performance of four aphidophagous ladybirds on cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch

Abstract:  This study investigated prey consumption, egg production, percent progeny loss, reproductive, pre- and post-reproductive periods, reproductive time ratio, reproductive rate and bioconversion efficiency of four aphidophagous ladybirds, viz. Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Coccinella transversalis Fabricius and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) on Dolichos lablab Linnaeus infested with cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. C. sexmaculata had the highest bioconversion efficiency, reproductive rate and reproductive time ratio followed in rank order by P. dissecta , C. transversalis and C. septempunctata . This study indicates that C. sexmaculata has a narrow ecological relationship with A. craccivora . The increased allocation of resources to reproduction as indicated through a high reproductive time ratio and high bioconversion efficiency of C. sexmaculata and P. dissecta suggest that they may be better adapted to compete for this prey with larger species like C. transversalis and C. septempunctata .     

植物提取物和常用药剂对蚜虫重要天敌瓢虫孵化、存活和捕食效能的影响

为解决目前化学合成杀虫剂长期大量使用所带来的“3R”问题 ,有必要从对人畜无毒或低毒、对害虫天敌安全的植物和其它天然产物中筛选与环境相容性好的物质作为害虫控制的手段。已经从 63种植物中筛选出两种对蔬菜蚜虫有较好控制作用的植物苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum Petr.et Widd.和白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllum Schott。报道该两种植物乙醇提取物以及几种常用天然源药剂 (鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂和 0 .3%印楝素乳油 )对深圳菜区蚜虫重要天敌瓢虫 (六斑月瓢虫 Menochilussexmaculata( Fabricius)和狭臀瓢虫 Coccinella trasversalis Fabricius)的影响。结果表明 ,两种植物提取物 ( 0 .0 4 g DW/ml)对所测试瓢虫的孵化、存活和捕食效能与对照之间在 0 .0 1或 0 .0 5水平均无显著差异 ,表明两种植物提取物对瓢虫安全、无明显毒性。而鱼藤酮精 ( 80 0× )、机油乳剂 ( 4 0 0× )和 0 .3%印楝素乳油 ( 2 0 0 0× )在所测试的浓度对瓢虫卵的毒性较强 ,瓢虫卵的孵化率明显降低 ,仅有对照瓢虫卵孵化率的 7.74%～ 1 4.31 % ,因此应避免在田间瓢虫大量产卵的季节使用。苍耳和白蝴蝶提取物对蚜虫的重要天敌瓢虫没有负面影响 ,可以考虑作为保护十字花科蔬菜免遭蚜虫危害的植物保护剂配方。     

Stage and age-specific predation in four aphidophagous ladybird beetles

In the present study, stage- and age-specific predatory patterns and nutritional ecology attributes of four co-occurring aphidophagous ladybirds, namely, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Coccinella transversalis F., Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.) and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) on pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) were investigated. Despite their lower consumption rates, smaller ladybirds (C. sexmaculata and P. dissecta) and earlier instars were efficient converters of aphid prey with higher relative growth rates, over the respective larger ladybirds (C. septempunctata and C. transversalis) and fourth instars. The consumption rates of pea aphids by the larvae increased with stage, but with a decline in the later part of the fourth instars, just prior to pupation. Adult females of early age groups (between 2 and 7 days) had higher consumption rates than later age groups in all the four species. Further in adult females, consumption rates decrease with increase in age, but without significant changes in conversion efficiencies and relative growth rates.     

Seasonal distribution and aerial movement of adult coecinellids on farmland

Seasonal and spatial aspects of coccinellid populations were studied on Rothamsted farm using a network of sticky traps in 1991 and 1992. Seasonal aerial population dynamics of Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata were similar in both years, but the population size of the former was smaller in 1992. The seasonal population dynamics of Adalia bipunctata differed between the two years with a much larger population in 1992. All the species showed aggregated distributions on the farm, but A. bipunctata was the most strongly aggregated in both years. The study indicated that C. septempunctata was less discriminating in its use of habitats for feeding and breeding than were A. bipunctata and P. quatuordecimpunctata which mainly exploited non‐crop habitats along hedgerows and grass banks.