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生物防治是一种利用自然天敌控制有害生物的手段.当前生物防治的发展面临着使用成本高和效果不稳定的两大难题.这要求我们更精准地选育和释放天敌.随着测序技术的进步,学界提出了新一代生物防治(Next Generation Biological Control),旨在利用遗传学和基因组学来认识天敌昆虫种下水平的多样性和变异规律... 相似文献
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数量遗传学在害虫种群抗性进化研究中的应用 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
自1908年Melander[1]首次发现美国的梨园蚧AspidiotusperniciosusComstock对石硫合剂有抗药性以来,已有500多种害虫和害螨对一种或多种不同类群的杀虫剂产生了抗药性[2]。Dobzhansky[3]认为,杀虫剂抗性是一种进化现象,是害虫种群内部遗传结构在杀虫剂选择作用下持续变化的外在表现。目前,害虫抗性种群内部遗传结构在杀虫剂选择作用下动态变化的研究主要集中在抗性等位基因频率和抗性遗传力两个方面。遗传力估计是数量遗传学中研究生物群体遗传结构变化趋势的基本方法之一,由于这种方法不需对控制性状的基因数作任何假设,因此在不清… 相似文献
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棉蚜与其天敌种群分布格局的关系 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:7
对棉蚜与其多种天敌在数、时、空方面关系的研究表明,龟纹瓢虫与棉蚜种群数量极相关,两者发生数量高峰期和低谷期均是同步的,龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜种群有明显的控制作用,龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑株及棉蚜种群的三维空间格乙为聚集型,棉蚜和草间小黑蚜个体间互相吸引,龟纹瓢虫个体间互相排斥。 相似文献
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福州城南木麻黄上发生珠蚧 (硕蚧 )科的草履蚧、吹绵蚧和银毛吹绵蚧 ,草履蚧发生极其严重 ,吹绵蚧于 5月间也一度猖獗 ,银毛吹绵蚧其次。总受害株达 99% ,受害梢率达 6 0 %以上 ,造成木麻黄生长衰弱甚至枯死。笔者在一年多的时间中 ,对此三种珠蚧及天敌田间种群消长进行了初步的考查。( 1 )草履蚧在福州一年发生 1代 ,以成虫和少数三龄若虫在木麻黄主枝和主干上越冬 ,冬季天气温暖时还见有爬动 ,翌年 3月下旬成虫爬至树头基部松土层 3- 5cm内或树干的裂缝等处 ,分泌绵絮状蜡质的卵囊产卵其中。室内观察一头雌成虫可连续产卵 3天 ,第一天产下… 相似文献
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红基盘瓢虫和红星盘瓢虫实验种群生命表的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文组建了红基盘瓢虫和红星盘瓢虫的实验种群生命表,并应用Morris模式探讨影响种群数量变动的主要因子;计算了两瓢虫的内禀增长率(r_m)及其它有关的生态学统计量。在实验室条件(平均温度29.5±1.5℃和相对湿度70.0±4.9%)下,红基盘瓢虫和红基盘瓢虫的内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(γ)均相近,而两者的种群趋势指数(I)、净繁殖率(R_0)和世代平均历期(T)差异较大。红基盘瓢虫的内禀增长率r_m=0.0841,种群数量以每8.2天增长一倍的速率发展;红星盘瓢虫的内禀增长率r_m=0.0887,种群以每7.8天增长一倍的速率发展。生殖力减退是影响两瓢虫实验种群数量变动的主要因子。在盛夏进行两瓢虫的大量繁殖并应用于橄榄星室木虱的防治是可行的。 相似文献
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微卫星是一类短串联重复的寡核苷酸序列,广泛地分散于各类真核生物基因组中,它具有多态性高、检测结果稳定可靠等特点,是目前较为理想的群体遗传研究的分子标记之一。该文阐述了微卫星DNA构成及特点,多态性形成机制、位点获得途径,列举了微卫星遗传标记在昆虫种群遗传学研究中的应用实例,并展望了该技术的应用前景。 相似文献
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寄生性和捕食性天敌昆虫成虫普遍存在通过取食蜜粉源植物补充营养的行为,这可不同程度地促进天敌昆虫性成熟、延长其寿命、提高其生殖力或寄生率,以及搜寻寄主效率和子代雌性比率,从而显著提高天敌昆虫在生物防治中的控害能力和效果。蜜粉源植物花的结构及植物对天敌昆虫产生的嗅觉、视觉信号和花蜜花粉对天敌昆虫产生的味觉信号又显著影响天敌昆虫选择蜜粉源植物的行为和结果。但是,蜜粉源植物也可成为害虫的补充营养植物,从而提高害虫的为害能力。因此,需深入研究不同蜜粉源植物对天敌昆虫及害虫的作用,趋利避害,才可能应用蜜粉源植物成功调控天敌与害虫的益害比,实现害虫的可持续控制。 相似文献
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国外害虫天敌产品的商品化及小黑瓢虫的引种利用 总被引:18,自引:4,他引:18
长期以来由于大量使用化学农药对环境造成严重污染,并对人、畜健康造成危害,已引起世界各国的普遍关注,本文介绍英国作物生物保护有限公司(Biological Crop Protection Limited,BCP公再)开发害虫天敌产品,开拓天敌产品市场,发展害虫生物防治技术的经验,并报道粉虱害虫的重要天敌小黑飘虫Delphastus pusillus(LeConte)的引种与利用。 相似文献
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Stacy A. Krueger‐Hadfield Nicole M. Kollars Allan E. Strand James E. Byers Sarah J. Shainker Ryuta Terada Thomas W. Greig Mareike Hammann David C. Murray Florian Weinberger Erik E. Sotka 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(12):4432-4447
The identification of native sources and vectors of introduced species informs their ecological and evolutionary history and may guide policies that seek to prevent future introductions. Population genetics provides a powerful set of tools to identify origins and vectors. However, these tools can mislead when the native range is poorly sampled or few molecular markers are used. Here, we traced the introduction of the Asian seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) into estuaries in coastal western North America, the eastern United States, Europe, and northwestern Africa by genotyping more than 2,500 thalli from 37 native and 53 non‐native sites at mitochondrial cox1 and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Overall, greater than 90% of introduced thalli had a genetic signature similar to thalli sampled from the coastline of northeastern Japan, strongly indicating this region served as the principal source of the invasion. Notably, northeastern Japan exported the vast majority of the oyster Crassostrea gigas during the 20th century. The preponderance of evidence suggests G. vermiculophylla may have been inadvertently introduced with C. gigas shipments and that northeastern Japan is a common source region for estuarine invaders. Each invaded coastline reflected a complex mix of direct introductions from Japan and secondary introductions from other invaded coastlines. The spread of G. vermiculophylla along each coastline was likely facilitated by aquaculture, fishing, and boating activities. Our ability to document a source region was enabled by a robust sampling of locations and loci that previous studies lacked and strong phylogeographic structure along native coastlines. 相似文献
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飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)是世界公认的多年生入侵性杂草, 原产于中、南美洲, 现已扩散至非洲、亚洲、大洋洲和西太平洋群岛的大部分热带及亚热带地区, 严重威胁着入侵地本地植物的生长、生物多样性和生态安全。由于其蔓延速度快, 及其对农、林、牧业等的巨大危害, 引起了社会各界的广泛关注。揭示飞机草的入侵机制, 对于遏制其扩散速度, 最终消除或降低其危害, 恢复生态系统平衡, 具有十分重要的现实意义和科学价值。该文介绍了飞机草的生物学特性、地理分布、入侵后果及防治措施等。鉴于目前对飞机草的入侵路线和入侵机制还没有全面系统的认识, 该文重点介绍了其在世界范围内的传播路线及其成功入侵机制, 旨在为飞机草的防治工作提供科学依据。最后提出有关飞机草生理生态学和分子生物学方面的一些展望, 并强调对其适应性进化遗传基础的研究可能为探讨其成功的入侵机制带来新突破。 相似文献
