异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧虫体挥发物的趋性反应

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)在取食日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green过程中虫体挥发物的作用,本研究采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧的趋性行为反应,并利用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)对日本龟蜡蚧(卵、若虫、成虫)的挥发性气味进行分析鉴定。结果表明:异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧各龄期均有趋性,其中对成虫的趋性达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在日本龟蜡蚧虫体挥发性成分中,共检出10种烷烃类、8种烯烃类、9种醇类等47种组分。选取其中两种含量较大的组份1-辛烯-3-醇和1R-α-蒎烯进行单组份趋性试验,结果表明1-辛烯-3-醇在浓度为10-4g/m L和10-5g/m L、1R-α-蒎烯在浓度为10-5g/m L和10-6g/m L时对异色瓢虫具有明显吸引效应,其中10-4g/m L的1-辛烯-3-醇和10-5g/m L的1R-α-蒎烯引诱率分别达到73.65%和76.41%,差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。上述结果为进一步研究异色瓢虫的引诱剂奠定了基础。     

菠萝粉蚧和新菠萝灰粉蚧γ-射线辐照处理研究

菠萝粉蚧Dysmicoccus brevipes(Cockerell)和新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)是菠萝等热带水果上的重要害虫,是我国进出境水果贸易中均需要检疫处理的对象。为了建立适合菠萝等水果上这两种粉蚧的检疫处理技术,本研究采用80、130、180、230和280 Gyγ-射线辐照处理了两种粉蚧的若虫和成虫。结果表明,两种粉蚧对γ射线的剂量反应基本一致,表现为随虫龄增大对辐照的耐受性增强,以雌成虫为最强。采用230Gy辐照若虫,两种粉蚧各若虫均不产生F1代活虫体,并且菠萝粉蚧1龄若虫在该剂量下不能发育至雌成虫。以230 Gy辐照成虫,两种粉蚧均产生F1代雌成虫,但不产生F2代。以240 Gy剂量大规模辐照处理3龄若虫和雌成虫,表明该剂量足以阻止两种粉蚧繁殖,该剂量可作为这两种粉蚧辐照处理的参考指标。     

班氏跳小蜂对寄主龄期选择的研究

班氏跳小蜂Aenasiusbam bawalei Hayat是扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了在限制选择和自由选择的条件下,扶桑绵粉蚧的2龄若虫、3龄若虫和雌成虫对该蜂的寄生率、发育历期、子代性比和个体大小的影响。结果表明:在两种选择条件下,班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫的寄生率显著高于对雌成虫和2龄若虫的寄生率,但寄生粉蚧雌成虫的子代雌雄性比显著高于寄生3龄若虫或2龄若虫的性比;在两种选择条件下,雌蜂在寄主三种虫龄(态)上的发育历期差异不显著,但是雄蜂在粉蚧雌成虫中的发育历期显著长于寄生2龄若虫或3龄若虫的发育历期;在两种选择条件下,寄生于粉蚧雌成虫的子代雌蜂和雄蜂的个体都是最大,其后足胫节长度显著长于寄生于2龄若虫或3龄若虫的子代胫节的长度。     

豇豆与菜豆挥发物中美洲斑潜蝇引诱成分的分析与鉴定

应用固相微萃取技术(SPME)和自行设计的挥发物收集装置以及GC-MS系统,对美洲斑潜蝇主要寄主植物豇豆与菜豆的挥发物进行收集和分析.鉴定出两种寄主植物的挥发物主要成分均为2-己烯醛、3-己烯醇、2-己烯醇、1-辛烯醇、3-己烯醇醋酸酯、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗酮.通过与标准品的对照,测定了7种主要挥发性化合物之间的相对比例,并据此配制成人工引诱剂,进行了美洲斑潜蝇成虫的田间诱捕试验.结果证实所配制的引诱剂对成虫具有一定的引诱效果,其中α-紫罗酮和β-紫罗酮很可能在美洲斑潜蝇成虫寻找寄主植物的定向机制中起着重要作用.     

