高原春油菜田小菜蛾种群动态和抗药性的监测

【目的】为了准确掌握典型春油菜种植区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群变化动态和抗药性现状。【方法】诱捕法调查了青海高原小菜蛾成虫发生动态、室内用浸渍法测定了小菜蛾田间种群的抗性倍数,并进行了田间药效试验。【结果】青海省小菜蛾一般一年发生3代,但2 500 m以上的地区第3代成虫数量较第1代、第2代明显下降。在我省高原春油菜区,每日20:00至次日晨4:00是小菜蛾成虫发生主要的时间段。小菜蛾在青海省不能越冬。湟中点小菜蛾对溴虫腈产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、丁醚脲产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、高效氯氰菊酯、茚虫威产生高水平的抗性;对阿维菌素、啶虫隆、氯虫苯甲酰胺产生极高水平抗性。互助点小菜蛾对溴虫腈、丁醚脲产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、啶虫隆产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威产生高水平抗性;对阿维菌素产生极高水平抗性。小菜蛾的抗性监测结果与田间药效结果基本一致,溴虫腈的抗性倍数最低,田间防治效果好于其他参试药剂。【结论】青海省小菜蛾年发生代数较少,且不能越冬。春油菜田小菜蛾已对大部分农药产生了抗药性。     

海南地区小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺和乙基多杀菌素的抗药性变化趋势

【目的】为了明确海南地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对氯虫苯甲酰胺和乙基多杀菌素的抗性现状和抗性发展趋势,为制定有效的化学防治措施及抗性治理策略提供参考。【方法】本文采用叶片浸渍法,测定了海南海口、三亚两个地区小菜蛾田间种群2011—2014年度对2种药剂的抗药性水平。【结果】结果表明:自2011年以来,海口地区小菜蛾种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性倍数从2011年的0.95倍,突然发展为2012年的303.18倍,2013年下降为61.37倍,2014年又上升为92.41倍,年度间波动较大;三亚地区的抗性倍数由2011年的1.16倍,逐年上升为2012年的44.00倍,2013年的51.22倍和2014年度的120.62倍,年度间抗性持续上升,达到高抗性水平。海口地区小菜蛾对乙基多杀菌素的抗性倍数从2012年的1.19倍,发展为2013年的29.35倍和2014年的30.25倍,达到中等抗性水平;三亚地区的抗性倍数由2012年的4.43倍,逐年上升为2013年的30.48倍和2014年度的54.96倍,年度间抗性持续上升。【结论】海南地区小菜蛾对乙基多杀菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺均已产生中等水平或高水平的抗药性,抗药性呈现持续上升的趋势。这可能与两个地区的用药环境和用药习惯有关。田间防治时,应减少两种药剂的使用次数,注意轮换其它药剂。     

北京和河北地区小菜蛾的抗药性动态

【目的】了解北京和河北地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对主要防治药剂的抗药性现状,为小菜蛾的有效防治提供参考。【方法】2011—2015年,采用浸叶法监测了小菜蛾对9种药剂的抗药性。【结果】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素和丁醚脲均为敏感水平,对Bt制剂、虫螨腈和茚虫威个别年份出现中等抗性水平,但总体上为敏感状态,对阿维菌素和氟啶脲保持中等抗性水平,对高效氯氰菊酯为中等至高水平抗性。【结论】在北京和河北地区高效氯氰菊酯不适用于小菜蛾的防治,少用或暂停使用阿维菌素,其它药剂可交替或轮换使用。     

滇西菜区小菜蛾发生规律及抗药性监测

掌握滇西菜区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群发生规律和抗药性水平,对提出区域性防控策略具有重要意义。2009-2015年,采用诱集法和浸叶法监测了滇西菜区小菜蛾种群发生动态及其对常用杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明：滇西菜区小菜蛾全年发生,为害期有9个月,春夏季为害重,3-6月为发生高峰期,2009-2015年最高诱蛾量为290~905头/7 d,小菜蛾种群对化学杀虫剂均产生了不同水平的抗药性,其中对阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯的抗药性最高,达到高水平抗药性,对多杀菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈维持在中等水平抗药性,2011年对氯虫苯甲酰胺产生了28倍的抗药性,后恢复敏感,3年后又出现抗药性的上升趋势。可见,3-6月是滇西菜区小菜蛾防控的重要时期,可选择Bt、多杀菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈等药剂轮换使用,减少氯虫苯甲酰胺使用次数,建议停用阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯。     