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M. WILLIAMSON 《Molecular ecology》1992,1(1):3-8
Applications to release genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment, usually the agricultural environment, are increasing exponentially. Many involve crop plants that are also weeds. Studies of biological invasions and of biological control show that the probability that a genetically new organism establishing itself is small; it is also unpredictable and in some cases could have severe ecological effects. GMOs pose risks both because they will be released in large numbers and because the greater the genetic novelty the greater the possibility of ecological novelty. Molecular ecology is an essential ingredient in ensuring that risks are assessed efficiently. 相似文献
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Stephen J. Taerum Adam Konečný Z. Wilhelm de Beer David Cibrián‐Tovar Michael J. Wingfield 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,118(3):486-502
Exotic forest insects and their symbionts pose an increasing threat to forest health. This is apparently true for the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens), which was unintentionally introduced to China, where the beetle has killed millions of healthy native pine trees. Previous population genetics studies that used cytochrome oxidase I as a marker concluded that the source of D. valens in China was western North America. In contrast, surveys of fungi associated with D. valens demonstrated that more fungal species are shared between China and eastern North America than between China and western North America, suggesting that the source population of D. valens could be eastern North America. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to determine population structure of D. valens in North America as well as the source population of the beetle in China. The analyses revealed that four genetically distinct populations (herein named the West, Central, Northeast and Mexico) represent the native range of D. valens. Clustering analyses and a simulation‐based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach supported the hypothesis that western North America is the source of the invasive D. valens population. This study provides a demonstration of non‐congruence between patterns inferred by studies on population genetics and symbiont assemblages in an invasive bark beetle. 相似文献
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Hao‐Sen Li Gerald Heckel Yu‐Hao Huang Wei‐Jian Fan Adam
lipiski Hong Pang 《Evolutionary Applications》2019,12(5):989-1000
Biological control is the main purpose of intentionally introducing non‐native invertebrate species. The evolutionary changes that occur in the populations of the introduced biological control agents may determine the agent's efficiency and the environmental safety. Here, to explore the pattern and extent of potential genomic changes in the worldwide introduced predatory ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, we used a reduced‐representation sequencing method to analyze the genome‐wide differentiation of the samples from two native and five introduced locations. Our analyses based on a total of 53,032 single nucleotide polymorphism loci showed that beetles from the introduced locations in Asia and Europe exhibited significant reductions in genetic diversity and high differentiation compared with the samples from the native Australian range. Each introduced population belonged to a unique genetic cluster, while the beetles from two native locations were much more similar. These genomic patterns were also detected when the dataset was pruned for genomic outlier loci (52,318 SNPs remaining), suggesting that random genetic drift was the main force shaping the genetic diversity and population structure of this biological control agent. Our results provide a genome‐wide characterization of polymorphisms in a biological control agent and reveal genomic differences that were influenced by the introduction history. These differences might complicate assessments of the efficiency of biological control and the invasion potential of this species but also indicate the feasibility of selective breeding. 相似文献
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T. Seko A. Sumi A. Nakano M. Kameshiro T. Kaneda K. Miura 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2014,138(5):326-337