竹横锥大象对寄主及虫体挥发物的行为和触角电位反应

为了探明竹横锥大象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guerin-Meneville是否存在两性间的引诱作用,以及寄主植物慈竹Neosinocalamus affinis笋对两性行为的影响,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了竹横锥大象雌、雄成虫对4种虫体及寄主挥发物不同处理（雌、雄成虫,慈竹笋与雌、雄成虫的复合体）的行为反应,测定了触角不同部位对雌雄成虫3种虫体的提取物（整体、鞘翅、后肠）及其与寄主植物挥发物质联合作用的触角电位反应（EAG）。结果表明：雌成虫挥发物对雄虫有较高的引诱活性,对雌虫有驱避作用;雄成虫挥发物对雌虫有一定的引诱作用。雌、雄成虫对虫体与竹笋复合体气味的行为和电生理反应均显著或极显著高于对相应虫体挥发物的反应。经EAG测定,触角各部位对虫体不同部位挥发物的EAG值差异明显,触角端部对虫体与植物挥发性物质的联合作用EAG反应差异极其显著（P＜0.01）。竹横锥大象对沾染雌雄成虫虫体提取物的玻璃棒有一定的兴奋表现,雌虫兴奋率为6.67%,雄虫为26.67%。结果提示,竹横锥大象种内存在信息素,雌虫释放的信息素对同类雄虫有很强的引诱作用,而雄虫所释放的信息素对同类雌虫有引诱作用,添加寄主植物能够增强两性间的引诱效果。     

扶桑绵粉蚧的过冷却点和体液结冰点测定

本文测定了扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley除卵期以外其它各虫态的过冷却点和结冰点.结果表明,该虫过冷却点以1龄若虫最低,为-24.02℃;雄虫预蛹次之,为-22.13℃;雄虫蛹、雄虫2龄若虫、雌虫3龄若虫、雄成虫、雌虫2龄若虫、雌成虫过冷却点逐渐升高,分别为-21.08℃、-20.25℃、-19.05℃、-18.42℃、-17.91℃、-16.89℃.体液结冰点也以1龄若虫最低,为-23.2℃;雄虫预蛹次之,为-19.09℃;雄虫蛹、雄虫2龄若虫、雌虫3龄若虫、雌虫2龄若虫、雌成虫、雄成虫体液结冰点逐渐升高,分别为-16.64%、-15.81℃、-13.92℃、-13.20℃、-12.85℃、-12.79℃.试验结果表明扶桑绵粉蚧过冷却点低,耐寒性较强,可能适宜在中国北部更广泛的区域生存.     

扶桑绵粉蚧生物学特性研究

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫, 特别是对我国棉花生产具有潜在的巨大威胁,本文研究了实验室条件下（27±1℃, RH 70%±5%）该虫在棉花上的发育历期、 繁殖能力及各虫态的形态特征。结果表明：扶桑绵粉蚧雌虫生活史包括卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫和雌成虫;雄虫生活史包括卵、1龄若虫、 2龄若虫、预蛹、 蛹和雄成虫。卵期很短,雌虫若虫期15~20 d,总历期约为47~59 d;雄虫若虫和蛹期17~22 d,总历期约为20~26 d;雌虫寿命明显长于雄虫。该蚧虫繁殖能力强,雌成虫产卵量200~862粒/头,平均产卵458粒/头。各虫态主要形态特征为：卵呈长椭圆形,橙黄色, 略微透明; 1龄若虫,淡黄绿色,行动活泼;2龄若虫体缘突起显现, 尾瓣突出,至末期可根据体表黑斑的可见程度区分雌、 雄虫;3龄雌若虫, 体表有薄层蜡粉, 在前、中胸背面亚中区和腹部1~4节背面亚中区可见清晰斑点, 形成纵向黑色条斑, 外表形似雌成虫。雌成虫呈卵圆形,体表蜡粉厚实,胸、腹背面的黑色条斑在蜡粉覆盖下呈成对黑色斑点状,体缘蜡突明显,共18对,其中腹部末端2~3对较长; 雄虫蛹包裹于松软的白色丝茧中;雄成虫,虫体较小,黑褐色;触角细长,具一对发达透明前翅,后翅退化为平衡棒,腹部末端具2对白色长蜡丝。本文通过对扶桑绵粉蚧的基本生物学特性和各个龄期发育的形态特征的研究, 为该虫的进一步研究和科学防控提供了基本资料,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