六种杀虫剂对棉铃虫的毒力效果比较

【目的】比较新型杀虫剂对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera田间种群的毒力效果,从中筛选出高效农药种类,为当前棉铃虫防治中合理用药提供参考。【方法】在室内采用点滴法,测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)、氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、茚虫威、溴虫腈、甲维·茚虫威对4个地理种群棉铃虫3龄幼虫的毒力效果;并比较了甲维盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺对2-5龄幼虫的毒力作用。【结果】6种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的毒力效果从高到低的顺序依次为:氯虫苯甲酰胺甲维盐甲维·茚虫威溴氰虫酰胺茚虫威溴虫腈;不同地理种群对茚虫威的敏感性差异最大,其次依次为甲维·茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、甲维盐和溴虫腈。甲维盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺对2-4龄幼虫均具有较好毒杀效果,但氯虫苯甲酰胺对5龄幼虫的毒效明显优于甲维盐。【结论】氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲维盐是当前防治棉铃虫的首选农药,且氯虫苯甲酰胺对高龄幼虫毒杀效果较好。     

湖北四个地区草地贪夜蛾田间种群的杀虫剂敏感性及靶标突变检测

【目的】测定湖北草地贪夜蛾田间种群对4种杀虫剂的敏感性,并对杀虫剂靶标Ace-1,VGSC和RyR的基因型和突变频率进行检测,以明确湖北草地贪夜蛾田间种群药剂敏感性现状,进而指导田间科学用药。【方法】采集湖北黄冈、武穴、咸宁和荆州4个地区玉米田中的草地贪夜蛾幼虫,采用浸叶法测定其对氯虫苯甲酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、茚虫威和甲维盐4种杀虫剂的敏感性;提取4个种群80头个体的单头总RNA合成cDNA,利用特异性引物进行PCR扩增,获得目的基因片段,根据序列比对和测序峰图分析,确定Ace-1,VGSC和RyR的基因型和靶标突变位点的突变频率。【结果】生测结果表明,湖北这4个田间种群的草地贪夜蛾幼虫对氯虫苯甲酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、茚虫威和甲维盐均比较敏感,敏感性从高到低依次为:甲维盐乙基多杀菌素氯虫苯甲酰胺茚虫威。分子检测结果表明,湖北草地贪夜蛾这4个田间种群Ace-1基因在A201S, G227A和F290V位点均存在抗性杂合突变,且在F290V位点检测到抗性纯合突变,而VGSC和RyR两个基因均没有检测到靶标位点突变。【结论】湖北草地贪夜蛾4个田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、茚虫威和甲维盐这4种杀虫剂均较敏感,但这4个草地贪夜蛾田间种群均携带有对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性基因,存在潜在的抗性风险,田间防治建议少用或不用该类杀虫剂,同时需要进一步加强抗性监测工作。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫下小菜蛾ABCC1～ABCC5 mRNA的表达特征

【目的】为探讨小菜蛾Plutella xylostella ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter)与氯虫苯甲酰胺代谢的关系【方法】采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术,测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺敏感和抗性小菜蛾及用LC50剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理敏感种群不同时间后ABCC1~ABCC5 mRNA的表达量;并检测了其中过表达的ABCC3~ABCC5在小菜蛾不同发育阶段和4龄幼虫不同组织中的表达量。【结果】所检测的5个ABCC基因在氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系中均上调表达,最高为敏感品系的2倍;LC50的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5 mRNA的表达量分别上调2.16倍、2.81倍和1.85倍,ABCC1和ABCC2则分别下调为对照组的65.8%和37.2%。ABCC3的mRNA在幼虫期和雄性成虫中表达量显著高于其它时期;ABCC4的mRNA在各发育阶段表达量差异不大,其中在预蛹期最高;ABCC5的mRNA在3龄幼虫中表达量显著高于其它龄期。在4龄幼虫各组织中,ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5在中肠中的表达量均显著高于其它组织。【结论】小菜蛾ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5可能在其对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢中起作用,该研究结果为进一步探究小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性与ABCC1~ABCC5的关系奠定了基础。     

新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾种群对六种杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系

