茶园黑刺粉虱自然种群生命表

1989年黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus在我国茶区大发生。在皖南茶区选常年虫情较重的茶园,每5天1次系统地调查了全年各个世代各虫态的种群波动及其与气候因子的关系,及茶园生境、品种间虫口密度的差异,连续研究了3个世代的自然种群生命表,分析了粉虱种群暴发至衰退过程中各种致死因子的作用。2002年轻发生,又调查了种群数量与天气的关系。经轻、重发生年份的比较分析认为,该粉虱趋荫湿郁闭的茶丛中下层,1988年越冬代蛹的累积基数较大,越冬期间天气稍温暖干燥,死亡率较低。1989年春温暖湿润宜于化蛹、羽化和第1代卵的孵化而暴发。至第1代蛹期,寄生蜂的控制作用显著增强,羽化的成蜂紧接着寄生第2代粉虱的1、2龄幼虫。自第2代3龄幼虫起,长时期阴雨、高湿,几种虫生真菌在粉虱种群中酿成流行病。第1～3代粉虱种群趋势指数分别为0．47、0．09和0．02,种群数量逐代锐藏,于8月下旬崩溃。经关键因子分析认为,10余种寄生蜂的寄生和4种虫生真菌的侵染为重要制约因子。斯氏寡节蚜小蜂Prospaltella smithi、刺粉虱黑蜂Amitus hesperidum、蚧侧链孢Pleurodesmospora coccora、枝孢霉Cladosporium sp．、顶孢霉Acremonium sp．和韦伯虫座孢Aegerita webberi是优势种天敌。     

不同水稻生育期对稻粉虱种群动态的影响

本主要研究了不同水稻生育期对稻粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus种群动态的影响。研究结果表明,水稻分蘖期至拔节期最容易受稻粉虱为害,卵孵化率为88．1％,拟蛹的羽化率为82．9％,孵化率和羽化率均高于水稻其它生育期。     

茶园黑刺粉虱(Aleurocanthus spiniferus)种群的RAPD多样性

用RAPD技术对华东地区7个茶园的黑刺粉虱种群进行遗传结构分析。从40个随机引物中筛选出9条具特异性的引物,扩增出248条长度约为200～2000bp的DNA条带,其中199条多态性条带,多态性为80．24％。经Popgene软件分析,黑刺粉虱种群平均水平的多态位点百分比（P砚）为48．33％,Nei＇s基因多样性（HE）为0．2910,Shannon＇s多态性信息指数（日）为0．4442,表明黑刺粉虱种群遗传多样性丰富;各种群问遗传分化程度（Gst）较高,达0．3749,其中PPL以福建武夷山区的九龙山种群（JLS）最高,达77．42％,其次为安徽九华山种群（JHS）的65．73％;而且两种群的HE,H等遗传指标均较高。以NTSYSpc软件包,基于Nei＇s遗传距离对昆虫个体进行UPGMA和NJ法聚类分析,构建分子系统树,并进行多维标度分析（MDS）。系统树显示：同一种群的个体优先聚类,遗传相似度高的种群依次聚类。多维标度分析也显示：浙江杭州、富阳和绍兴3种群集中分布,安徽宣城种群靠近该3种群;而九华山种群则与武夷山区的九龙山种群聚拢;福建金山种群独立成簇。多维标度分析与聚类分析结果一致。认为粉虱种群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在相关性;两个山地种群的多样性有别于其它种群,是因为山地环境和气候引起粉虱适应性的生态地理分化。     

