麦长管蚜抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力比较

通过建立抗性品系和敏感品系的种群生命表,比较麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力差异,结果表明,抗性品系适合度显著下降,世代历期延长,成蚜寿命缩短;在繁殖上表现为产仔量下降,生殖期缩短。以净生殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)来评价抗性品系的相对生物适合度,抗性品系分别是敏感品系的0.5200和0.7481。因此,麦长管蚜对吡虫啉的抗性品系存在显著的生殖劣势。     

从实验种群生命表参数评价胡瓜钝绥螨控制毛竹害的能力

本文报道胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在25℃条件下以毛竹4种害螨南京裂爪螨chizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma&Yuan、竹裂爪螨S.bambusae Reck、竹缺爪螨Aponychus corpuzae Rimando、竹刺瘿螨Aculus bambusae Kuang为猎物的实验种群生命表,并进行比较结果表明:①胡瓜钝绥螨能取食上述4种害螨,其世代存活率依次为90.4%、77.55%、87.93%、81.63%;②每雌总产卵量依次为38.12粒、45.77粒、35.59粒、30.76;③胡瓜钝绥螨以南京裂爪螨为猎物其净增殖率R0=16.74低于南京裂爪螨(R0=20.84),但是内禀增长率rm=0.154是猎物的1.73倍(rm=0.089),世代周期T=18.31和种群倍增时间t=4.5088均低于南京裂爪螨(T=33.35,t=7.704),因此在林间当南京裂爪螨离巢、破巢或大量迁移时能有效地控制其种群增长;④胡瓜钝绥螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物其净增殖率R0=25.81,内禀增长率rm=0.152,周限增长率λ=1.164均低于竹裂爪螨(R0=39.28、rm=0.192、λ=1.212),而世代周期T=21.35种群倍增时间t=4.552均高于竹裂爪螨(T=19.08,t=3.603)因此必须在竹裂爪螨处于低密度时释放胡瓜犯绥螨才能有效地控制其种群密度的增长;⑤胡瓜钝绥螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物时,其净殖率R0=20.80,内禀增长率rm=0.175,周限增长率λ=1.191均略低于竹裂爪螨(R0=21.54、rm=0.185、λ=1.202),而世代周期T=17.30种群倍增时间t=3.958均略高于竹裂爪螨(T=16.62,t=3.753)因此必须在竹裂爪螨处于低密度时释放胡瓜钝绥螨才能有效地控制其种群密度的增长;⑥胡瓜钝绥螨以竹刺瘿螨为猎物时其净增殖率R0=16.82与取食南京裂爪螨相近,但内禀增长率rm=0.144,周限增长率λ=1.155均低于取食上述三种叶螨,但产卵量高于其乡土天敌竹盲走螨(Tylodromus bambusae),林间在竹刺瘿螨低密度时仍能控制竹刺瘿螨的种群密度.模拟试验表明当毛竹长至1米高时释放胡瓜钝绥螨16小时后,能在12米高的竹冠上发现大量的胡瓜钝绥螨.研究结果表明胡瓜钝绥螨能有效地控制毛竹害的危害.     

新疆褐家鼠种群生命表及其在干旱区的生存能力分析

从2000年至今,曾于野外捕捉的褐家鼠3 837只,其中雌鼠2 685只,雄鼠1 152只,经鉴定划分为幼年组(Ⅰ)、亚成年组(Ⅱ)、成年Ⅰ组(Ⅲ)、成年Ⅱ组Ⅳ、老年组(Ⅴ)等5个年龄组,其年龄结构探讨种群数量动态,结果表明,种群中Ⅱ龄的平均生命期望值最高1.0357,其次为Ⅲ龄0.9488。该种群中1龄个体占优势地位,种群属于增长性种群,种群内禀增长率rm为0.2789/年,年周限增长率λ为1.3217,世代时间T为2.623年,种群经一世代的净增殖率R0为2.0782。     

苹果绵蚜种群内禀增长率的研究

种群的增长能力是种群的重要生态学特征,描述种群增长能力的指标通常有繁殖力、净增殖率、内禀增长率。繁殖力只描述了种群产生后代的能力,没有考虑其存活能力。而种群的增长能力取决于种群的出生率和存活率两个基本因素。所以,繁殖力还不能全面刻画种群的增长能力。而净增殖率则涉及到出生率和存活率,它代表了种群经过一个世代后的净增长倍数。与繁殖力比较而言,净增殖率较深刻地描述了种群的增长能力。     

应用Jackknife技术统计昆虫生命表参数变异的VFP实现

研究昆虫种群的动态,掌握种群增长的潜力是非常重要的。应用生殖力生命表可进行种群增长动态的估计,常用5个主要参数来描述净增殖率、内禀增长率、世代平均周期、种群倍增时间和周限增长率,Jackknife技术可以用来估计内禀增长率等参数的变异程度,利用VFP编程实现了生命表参数变异程度的计算。     

