双去甲氧基姜黄素对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及作用方式

在室温26℃±1℃、湿度60%～80%、光照14 h条件下,测定了天然植物活性成分双去甲氧基姜黄素对重要植食性害螨朱砂叶螨各螨态的触杀和熏蒸活性,对幼螨、若螨、成螨的驱避活性,以及对雌成螨的产卵抑制活性.采用玻片浸渍法测得双去甲氧基姜黄素对朱砂叶螨雌成螨48 h的LCso为0.433 mg·mL-1.在0.883 mg·mL-1(LC70)的浓度下,双去甲氧基姜黄素对朱砂叶螨不同螨态触杀活性的大小依次为幼螨＞若螨＞成螨＞卵,其中对幼螨24h和48 h的校正死亡率分别为60.0%和83.3%;对朱砂叶螨各螨态的熏蒸作用不明显,024h和48 h的校正死亡率均小于3%;对幼螨、若螨以及成螨均表现出较强的驱避作用,其中对幼螨的效果最好,不同处理时间的驱避率均在85%以上,其次是若螨,对成螨的驱避性相对较差,72 h的驱避率仅为47.8%.同时对雌成螨有明显的产卵抑制作用,处理后120 h产卵抑制率达到89.3%.表明双去甲氧基姜黄素对朱砂叶螨的主要作用方式为触杀、驱避和产卵抑制作用.     

朱砂叶螨成螨在水中的耐受力

【目的】明确朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)在雨水中的耐受能力,为评价雨水对朱砂叶螨的控制作用提供理论依据。【方法】本文通过采用玻片浸渍法和录像技术,对朱砂叶螨沉于水中的沉浮比例、耐受力以及足的摆动频率进行研究。【结果】在棉花叶片上接螨饲养5 d后(92.79%±0.55%)的朱砂叶螨沉于水中的比例极显著高于2 d后(42.72%±2.37%)的;3日龄的雌(297.4±16.1)min、雄(297.7±7.4)min成螨之间在水中存活时间差异不明显。雌雄成螨在水中最短存活时间分别为48 min和45 min;雌雄成螨数量大约在300 min内死亡达到一半,雌雄成螨在水中最长存活时间分别为773 min和856 min;雌雄成螨死亡数在时间上分布不均匀。沉在水中朱砂叶螨雌雄成螨死亡过程中表现为:足的摆动频次由高到低,足的摆动时间也非连续状态。【结论】朱砂叶螨成螨在水中有一定的耐受能力。     

近45年内蒙古大兴安岭林区不同等级降水变化特征

利用内蒙古大兴安岭林区11个气象站点1971—2015年逐日降水资料,采用一元线性趋势、反距离加权(IDW)插值法和Morlet小波分析方法,分析了该林区近45年不同等级降水(小雨、中雨和大雨)日数及强度的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)小雨日数呈现减少趋势,中雨、大雨日数变化趋势不明显;不同等级降水强度年际变化趋势不明显,进入2000年以后,大雨强度波动趋于平缓;(2)各级降水对总降水的平均贡献率大小依次为小雨中雨大雨;(3)不同等级降水强度均存在不同时间尺度的周期变化规律,小雨存在7、13、19、27 a左右的周期变化,中雨存在22、10 a左右的周期变化,大雨存在25、7 a左右的周期变化;(4)在空间分布上,中雨、大雨日数和各级降水强度均呈现由西向东逐渐增加的空间分布趋势,小雨日数却呈相反趋势;(5)林区各地的降水量年际变化差异不显著。研究结果可为该地区林业、农业生产提供基础性参考。     

不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

为明确饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫 Stethorus (Allosstethorus) parapauperculus 控害潜能的影响,本研究通过比较不同饥饿程度下拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨 Tetranychus cinnabarinus 的功能反应和自身密度干扰效应,探讨不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明,饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫朱砂叶螨的捕食量有明显的影响,瓢虫的取食量与朱砂叶螨的密度呈正相关,表现为饥饿48 h＞饥饿24 h＞未饥饿;拟小食螨瓢虫对各虫态朱砂叶螨的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。在一定空间范围内,拟小食螨瓢虫个体间存在竞争和相互干扰,Hassell Varley模型能较好地反映拟小食螨瓢虫在捕食各虫态朱砂叶螨时受自身密度的干扰情况。在同样饥饿状态下,随着瓢虫自身密度增加,捕食效率降低,干扰效应增大。     

