海南普通大蓟马抗药性监测及对6种杀虫剂的敏感性

在2014-2015年抗药性监测的基础上,采用叶管药膜法(TIBS)室内测定了2016-2017年海南主要豇豆种植区三亚、澄迈和海口普通大蓟马田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂敏感性的年度变化以及其对6种药剂的敏感性。结果表明,2016年度,三亚种群对甲维盐和高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为12. 98和17. 06倍,澄迈种群对高效氯氰菊酯也产生了中等水平抗性(RR=10. 87),除所有种群对阿维菌素(1. 92 RR 3. 47)以及海口、澄迈种群对吡虫啉和啶虫脒(3. 07 RR 4. 56)仍未产生抗性外,其它种群对药剂均产生了低水平抗性(5. 32 RR 9. 98); 2017年度,除三亚和澄迈种群对阿维菌素仍处理敏感状态外,其它种群对不同药剂均产生了低至中等水平的抗性(5. 59 RR 27. 03)。相比2016年,各测试种群对药剂的抗性水平均有不同程度的上升,其中三亚种群对高效氯氰菊酯、甲维盐和啶虫脒上升幅度较大,分别上升了9. 97、6. 98和3. 39倍;海口种群对阿维菌素也上升了2. 77倍。对6种新药剂的毒力测定结果表明,乙虫腈和溴虫腈对普通大蓟马的毒力较高,LC50分别为14. 4113 mg/L和30. 7694 mg/L,而其它药剂则毒力较低(LC50 50 mg/L)。     

广东肇庆柑橘木虱田间种群对常用药剂的抗药性

室内采用浸叶法测定了柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri敏感种群与田间种群对广东常用药剂的敏感性,明确了柑橘木虱田间种群对阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和甲维盐6种药剂的抗药性.柑橘木虱田间种群对70％吡虫啉水分散粒剂、20％啶虫脒可溶液剂、3％甲维盐微乳剂处于低水平抗药性,LC50抗性倍数分别为5.89倍、8.53倍和9.86倍;对25％噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10％高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8％阿维菌素乳油仍具有较高的敏感性.田间防治柑橘木虱推荐不同作用机理的药剂交替使用,综合运用多种防控措施,以延缓柑橘木虱抗药性的产生.     

海南省香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群的抗药性监测

【目的】本文全面评估了香蕉黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis田间种群对杀虫剂的抗性水平,旨在为更科学合理地防治该虫提供依据。【方法】室内采用叶管药膜法(TIBS),分别在2013、2015年监测了昌江、澄迈、临高、东方4个地区香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群对10种杀虫剂的抗性水平。【结果】从2013—2015年,总体上海南香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群对大多数杀虫剂的敏感性均有不同程度的下降,但仍处于敏感状态。其中,香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群对传统药剂甲维盐、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,及新型杀虫剂乙基多杀菌素、溴氰虫酰胺和螺虫乙酯均保持较敏感状态(抗性倍数<5)。但监测的所有田间种群(昌江、澄迈、临高、东方)均对啶虫脒均已产生了中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为15.19、11.19、17.46、13.58倍);对阿维菌素均产生了低水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为9.06、8.95、13.35、6.57倍);另外,东方种群对多杀菌素、吡虫啉,以及临高种群对吡虫啉均产生了低水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为7.11、7.48、8.28倍)。【结论】因此,建议在香蕉同一生长季节应避免重复使用或限用啶虫脒和阿维菌素,应注意与其它药剂的混用、轮用,以延缓香蕉黄胸蓟马抗药性的发展。     

北京地区西花蓟马田间种群的抗药性监测

采用叶管药膜法在室内测定了2009—2010年北京海淀地区和昌平地区西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)田间种群对12种杀虫剂敏感性的年度变化。结果表明,北京昌平和海淀地区的西花蓟马对多数的药剂仍处于敏感状态,但对氯氟氰菊酯已产生近40倍的抗性,昌平种群对多杀菌素具有产生低水平抗性的趋势(抗性倍数为4倍)。推荐药剂包括多杀菌素、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)、毒死蜱和溴虫腈,应注意与其它药剂的轮换使用,灭多威对西花蓟马的毒力水平最低,不推荐使用。     