The release of the larvae of flightless ladybird beetles could extend the duration of effective control because of the longer presence of adult stages, and the per individual production cost for juvenile stages is lower than that for adult stages. A preliminary release experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness in controlling two aphid species, Aphis gossypii and Aulacorthum solani, using second instars of a flightless strain of Harmonia axyridis. The number of A. gossypii was suppressed in greenhouses that contained the flightless strain compared with greenhouses that contained the wild‐type strain. In one of two replicates, more flightless adults were observed on the plants for longer than wild‐type adults. However, it was not clear whether the extension of the residence period contributed to the effectiveness in controlling aphids directly, because the population of ladybirds in the greenhouses consisted of both larvae and adults during parts of the experimental period. In flightless H. axyridis, the release of larvae was more effective in suppressing A. solani than the release of adults. These results suggest that it may be more effective to release larvae of flightless H. axyridis than wild‐type larvae or flightless adults. 相似文献
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Phytoseiids are possibly the most important mites used in biological control and are usually produced using a tritrophic system that, although efficient, is expensive and laborious. Mites of the cohort Astigmatina (Sarcoptiformes) have been used as factitious prey in the mass rearing of phytoseiids and may allow a much simpler production system. This research evaluated the potential of ten Astigmatina species to serve as factitious food sources for Euseius concordis (Chant), Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark and Muma, Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes and Neoseiulus californicus McGregor, all phytoseiid species commonly found in different countries. The high fecundity and survival rates obtained suggest that Thyreophagus n. sp. is a suitable prey for rearing N. barkeri and that Austroglycyphagus lukoschusi (Fain) and Blomia tropicalis is suitable for rearing N. californicus. Oviposition by E. concordis was negligible, but survivorship was high on most prey species, suggesting that these species may be useful for maintenance of the predator. I. zuluagai had low fecundity and survival on all the astigmatid species evaluated and none were suitable for its rearing. 相似文献
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A population genetic simulation framework is developed to understand the behavior and molecular evolution of DNA sequences of transposable elements. Our model incorporates random transposition and excision of transposable element (TE) copies, two modes of selection against TEs, and degeneration of transpositional activity by point mutations. We first investigated the relationships between the behavior of the copy number of TEs and these parameters. Our results show that when selection is weak, the genome can maintain a relatively large number of TEs, but most of them are less active. In contrast, with strong selection, the genome can maintain only a limited number of TEs but the proportion of active copies is large. In such a case, there could be substantial fluctuations of the copy number over generations. We also explored how DNA sequences of TEs evolve through the simulations. In general, active copies form clusters around the original sequence, while less active copies have long branches specific to themselves, exhibiting a star-shaped phylogeny. It is demonstrated that the phylogeny of TE sequences could be informative to understand the dynamics of TE evolution. 相似文献
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Pierre Barrat-Charlaix John Huddleston Trevor Bedford Richard A. Neher 《Molecular biology and evolution》2021,38(7):2767
Seasonal influenza viruses repeatedly infect humans in part because they rapidly change their antigenic properties and evade host immune responses, necessitating frequent updates of the vaccine composition. Accurate predictions of strains circulating in the future could therefore improve the vaccine match. Here, we studied the predictability of frequency dynamics and fixation of amino acid substitutions. Current frequency was the strongest predictor of eventual fixation, as expected in neutral evolution. Other properties, such as occurrence in previously characterized epitopes or high Local Branching Index (LBI) had little predictive power. Parallel evolution was found to be moderately predictive of fixation. Although the LBI had little power to predict frequency dynamics, it was still successful at picking strains representative of future populations. The latter is due to a tendency of the LBI to be high for consensus-like sequences that are closer to the future than the average sequence. Simulations of models of adapting populations, in contrast, show clear signals of predictability. This indicates that the evolution of influenza HA and NA, while driven by strong selection pressure to change, is poorly described by common models of directional selection such as traveling fitness waves. 相似文献