黑刺粉虱生物学特性及防治研究

黑刺粉虱AleurocanthusspinferusQuaintance属同翅目粉虱科,1989年在山东枣庄首次发现,是危害花椒叶片的新害虫。1989～1991年我们对该虫进行了研究,结果如下。1分布与危害据记载黑刺粉虱在国内分布于四川、云南、贵外1、湖南、湖北、江苏、江西、浙江、广东、广西、福建、台湾等省（区）Z在长江流域以北属首次记录。在长江流域及其以南地区,黑刺粉虱害主植物有柑桔、茶树、樟树等;在山东枣庄和江苏徐州等地,主要以幼虫群集于花椒叶片背面吸食汁液,受害处形成黄斑,虫体分泌蜜露,诱发煤污病,导致枝叶发黑,枯死脱落,影响花椒生…     

茶黑刺粉虱与樟刺粉虱(半翅目:粉虱科)形态特征的比较观察

通过比较研究茶黑刺粉虱 Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya & Kasai和樟刺粉虱 Aleurocanthus cinnamomi Takahashi形态特征,有助于更好地区分这两种刺粉虱种类。采集这两种粉虱标本,通过体视显微镜和扫描电镜对茶黑刺粉虱和樟刺粉虱不同龄期形态结构进行了系统观察和比较研究;同时将伪蛹制作玻片标本观察。茶黑刺粉虱和樟刺粉虱卵、1 龄若虫和2 龄若虫形态结构比较相似,但是伪蛹形态不同,刺的数量及分布有较大的区别。茶黑刺粉虱中央区隆起,尤其是管状孔区域更明显,位于一个凸起的瘤突上;亚缘区上有10 ~ 11 对刺排列,樟刺粉虱亚缘区具有刺14 对,其中头胸部5 对,腹部9 对。茶黑刺粉虱管状孔隆起,亚心形或近圆形,盖瓣心形,几乎充塞了整个管状孔区域;樟刺粉虱管状孔半圆形,盖瓣半圆形,充塞管状孔一半区域。两种刺粉虱成虫整体上比较相似,复眼、胸部和腹部及前翅基部为橙黄色;前后翅及身体上的白色粉状物都是由后足将腹部蜡盘分泌物覆盖上的,茶黑刺粉虱的粉状物比樟刺粉虱要多。前后翅上有不同形状的白色斑纹,左右翅斑相连,但是樟刺粉虱前翅后缘全白,而茶黑色粉虱前翅后缘仅有部分白斑。本研究结果有助于更好地区分樟刺粉虱和茶黑刺粉虱,为农林生产过程中准确鉴定和防治提供一定的参考资料。     

茶园黑刺粉虱(Aleurocanthus spiniferus)种群的RAPD多样性

用RAPD技术对华东地区7个茶园的黑刺粉虱种群进行遗传结构分析。从40个随机引物中筛选出9条具特异性的引物,扩增出248条长度约为200~2000 bp的DNA条带,其中199条多态性条带,多态性为80.24 %。经Popgene软件分析,黑刺粉虱种群平均水平的多态位点百分比 (PPL) 为48.33 %, Nei’s 基因多样性 (HE) 为0.2910, Shannon’s多态性信息指数 (H) 为0.4442,表明黑刺粉虱种群遗传多样性丰富;各种群间遗传分化程度 (Gst) 较高,达0.3749,其中PPL以福建武夷山区的九龙山种群 (JLS) 最高,达77.42 %,其次为安徽九华山种群 (JHS) 的65.73 %;而且两种群的HE, H 等遗传指标均较高。以NTSYSpc软件包,基于Nei’s遗传距离对昆虫个体进行UPGMA和NJ法聚类分析,构建分子系统树,并进行多维标度分析 (MDS) 。系统树显示：同一种群的个体优先聚类,遗传相似度高的种群依次聚类。多维标度分析也显示：浙江杭州、富阳和绍兴3种群集中分布,安徽宣城种群靠近该3种群;而九华山种群则与武夷山区的九龙山种群聚拢;福建金山种群独立成簇。多维标度分析与聚类分析结果一致。认为粉虱种群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在相关性;两个山地种群的多样性有别于其它种群,是因为山地环境和气候引起粉虱适应性的生态地理分化。     