海南地区小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺和乙基多杀菌素的抗药性变化趋势

【目的】为了明确海南地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对氯虫苯甲酰胺和乙基多杀菌素的抗性现状和抗性发展趋势,为制定有效的化学防治措施及抗性治理策略提供参考。【方法】本文采用叶片浸渍法,测定了海南海口、三亚两个地区小菜蛾田间种群2011—2014年度对2种药剂的抗药性水平。【结果】结果表明:自2011年以来,海口地区小菜蛾种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性倍数从2011年的0.95倍,突然发展为2012年的303.18倍,2013年下降为61.37倍,2014年又上升为92.41倍,年度间波动较大;三亚地区的抗性倍数由2011年的1.16倍,逐年上升为2012年的44.00倍,2013年的51.22倍和2014年度的120.62倍,年度间抗性持续上升,达到高抗性水平。海口地区小菜蛾对乙基多杀菌素的抗性倍数从2012年的1.19倍,发展为2013年的29.35倍和2014年的30.25倍,达到中等抗性水平;三亚地区的抗性倍数由2012年的4.43倍,逐年上升为2013年的30.48倍和2014年度的54.96倍,年度间抗性持续上升。【结论】海南地区小菜蛾对乙基多杀菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺均已产生中等水平或高水平的抗药性,抗药性呈现持续上升的趋势。这可能与两个地区的用药环境和用药习惯有关。田间防治时,应减少两种药剂的使用次数,注意轮换其它药剂。     

西花蓟马对吡虫啉、辛硫磷和甲维盐的抗性风险和抗性稳定性

为有效控制西花蓟马的危害,采用吡虫啉、辛硫磷和甲维盐药液浸泡芸豆法,分别对西花蓟马敏感种群成虫进行抗性选育,获得抗性种群,应用抗性现实遗传力分析抗性遗传和抗性风险.结果表明:经过32代、32代和24代抗性选育,西花蓟马对吡虫啉、辛硫磷和甲维盐的抗性分别达到13.8、29.4和39.0倍.西花蓟马对吡虫啉、辛硫磷和甲维盐的现实抗性遗传力分别为0.112、0.166和0.259,西花蓟马对甲维盐的抗性上升速度最快,辛硫磷次之,吡虫啉最低.经过药剂筛选后,西花蓟马若虫与成虫对杀虫剂的敏感性差异较敏感种群显著缩小.停止用药剂筛选后继续饲养12代,西花蓟马对吡虫啉、辛硫磷和甲维盐的抗性水平都有一定程度下降,但都没有恢复到敏感性水平.西花蓟马对吡虫啉、辛硫磷和甲维盐具有较高水平抗性的风险,其中对吡虫啉的抗性发展速度相对较慢,且下降速度较快,因此选用吡虫啉防治西花蓟马更合适.     

西花蓟马田间种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性现状及防治对策

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis在中国是一种严重危害温室蔬菜的入侵害虫。本研究旨在了解该害虫在中国的抗药性现状,为防治该害虫提供理论支持。【方法】采用Munger cell法测定了北京,山东寿光和青岛以及云南晋宁和呈贡等5个地区西花蓟马田间种群对多杀菌素、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、甲维盐、氟氯氰菊酯、溴虫腈、灭多威、吡虫啉和啶虫脒9种杀虫剂的抗药性水平,同时利用这些田间种群测定了多功能氧化酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶抑制剂顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）和羧酸酯酶抑制剂三丁基三硫磷酸酯（DEF）对多杀菌素、吡虫啉和甲维盐的增效作用。【结果】生物测定结果表明,北京、晋宁及呈贡种群分别对多杀菌素产生了34.45, 47.45和64.45倍的高水平抗性;晋宁种群对灭多威和甲维盐分别产生了16.58和11.03倍的中等水平抗性;呈贡种群对甲维盐、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、溴虫腈分别产生了24.17, 21.69, 20.05, 16.45和10.31的中等水平抗性;青岛种群对啶虫脒和吡虫啉产生了17.70和12.49倍的中等水平抗性;寿光种群没有对任何杀虫剂产生高等或中等水平抗性。增效剂生物测定结果表明,对于吡虫啉和甲维盐,多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO在所有田间种群上均有显著的增效作用。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶抑制剂DEM在呈贡、寿光和青岛种群中对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用;在北京、呈贡和寿光种群中,DEM对甲维盐存在显著增效作用。羧酸酯酶抑制剂DEF在呈贡、晋宁和青岛种群中对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用;在北京、呈贡和晋宁种群中,DEF对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用。但所有增效剂在各田间种群中对多杀菌素均无显著增效作用。【结论】结果提示：在使用多杀菌素防治西花蓟马时,应与其他杀虫剂轮换使用;此外,可通过添加酶抑制剂来增强甲维盐和吡虫啉对西花蓟马的防效。     