桔小实蝇抗敌百虫品系的实验种群生物学比较研究

【目的】研究明确桔小实蝇 Bactrocare dorsalis (Hendel) 抗药性品系与敏感品系的基本生物学特征以及相对适合度、内禀增长率等种群生物学参数差异。【方法】实验室条件下筛选出对敌百虫具中抗和高抗的桔小实蝇品系,观察记录其与敏感品系的生物学特性,比较三者之间的主要生物学参数。【结果】桔小实蝇敏感品系与2个抗性品系的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、化蛹率、产卵前期、雌雄虫寿命、存活时间及雌虫比率均无显著差异。中抗品系卵孵化率和成虫羽化率分别为68.33%和93.73%,均显著低于敏感品系（分别为88.33%和97.93%）和高抗品系（分别为86.67%和98.21%）。与敏感品系的产卵量864.61粒/雌和高抗品系的产卵量750.70粒/雌相比,中抗品系的产卵量降低至630.87粒/雌。3个品系雌虫日产卵量动态规律比较一致,均呈开始产卵后短时间内进入产卵盛期,继而产量达到高峰,之后产卵量波动下降。但是与敏感品系相比,2个抗性品系雌虫较早进入产卵高峰。对成虫存活率动态拟合方程参数c值均大于1,符合I型存活曲线基本模型,表明在实验室理想条件下3个品系成虫均能达到其平均寿命。敏感品系种群趋势指数（I）最高,为339.41,其次为高抗品系（I =307.82）,最小为中抗品系（ I =175.79）,表明对敌百虫产生抗性抑制了桔小实蝇种群的增长,中抗品系抑制程度更大。敏感和高抗品系实验种群净增殖率较高,分别为327.89和284.29;中抗品系显著较低,为217.49。2个抗性品系内禀增长率（r_m）和周限增长率（λ）间无显著差异,且均显著大于敏感品系,世代历期（T）则显著缩短。基于种群净增殖率获得的敌百虫高抗和中抗品系相对适合度分别为0.8670和0.6633。【结论】在敌百虫的选择压力下,桔小实蝇抗药性品系的世代周期、中抗品系卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率显著降低,其他多项生物学特征无显著变化。抗性品系的繁殖力和种群世代增长量受到抑制,以中抗品系更为明显;但与敏感品系相比,抗性品系种群增长潜力更大。     

柏小爪螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析

组建并分析了柏小爪螨实验种群生命表。在25℃恒温条件下,种群的内禀增长力rm为0．1274,周限增长率λ为1．1358／d,净增殖率Ro为12．8746代,平均世代周期T为20．0586d,种群增长一倍需要的时间t为5．4407d。     

温度对加州新小绥螨以截形叶螨为猎物的发育及繁殖的影响

在15～35℃、RH80%～85%条件下,研究了加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus (Mcgregor)以截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara为猎物时,不同螨态的发育和实验种群生命表。结果表明,加州新小绥螨在此温度范围内能完成世代发育,世代发育历期随着温度升高而逐渐缩短。该螨能适应35℃的高温条件,雌性的发育历期最短仅为6.14d。平均产卵期和平均寿命均随着温度的上升逐渐缩短。20℃～25℃时,该螨的平均产卵量最大,达53.73粒/雌。净增殖率在20℃时最高(48.2525),且雌雄性比最大。15℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最低,分别为0.0638和1.0659,种群倍增时间最长(10.8669d),35℃时内禀增长率和周限增长率均最高,分别为0.1954和1.2158,种群倍增时间最短(3.5477d)。     

朱砂叶螨抗炔螨特品系相对适合度

为明确朱砂叶螨抗炔螨品系的相对适合度,在朱砂叶螨敏感品系(SS)的基础上使用炔螨特持续筛选34代获得了炔螨特抗性品系(PRR34)。通过统计2个品系的实验种群生命表,对其发育历期、繁殖力及种群参数差异进行了比较。结果表明,朱砂叶螨敏感品系经炔螨特持续筛选34代后(PPR34),其抗性倍数为37.78。与SS品系相比,PPR34卵孵化率、发育历期和世代周期均无显著差异,但产卵前期显著延长了37.07%,单雌产卵量减少14.61%,雌雄性(♀/♂)比增加了23.38%。采用Weibull分布拟合存活曲线模型为DeeveyⅠ型,SS品系和PRR34品系的参数c值分别为2.04和2.38。其种群趋势指数、内禀增长率(rm)、净生殖率(R0)分别为123.78、0.24和25.34,以及111.91、0.26和28.99;PRR34品系的相对适合度为1.14,与敏感品系相比存在一定优势。因此,与敏感品系相比,朱砂叶螨抗炔螨特品系单雌产卵量下降,但雌性比增加,种群适合度优势较高,可能导致抗性种群迅速增长并增加防控难度。     