棉花粉蚧雄成虫对雌虫的性选择及日交配节律

研究棉花粉蚧雄成虫对不同虫态、不同日龄雌虫的性选择以及雌雄成虫日交配节律,为该虫性信息素的研究提供科学依据。采用四臂嗅觉仪测定了雄虫对不同虫态以及不同日龄雌虫(3龄若虫、1日龄至8日龄处女雌成虫、已交配雌成虫)的选择性,观察了雄虫与雌成虫日交配节律。结果表明,雄成虫对4日龄处女雌成虫的选择率显著高于其他虫态和日龄,一天内扶桑绵粉蚧交配高峰期出现在7∶00-9∶00。因此,推测4日龄处女雌成虫和上午7∶00-9∶00可能是释放性外激素的旺盛虫期和时间。     

饥饿对扶桑绵粉蚧存活率和产卵量的影响

【背景】扶桑绵粉蚧是近年来入侵我国的重要害虫,食物是影响其生长发育及种群发展的重要因素。【方法】在室内条件下研究了饥饿对扶桑绵粉蚧不同龄期若虫和初羽化雌成虫存活率和雌成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】扶桑绵粉蚧不同虫态在饥饿条件下存活的时间存在显著差异,表现为雌成虫〉2龄若虫=3龄若虫〉1龄若虫。扶桑绵粉蚧各龄若虫和雌成虫随着饥饿时间的延长,存活率逐渐下降。其中,雌成虫存活率下降速度较慢,完全饥饿8d后存活率仍有50％左右;2、3龄若虫50％个体死亡需要饥饿的时间约为6d,1龄若虫约需5．5d。饥饿会显著降低1龄若虫存活率,但对2、3龄若虫没有显著影响。扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫饥饿4d对其产卵前期、平均每头雌虫一生的产卵量没有显著影响,但寿命显著低于对照。【结论与意义】扶桑绵粉蚧耐饥力较强,这有助于它在野外建立种群。该结果为进一步评价扶桑绵粉蚧的入侵潜能提供了依据。     

美凤蝶成虫虫体挥发物的主要成分与变化动态研究

挥发物在蝴蝶种内识别、交配繁衍等过程中作用关键。本文旨在研究美凤蝶Papilio memnon成虫虫体挥发物的变化规律,为下一步探索蝴蝶虫体挥发物作为嗅觉信号的组成成分在求偶过程中的作用提供基础资料。应用固相微萃取方法分别收集美凤蝶雌雄成虫的虫体挥发物,用GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱）技术对挥发物进行分析和比较。结果显示,羽化后的雌雄蝶可检测到烷烃类、烯烃类、炔烃类、芳香类、醇类、醛类、酯类、酸类等12类挥发物,其中芳香类、酯类、酸类在羽化后均有出现。交配前,雌雄蝶挥发物分别有14种和16种,其中14种为共有,而以反-2-辛烯醛（雌：59.88%,雄：77.99%）和2-甲基烯丙醇（雌：14.47%,雄：8.42%）相对含量较高。交配时,雌雄蝶挥发物分别增加到24种和21种,其中20种为共有,优势挥发物除反-2-辛烯醛（雌：53.75%,雄：39.62%）和2-甲基烯丙醇（雌：9.36%,雄：11.04%）外,还包括1-二十醇（雌：10.46%,雄：21.13%）。另外,雌蝶交配时有4种特有挥发物（1-茚酮、异辛酸、1-苯基-1-丙炔、紫苏醛）,而雄蝶仅1种（β-石竹烯）。然而,一旦交配后,以上优势挥发物与交配时雌雄蝶特有挥发物均未检测到。推测2-甲基烯丙醇、反-2-辛烯醛和1-二十醇可能在美凤蝶种内识别过程中发挥作用,而1-茚酮、异辛酸、1-苯基-1-丙炔、紫苏醛和β-石竹烯则可能在求偶交配期间具有增强雌雄个体识别或相互吸引等作用。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.