【目的】番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta 是新入侵我国的对番茄具有毁灭性危害的入侵害虫,目前入侵我国的番茄潜叶蛾种群对杀虫剂的抗性尚无报道。本研究旨在明确新疆和云南番茄潜叶蛾田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂的敏感性及其与解毒酶活性的关系。【方法】采用浸叶法测定6种常用杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群2龄幼虫的室内毒力。通过对2龄幼虫的生物测定确定3种增效剂［CYP450抑制剂胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和GST抑制剂丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)］对氯虫苯甲酰胺的增效作用。采用酶活性分析测定室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群(新疆种群) 2龄幼虫体内解毒酶［细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)］活性,以确定杀虫剂抗性与解毒酶活性的关系。【结果】番茄潜叶蛾云南种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、多杀菌素、茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氰菊酯。新疆种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性由高到低依次为甲维盐、溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯。与室内敏感种群相比,云南和新疆种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性水平最高,抗性倍数分别为212.7和169.3倍。生物测定结果表明,3种增效剂PBO, TPP和DEM均对氯虫苯甲酰胺无明显增效作用。酶活性测定结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾室内敏感种群和田间抗性种群之间2龄幼虫中CYP450, GST和CarE活性无显著差异。【结论】番茄潜叶蛾新疆和云南种群对测试的6种杀虫剂产生不同程度的抗性,对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性最高,番茄潜叶蛾对杀虫剂的抗性与解毒酶活性无关。本研究的结果对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防治和杀虫剂抗性治理具有指导意义。     

小麦蚜虫对六种杀虫剂的抗药性及田间药效评价

【目的】为了掌握山东小麦蚜虫对常用杀虫剂的抗药性及田间防治效果,进一步筛选出对小麦蚜虫高效、低毒的药剂品种。【方法】2013-2014年,采用玻璃管药膜法测定了山东省阳谷县和汶上县小麦蚜虫对6种杀虫剂(吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、氧乐果、溴氰菊酯、抗蚜威和氟啶虫胺腈)的抗药性,并于2015年采用田间小区试验的方法在汶上县对8种杀虫剂防治蚜虫田间效果进行了评价。【结果】除了2014年阳谷县禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi种群对高效氯氰菊酯已经产生低水平抗性外,两地区禾谷缢管蚜其他种群和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae对这6种杀虫剂的敏感性均较高,处于敏感水平。田间防治试验结果表明,50%氟啶虫胺腈WG、20%啶虫脒WP、10%吡虫啉WP和50%抗蚜威WP速效性好,药后3 d对麦蚜的防治效果达76.9%~85.6%;50%氟啶虫胺腈WG、20%啶虫脒WP、10%吡虫啉WP、40%氧乐果EC、25%吡蚜酮WP、50%抗蚜威WP和40%毒死蜱EC持效性好,药后7 d对麦蚜的防治效果达80.0%~97.5%;25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯EC药后7 d对麦蚜的防效仅为74.8%,极显著低于其他药剂。【结论】在小麦生产中,可选用高效低毒的氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、抗蚜威和吡蚜酮对小麦蚜虫进行防治,注意不同类型药剂之间的轮换和交替使用。     

陕西苹果园山楂叶螨抗药性监测

【目的】明确陕西省苹果园的山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher种群对5种药剂的抗性水平。【方法】采用玻片浸渍法,建立了山楂叶螨室内饲养的相对敏感种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感基线,同时从陕西乾县、礼泉、兴平、澄城、安塞、淳化、凤翔和扶风8个不同地区的苹果园采集山楂叶螨,分析这些田间种群的抗药性水平。【结果】山楂叶螨室内相对敏感种群对阿维菌素的敏感性最高,对毒死蜱敏感性最低;各种群对哒螨灵已产生了13.29~69.63倍的抗性;对高效氯氟氰菊酯已经产生了7.99~46.74倍的抗性;除兴平种群对阿维菌素表现为低抗水平外(抗性倍数7.63),其余种群对阿维菌素表现为敏感或者敏感性下降(抗性倍数1.89~3.94);除扶风种群对毒死蜱抗性水平处于敏感性下降的阶段外,其它7个种群对毒死蜱的均处于敏感阶段;各种群对噻虫嗪均处于敏感阶段。【结论】山楂叶螨室内相对敏感种群对5种不同杀虫剂的敏感性不同;各田间种群对哒螨灵和高效氯氟氰菊酯两种药剂已经产生了不同水平的抗药性,除兴平种群对阿维菌素产生低抗水平抗性外,其余田间种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱和噻虫嗪抗性均表现为敏感或者敏感性下降;田间防治时应该减少哒螨灵和高效氯氟氰菊酯两种药剂的使用,同时注意不同农药的轮换使用,以此延缓山楂叶螨对杀虫剂产生高水平抗药性。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418