不同施氮量条件下柑橘粉虱自然种群生命表的研究

系统调查柑橘粉虱在每百棵柑橘不同氮肥量N1（对照）,N2（施氮肥0．25kg）,N3（施氮肥0．50kg）,N4（施氮肥0．75kg）条件下的自然种群,以作用因子组建在不同氮肥条件下的自然种群生命表。结果表明：不同氮肥水平下的柑橘树对柑橘粉虱的自然种群增长有着一定的影响,其中N3处理下的各作用因子作用一直处于相对稳定和较高的水平,其种群趋势指数为29．8,和施氮水平N2下的28．5很接近,明显低于施氮水平N4下的39．2,比N4水平下造成爆发成灾的可能性小,说明通过调节施氮量可控制柑橘粉虱的种群数量。     

粉虱拟青霉对黑刺粉虱的侵染过程

本文通过扫描电镜和透射电镜 ,观察了粉虱拟青霉对黑刺粉虱的侵染过程。用粉虱拟青霉分生孢子接种于黑刺粉虱幼虫后 ,12h孢子萌芽 ,36h菌丝穿透寄主表皮进入体腔 ,在虫体内进行生长繁殖 ,逐渐充满虫体内部 ,5d后 ,菌丝穿透寄主表皮长出体外 ,并继续生长 ,逐渐将整个虫体包裹 ,形成一个半球形的子痤 ,颜色也由白色变为栗褐色或棕红色。     

黑刺粉虱寄生蜂的观察

<正> 黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus Qu-aintance是为害柑桔的常见害虫,在各桔园普遍发生,有时危害较为严重。据报道,人工引移释放天敌,能有效地防治其危害。为了探明我区黑刺粉虱寄生蜂的种类及寄生情况,我们于1990～1991年进行了初步研究。 研究方法 选择黑刺粉虱发生较多的10年生温州蜜     

湖南黑刺粉虱不同寄主植物种群和不同地理种群的COI基因分化

根据线粒体COI基因片段分析,柑橘黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance)种群和茶园黑刺粉虱种群之间的遗传距离(0.185-0.247)明显高于柑橘黑刺粉虱不同地理种群之间的遗传距离(0.002-0.076),也明显高于茶园黑刺粉虱不同地理种群之间的遗传距离(0-0.053)。由此推断柑橘黑刺粉虱和茶园黑刺粉虱属于黑刺粉虱的不同生物型,或不同种的Aleurocanthus属粉虱。地理距离和柑橘黑刺粉虱遗传距离具有较大的相关性,同类寄主专化型黑刺粉虱,岳阳洞庭湖区地理种群与其他地区地理种群遗传距离最远。长沙不同柑橘品种上的黑刺粉虱种群之间遗传距离小于0.01。     

柑橘黄龙病赣南脐橙内生菌种群结构分析

【目的】分析赣南脐橙黄龙病植株和健康植株叶片内生菌,对比不同培养条件下培养出的内生菌,为筛选出对柑橘黄龙病原菌有影响的伴生菌奠定理论基础。【方法】通过PCR方法对脐橙中黄龙病菌进行验证,并基于16S r RNA基因高通量测序技术对患病与健康赣南脐橙叶片内生菌以及不同培养基富集培养后的内生菌进行多样性分析。【结果】所采集样品中有5株患病株,5株健康株。5株病株中共同含有的细菌属有13个,其中7个在5株健株中也共同存在。Defluviicoccus属和Granulicella属在病健株植物中都是优势菌属,且在健株中的平均含量高于病株。病株与健株的样品相似度存在明显界线。富集培养后不同样本和不同培养基中菌属分布不同。肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和泛菌属(Pantoea)得到了大量富集,不动杆菌属和沙雷氏菌属等9个菌属富集量较少。另外,培养和未培养各样本间未分类菌(Unclassified)含量差异也较大。【结论】赣南脐橙患病植株和健康植株叶片内生菌有着明显差异,黄龙病菌的存在改变了脐橙叶片原有内生细菌的菌群结构。从活体植物组织内直接检测才能得到真正的植物内生菌群落分布情况。通过分析菌群的差异,有望找到与柑橘黄龙病菌生长相关的伴生菌。     