寄主植物对瓜蚜实验种群生命表参数的影响

在(25±1)℃条件下比较了5种寄主植物上瓜蚜实验种群生命表参数.结果表明:在不同寄主植物上,瓜蚜各龄历期、成蚜寿命、日均产仔量、净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、平均世代历期和种群加倍时间等均存在显著差异.瓜蚜完成1代所需时间在瓢葫芦上最长,为5.84 d,其他4种供试植物上差异不显著(5.24～5.45 d).成蚜寿命在黄瓜上最长,为20.04 d,其他4种供试植物上差异不显著(14.76 ～ 16.03 d).瓜蚜种群存活曲线在所有供试寄主植物上均为Ⅰ型,即死亡主要发生在后期,而且在黄瓜上的存活率高于其他4种供试植物.根据瓜蚜内禀增长率大小排序,寄主适合性依次为哈密瓜＞瓢葫芦＞南瓜＞黄瓜＞茭瓜.     

Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times

Studies of molecular evolutionary rates have yielded a wide range of rate estimates for various genes and taxa. Recent studies based on population-level and pedigree data have produced remarkably high estimates of mutation rate, which strongly contrast with substitution rates inferred in phylogenetic (species-level) studies. Using Bayesian analysis with a relaxed-clock model, we estimated rates for three groups of mitochondrial data: avian protein-coding genes, primate protein-coding genes, and primate d-loop sequences. In all three cases, we found a measurable transition between the high, short-term (< 1-2 Myr) mutation rate and the low, long-term substitution rate. The relationship between the age of the calibration and the rate of change can be described by a vertically translated exponential decay curve, which may be used for correcting molecular date estimates. The phylogenetic substitution rates in mitochondria are approximately 0.5% per million years for avian protein-coding sequences and 1.5% per million years for primate protein-coding and d-loop sequences. Further analyses showed that purifying selection offers the most convincing explanation for the observed relationship between the estimated rate and the depth of the calibration. We rule out the possibility that it is a spurious result arising from sequence errors, and find it unlikely that the apparent decline in rates over time is caused by mutational saturation. Using a rate curve estimated from the d-loop data, several dates for last common ancestors were calculated: modern humans and Neandertals (354 ka; 222-705 ka), Neandertals (108 ka; 70-156 ka), and modern humans (76 ka; 47-110 ka). If the rate curve for a particular taxonomic group can be accurately estimated, it can be a useful tool for correcting divergence date estimates by taking the rate decay into account. Our results show that it is invalid to extrapolate molecular rates of change across different evolutionary timescales, which has important consequences for studies of populations, domestication, conservation genetics, and human evolution.     

Predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on different densities of Aphis craccivora

Predation rate and numerical response are basic to any investigation of predator–prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. The density-dependent predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third-instar Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied in laboratory conditions [23±1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. Predation rate data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex consumption rate software. Net consumption rate (C₀) increased by increasing prey density. The lowest and highest net consumption rates were 20.75 and 190.8 prey nymphs at densities of 5 and 80 A. craccivora. The transformation rate from prey population to predator offspring (Q_p) increased by increasing prey density. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with increasing prey density. Females laid 121.375 ± 4.301 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 52.5 ± 1.544 eggs at lowest prey density (5). It can be concluded that different densities of A. craccivora influenced the reproductive performance of A. aphidimyza in terms of predation rate and numerical response.     

On-station comparative analysis of reproductive and survival performance between Red Maasai,Dorper, and Merino sheep breeds

The reproductive performance of ewes and the survivability of lambs to weaning have a critical economic impact on sheep farming worldwide. Further, knowledge of major mortality causes allows an opportunity for improved flock management to evade financial losses. The maximum likelihood estimates for generalised linear mixed models and chi-square test methods were used to examine 971 mating records, 839 and 763 lambs born and weaned (singles or twins) from the Naivasha Sheep and Goats station in Kenya for the years 2011 to 2020 consisting of Dorper, Red Maasai (RedM), and Merino breeds. The RedM (P < 0.05) outperformed Dorper and Merino in weaning rate, whereas reproductive performance between the three breeds was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in litter size and multiple lambings per ewe lambing. On the one hand, Dorper significantly (P < 0.05) outperformed the other two breeds only in weaning weight per lamb born. In addition, among all the major causes of death, pneumonia appeared to be the one to which Dorper breeds were most susceptible (chi-square test, P < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, neither the Dorper nor the Merino sheep breeds were reproductively superior to the RedM in an extensive semi-arid production environment. In addition, Dorper's susceptibility to the leading causes of mortality, particularly pneumonia and sheep pox, were relatively high compared to other breeds and could be a precursor to massive economic losses for Dorper sheep producers. In contrast to the indigenous RedM breed, imported sheep breeds appeared to be more susceptible to major mortality-related under an extensive production system. Therefore, regardless of weaning weight, RedM breed production appears to be a more viable investment for small-scale farmers, particularly in semi-arid regions.     