基于性信息诱捕监测广东桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇发生动态及其对2种常用农药的抗药性评价

利用性信息素诱捕的方法对广东省茂名、佛山、梅州和韶关的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)和瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)种群动态进行监测;并用药膜法测定了两种实蝇不同地理种群成虫对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗药性情况。结果表明,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇在所监测的4个地市全年均有发生,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇种群数量发生高峰期集中在5月中旬至8月中旬,从4月中旬开始田间种群数量开始增加,10月中旬以后种群数量急剧下降,高峰期与果实成熟期基本吻合。抗药性监测结果表明,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗药性有逐年上升趋势,广东4个地市桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇已对阿维菌素产生中等抗性水平;2019年11月监测梅州地区桔小实蝇种群和韶关瓜实蝇种群对甲维盐抗性倍数分别为4.32和3.42倍,仍处于敏感水平,其余地区种群对甲维盐均达到了低水平或中等水平抗性。     

烟粉虱田间种群的抗药性

采用成虫浸叶生测法分别测定了福建省福州、漳州、龙岩、三明、南平、宁德等地烟粉虱田间种群对13种杀虫剂的抗性.结果表明,福建省6个烟粉虱田间种群对氯氟氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数分别达838.38～2460.52、244.64～834.29、116.02～266.35、81.75～124.18、425.18～875.56和54.53～78.43倍,对乐果产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数达14.16～17.66倍,对敌敌畏产生了中等偏低水平的抗性,抗性倍数达6.23～11.25倍,对灭多威的抗性水平较低,抗性倍数仅为4.07～5.66倍.漳州种群已对烟碱类杀虫剂产生了中等水平抗性,对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别达23.08、10.32和24.60倍,而其它地区烟粉虱种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性水平较低,甚至不明显,抗性倍数分别仅为1.31～3.28、1.82～7.23和1.39～5.45倍.福建省各地区烟粉虱种群对阿维菌素尚未产生明显的抗药性.     

几类杀虫剂对灰飞虱的相对毒力及田间种群的抗药性现状

采用浸苗法测定了6类11种杀虫剂对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)3龄若虫的毒力,并分析比较了江苏句容、通州、楚州、大丰、南京和苏州以及安徽庐江等7地灰飞虱种群对10种杀虫剂的抗药性水平。对云南种群而言,在所测杀虫剂中,以乙酰甲胺磷为标准药剂,氟虫腈的相对毒力最高;噻嗪酮、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪次之;高效氯氰菊酯、IPP（硝基亚甲基类化合物）、毒死蜱、敌敌畏和三唑磷间毒力处于同一数量级,低于阿维菌素等杀虫剂;吡虫啉的相对毒力最低。与云南种群相比,2007年采自苏、皖7个不同地区的灰飞虱种群对噻嗪酮产生了极高水平的抗性,其抗性倍数均超过200倍;对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中高水平的抗性,其抗性倍数为7.8～108.8;安徽庐江灰飞虱种群对三唑磷产生了7.7倍的抗性,对毒死蜱产生了12.0倍的抗性,江苏楚州、南京、大丰和句容灰飞虱种群对毒死蜱产生了5.7～12.6倍的抗性; 所有灰飞虱种群对敌敌畏仍然敏感,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和IPP等也比较敏感。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418