The biology and phenology of the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri, on citrus in the Coastal Plain of Israel

The citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (CWF), is a polyphagous citrus pest, originating in S. E. Asia, which was first discovered in the Western Galilee region of Israel in 1975. The larval instars of CWF secrete honeydew, and the sooty mould fungus, which develops on the honeydew, causes damage to the tree and its fruit. In observations made in Israel between 1987 and 1991 CWF usually completed three generations per year, although a small proportion of the population had two or four generations. From October to April a combination of shortened photoperiod and reduced temperature arrest the development of CWF in the fourth larval instar. The average length of the life cycle from egg to adult emergence was 65 days in the first generation (April–June), 52 days in the second generation (July–August) and 8 months in the third generation (September–April). Under laboratory conditions of L16: D8 and 25 °C, the mean developmental time was 54 days, and the duration of the egg, first larval instar, second larval instar, third larval instar, fourth larval instar and putative pupa (red eyes) were 12.1, 6.5, 5.5, 7.6, 18, and 4.7 days, respectively. Adults prefer to lay their eggs on young, fully developed citrus leaves, but also oviposit on older leaves. The inner region and shaded sides of the tree are preferred for oviposition.     

Competition and fruit set in the Washington navel orange

In the Washington navel orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] an increase in the number of flowers results in a reduction of flower weight at anthesis and the initial fruit growth rate, and the number of developing fruitlets increases. Most of these fruitlets are shed during post-anthesis, and the final set of fruit is unrelated to the number of flowers and to the total amount of metabolites and mineral elements used up in fructification but appears to be controlled by the capacity of the tree to supply metabolites to the developing fruitlets during post-anthesis. When the number of flowers is too large, there is a reduction both in the number of initially developing fruitlets and in their growth rate. The final set of fruit is reduced through a different mechanism acting at anthesis and involving differences in mineral composition, which impairs the capacity of the fruit to act as a sink.     

入侵性害虫——苹果绵蚜田间种群数量的调查方法

2007年6月中旬到10底在山东省莱阳市对苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausmann)的田间发生数量进行调查研究。在田间定点调查5株苹果树上苹果绵蚜虫落数量和虫落面积,并在其它苹果树上随机选择20个虫落,计数每个虫落中苹果绵蚜的活体数,从而计算单位面积虫落中苹果绵蚜的平均数量。分析指出,以计算法求得的虫落中苹果绵蚜的实际数量为指标,既考虑了苹果绵蚜虫落的数量和大小,也考虑了单位面积虫落中苹果绵蚜活体数,并且把被苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂寄生的僵蚜排除在外,能较客观地反映出田间实际情况,是一种比较准确的表示苹果绵蚜田间数量的方法。     

Spatial dispersion and sampling of citrus whitefly,Dialeurodes citri,for control decisions in a citrus orchard

1 Monitoring the citrus whitefly Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) in citrus orchards in Israel is necessary for control decisions in IPM in the period before the establishment of natural enemies. The main damage caused by D. citri is due to sooty mould, which colonizes the sweet secretions of this pest. 2 Using Taylor’s Power Law to describe the variance–mean relationship, the dispersion of the citrus whitefly was found to be aggregated at all developmental stages. The action threshold was estimated using regression of sooty mould level on egg or larval counts. 3 Two-stage sampling plans were constructed in different pest generations, for eggs and larval stages, on the basis of the variance between leaves on a tree and the variance between trees in a plot. 4 Fixed sample size plans were prepared, with possible numbers of trees and the numbers of leaves per tree to be sampled, in order to attain a given precision level. 5 Sequential sampling plans were also drawn up, on the basis of four leaves per tree, where trees are sampled until a decision can be reached. The maximum number of trees to be sampled was set according to the corresponding fixed sample size plan. 6 Simulation of the sequential sampling plans showed them to be highly reliable in terms of the decision reached with economy in sample size for high and low infestation levels.     