光周期和温度对虎斑蝶卵、幼虫及蛹存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0～27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5～30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0～27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。     

吉粳88高效再生体系的建立

以吉粳88为材料,通过对不同培养基和激素的筛选,确定最佳的再生体系。结果表明:NMB培养基为吉粳88最适的愈伤组织诱导培养基。通过L₉(3³)正交实验研究最适激素浓度配比,筛选出吉粳88愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.10 mg/L NAA。在添加2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA的NMB基本培养基条件下,吉粳88的分化率最高,成培苗率也最高。     

Optimising a clearance index based on neutral red as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves

Neutral red is a weakly cationic dye that is soluble in water, has a low toxicity for almost all classes of organisms, and has been used as a histological and vital stain since the early twentieth century. Estimating the volume of water cleared of indicator material by suspension feeding bivalves (clearance or filtration rate) was one of the earliest applications of neutral red; however, less than thirty studies have applied this methodology since it was first described in 1954. The feeding/clearance rate is used as a sensitive indicator of physiological stress and is therefore an early-warning tool that is suitable for monitoring the ecological status of water bodies. The aim of our study was to optimise a clearance index based on neutral red solution by addressing the effect of i) the acidifying pH; ii) the holding temperature before spectrophotometric reading; and the time iii) before and iv) after the acidification of solutions of neutral red used to carry out clearance assays. Furthermore, as a case study we fine-tuned the clearance assay for the edible estuarine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. The results showed that there were no statistical differences as regards the absorbance of neutral red solutions holding at 4 or 20 °C or a solution acidified between the ranges of pH 4–5. However, the absorbance significantly decreased as the pH increased to pH 6. The time before acidification had no significant effect on absorbance. Once the neutral red solution is acidified, the absorbance decreases over time, signifying that the absorbance should be read in the first 24 h. The concentration of neutral red used in the experiences should be sufficient to allow final concentrations of over 0.5 mg/L after the clearance period, since we observed that the sensitivity of this protocol decreased at low concentrations. In the case of C. edule, the optimum clearance conditions per individual were found to be 100 ml of 4 mg/L of neutral red dye during a 30 min period in dark conditions. A bioassay using a clearance index of C. edule based on this simple colorimetric technique would appear to be a potential tool for implementation in environmental monitoring programmes for water quality assessment in accordance with European directives. We trust that the new harmonised protocol will become a widely used and cost-effective means to monitor the clearance index as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves.     

On the interpretation of some planktonology equations

Summary The concept of the mean value of a function is used to interpret some population-dynamics equations. The well-known formula for the per capita growth rate r gives a precise mean value for any (not only exponentially growing) populations. This result is used to derive the birth and death rate equations of Paloheimo (1974) with minimal initial limitations.Abbreviations t time - N number of animals - E number of eggs - r specific (i.e. per capita) population growth rate - b specific birth rate - d specific death rate - D duration of embryonic development     

Ingestion Rates of Some Daphnia Species in a Shallow Lake (Lake Balaton,Hungary)

Filtering rates of three species of Daphnia were studied in situ by the ¹⁴C technique during the summer in a lake with a water temperature of 20-25°C (Lake Balaton, Hungary). The renewal time of gut contents proved to be 3-5 min in each of the three species whether fed on natural or artificial food. From May to September, filtering rates of D. cucullata, D. hyalina and D. galeata averaged 7.8, 10.3 and 9.2 ml ind.⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively. Identically long individuals of all three species had almost the same filtering rates in spring, whereas in summer animals of identical weights had similar filtering rates regardless of species because of the length variability of the helmets. The grazing rate of adult filter-feeding crustaceans is suggested to be approximately 7 % per day.     

转基因鱼构建模式的研究II.构建转基因鱼的几个影响因素(英文)

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光合单位的周转率与叶片光合速率的关系

利用闪光技术,测得若干高等植物叶片的光合单位为 1450～2050 Chl/CO_2。在含O_2 2％及CO_2浓度和光通量密度都饱和的条件下,测得叶片的连续光合速率为25～70μmol CO_2 m~(-2) s~(-1)。从上述数据及叶片叶绿素含量计算,得叶片光合单位的周转率已达80～160次/s。这样的周转速率与Emerson当初用改变闪光间暗间隔而测到的光合单位周转时间相似(即<10 ms/次,或>100次/s),从而证实了光合单位的周转与光合速率直接有关。这样的速率可称之为叶片光合的理论速率。