智利小植绥螨密度对朱砂叶螨产卵能力的影响

智利小植绥螨是朱砂叶螨的专性捕食者。本研究在室内,研究了智利小植绥螨密度对朱砂叶螨存活及生殖的影响。智利小植绥螨对朱砂叶螨存活干扰结果表明:干扰后24 h各处理朱砂叶螨的死亡率均显著高于对照,且死亡率随干扰密度增大而提高,10头捕食螨/叶碟处理高达76.67%,为对照处理的14.38倍。但是干扰48 h后对叶螨存活影响不大。对朱砂叶螨产卵干扰结果表明:干扰后各时间段朱砂叶螨单雌产卵量均随智利小植绥螨干扰密度的增加而降低。干扰24 h后,除1头捕食螨/叶碟处理与对照差异不显著外,其他各处理均与对照有显著差异。干扰48 h后,10头捕食螨/叶碟处理的叶螨单头产卵量是2.80粒,仅为对照的28.5%。但是干扰96h后,除10头捕食螨/叶碟处理与对照差异显著外,其余各处理与对照均差异不显著。本研究还分析了干扰对96 h内朱砂叶螨单雌总产卵量影响,处理5头/叶碟和10头/叶碟均显著低于对照,并且10头/叶碟显著低于5头/叶碟;1头/叶碟和3头/叶碟与对照相当,但是均显著高于10头/叶碟。结果显示,智利小植绥螨密度对朱砂叶螨有较强的生殖干扰作用,并且捕食螨密度越大,干扰作用越强,后代增殖潜能越小。     

危害丰驰桑的朱砂叶螨实验种群生命表参数分析

应用Jackknife技术,研究了朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus在丰驰桑上的种群动态,并用Weibull模型对种群存活特征进行了分析.结果表明:在(26±1) ℃,RH 85%,16L:8D光照条件下,朱砂叶螨生命表参数(mean ± std)内禀增长率为0.231 ± 0.012,净增殖率为17.529 ± 2.101,周限增长率为1.259 ± 0.015,世代平均周期为12.432±0.383,种群倍增时间为3.000 ± 0.156 d,存活率曲线表现为Deevey I型.对掌握朱砂叶螨在丰驰桑上的种群动态有重要的指导意义.     

木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

测定了木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性。用甲醇、氯仿、石油醚3种不同极性的溶剂提取,石油醚提取率最高为30.79%,且对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的触杀活性均高于其他两种溶剂的提取物,24 h校正死亡率分别为77.52%和72.04%。用甲醇对石油醚提取物萃取,发现甲醇萃取物活性明显高于石油醚部分,对成螨和卵处理24 h后的校正死亡率分别为89.60%和74.65%,产卵抑制率为62.74%,驱避率为58.23%。柱层析对甲醇萃取物进行分离得到10种组分,组分5活性最高,浓度为2 mg/mL时,24 h校正死亡率为86.15%。用薄层层析和气相色谱质谱联用仪分别检测组分5纯度和主成分,初步确定活性成分为α-菠菜甾醇。     

深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

本文通过室内对深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise和塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Priesener成虫捕食朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)成螨的功能反应及种内干扰作用的研究,比较了2种天敌对朱砂叶螨的捕食能力。结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食功能反应均属HollingⅡ型,其模型分别为Na=0.7181N0/(1+0.0175N0)和Na=0.5168N0/(1+0.0136N0),日最大捕食量分别为41.11头和38.14头,处置时间分别为0.0243和0.0262d。深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马种内干扰模型分别为E=0.1916P-0.1805和E=0.1535P-0.4684。深点食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食能力强于塔六点蓟马。     

旋覆花提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性及酶活性的影响

本文研究了旋覆花石油醚提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒力作用及其对相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：旋覆花石油醚提取物的杀螨活性较高,浓度为2mg?mL-1 时,校正死亡率达到92.05％。通过对旋覆花石油醚提取物进一步萃取、柱层析分离、薄层层析,发现最终得到的38个流分中,杀螨效果较好的是流分7,其校正死亡率为85.53%。流分7经GC/MS鉴定为羽扇豆醇,其校正死亡率达到66.46%。进一步测定羽扇豆醇对朱砂叶螨谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、Ca2 -ATPase、过氧化物歧化酶的活性以及总蛋白含量的影响,结果表明经羽扇豆醇处理后,螨体内过氧化物歧化酶被激活,而谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和Ca2 -ATPase均受到不同程度的抑制,蛋白总量在这个过程中没有明显的变化。上述结果表明旋覆花提取物羽扇豆醇可以有效地杀死朱砂叶螨,这为旋覆花作为新型植物源农药提供一定的理论依据。     

黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食效应研究

本文在25±1℃、相对湿度80％ ±5％和光照(L:D=16 h:8 h)条件下研究了黄瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae不同螨态的捕食功能反应、捕食选择性及个体间干扰反应,以期为黄瓜新小绥螨的大田释放和利用提供理论依据.结果表明,黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,其对二斑叶螨卵(a/Th=47.9965)的控制作用强于若螨(a/Th=27.6906)和成螨(a/Th=9.3963).黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵和若螨表现为正喜好性(Ci>0)、成螨表现为负喜好性(Ci<0).在相同猎物密度下,黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨成螨捕食率随着自身密度增大而降低,捕食者自身密度干扰反应方程为E=0.2225P-0.617.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.