The population ecology of rare species

There is no general theory of rarity, although one is sorely needed both to understand population dynamics and to determine conservation priorities. Here we suggest some of the strands that might be woven into such a theory. They include relationships between local abundance, geographic range size and body size of species, and the determinants of minimum viable population sizes. In each of these areas much can still be learnt from the classical 'compare and contrast' approach using assemblages of species from a variety of taxa. Freshwater fish have contributed relatively little to the broad ecological literature in this respect. We perform some tentative analyses for this group of species, and speculate on how they might fit into our current understanding of rarity.     

The effects of Kloeckera apiculata on the cuticular waxes of navel orange fruit

Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 was selected from the rhizosphere soil for its high efficacy in controlling citrus green and blue mold. In this study, the effect of the antagonistic yeast K. apiculata on citrus cuticular wax was investigated in ripening Newhall navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Our results show that K. apiculata triggers the production of cuticular waxes and surface wax morphology changes in the fruit surface. 15 K. apiculata-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for wax metabolism by using the Affymetrix citrus genome GeneChip. Using GC–MS, 46 wax compounds were found in the Newhall fruit surface. On one hand, esters including docosanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester and 9-hexadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenyl ester were up-regulated approximately twofold in the treatment condition compared with the control; and on the other hand, the fatty acids and fatty alcohols decreased by 74.4% and 72.3%, respectively, in the treatment condition. The new wax production and increased hydrophobicity of the Newhall surface resulting from the treatment may influence spore adhesion and germination. Furthermore, the response of the fruit waxes to the K. apiculata stimulus is likely to be regulated by intra-cellular H₂O₂ signaling. This study demonstrated the response fruit waxes to K. apiculata in Newhall navel oranges, thus providing new clues that aid our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antagonistic yeasts in postharvest fruits.     

食螨瓢虫自然种群基地建立的研究

腹管食螨瓢虫Stethorus siphonulus Kapur是福建省柑桔全爪蠕(红蜘蛛)Panonychus eitri MeGregor的优势种天敌,控制作用显．已在我省柑桔产区大面积应用成功。为了使柑桔全爪蠕生物防治持续发展,古螨瓢虫自然种群基地的建立至关重要．本将多年来在闽清白中柑桔场、福建农业大学金山柑桔园、福州北郊峙头柑桔场、长泰柑桔园等地进行食螨瓢虫自然种群基地建立的研究,进行总结报道。     

A ten-year study of population dynamics of citrus pests in the pesticide-reduced orchard

To determine the effectiveness of a pest management system that uses pesticides at a low level, we censused populations of seven insect pests and three plant diseases from 1980 to 1989 in a citrus orchard which was managed with a pesticide-reduced and pesticide-free protocols, in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. In the orchard, we controlled the pests solely by spraying petroleum oil once a year from 1980 to 1985, by not spraying insecticide in 1986, and spraying only germicide in 1987. The arrowhead scale population remained much lower level at which citrus trees begin to wither when petroleum oil was sprayed, whereas it rapidly increased and began to wither trees during the years without spraying petroleum oil. The Indian wax scale population rapidly increased only during a 2-year period and then declined. Although the infection level of the sooty mold was unusually high on the trees where the density of the scale was high, this pathogen did little damage to citrus trees. The population of the red wax scale gradually increased throughout the census period but did not reach the level at which citrus trees begin to be damaged. Other pests also caused negligible damages to citrus trees. The results indicated that the pesticide-reduced pest management system which was proposed by Inoue and Ohgushi (1976, 1977) is valid for the prevention of the outbreak of the arrowhead scale, and that is has the sufficient control efficiency for the other pests in citrus orchards.