广东朱槿曲叶病发生及传播介体烟粉虱种群组成调查

【背景】2006年我国广东地区发现由木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCu Mu V)侵染引起的朱槿曲叶病,但有关该病害在朱槿植物上的发病率、传播介体——烟粉虱隐种的组成尚未见报道。【方法】在广东省广州和清远地区对感染CLCu Mu V的朱槿植株进行抽样调查;利用mt COⅠ引物扩增鉴定烟粉虱隐种种群组成。【结果】调查表明,广州和清远地区朱槿上CLCu Mu V的发病率分别为53.98%~71.78%和38.42%~45.27%。烟粉虱种群均为MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种的混合种群;广州地区烟粉虱种群中AsiaⅡ7隐种的比例为6.25%~17.71%,清远地区AsiaⅡ7隐种的比例为76.25%~89.17%。【结论与意义】随着带病植株种植范围的扩大以及可传毒烟粉虱隐种的扩散,CLCu Mu V很有可能大范围扩散流行,应做好防控监测工作。     

入侵我国的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒及其为害

棉花曲叶病是世界棉花生产上最具毁灭性的病毒病害,已在巴基斯坦、印度、苏丹、埃及和南非等国棉花产区广泛流行,造成巨大经济损失。目前,已克隆了与该病害相关的植物病毒8种,木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒（CLCuMV）即是其中之一,这些病毒均属双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属。CLCuMV是引起巴基斯坦、印度棉花曲叶病大流行的主要病原之一。该病毒由烟粉虱以持久方式传播,也可以嫁接传播,但不能通过机械摩擦接种传播和种子带毒传播;其基因组仅含有DNA-A组分,并伴随卫星β分子。自2006年首次在我国广东朱槿上检测与鉴定到该病毒以来,目前已在我国广东、广西和海南等多个地理区域发现该病毒引起的病害,受侵染寄主植物包括朱槿、黄秋葵、棉花和垂花悬铃花;同时,已入侵我国的CLCuMV及其卫星β分子的各地理区域和不同寄主来源的分离物DNA序列相似性均大于99％,遗传较稳定。基于文献报道及作者近年的研究,本文对棉花曲叶病的分布、病原、CLCuMV特性、已入侵我国的CLCuMV现状进行了较全面的综述,同时对入侵我国的CLCuMV来源及其威胁我国棉花生产的风险进行了讨论。CLCuMV＂对我国棉花等作物的威胁日益加剧,本研究可为该病毒的防控提供参考。     

烟草曲茎病毒Y128分离物及伴随卫星的分子鉴定*

从云南保山田间表现曲叶症状的烟草植株上分离到病毒分离物Y128,病株在实验室可经烟粉虱(Bemisiatabaci)传播到健康烟草上。分别用针对烟草曲茎病毒(TbCSV)、云南烟草曲叶病毒(TLCYNV)、中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCCNV)及泰国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCTHV)等田间常复合侵染的云南粉虱传双生病毒的特异性引物对Y128DNA-A进行PCR扩增,结果表明Y128是烟草曲茎病毒(TbCSV)的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物β01和β02,在Y128中扩增到卫星DNA分     

新疆地区烟粉虱生物型的区域分布及其携带的番茄黄化曲叶病毒检测

【目的】明确不同烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)生物型在新疆地区的区域分布及其携带番茄黄化曲叶病毒的情况。【方法】本文利用烟粉虱mtDNA COⅠ基因片段作标记以及番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV)特异性引物, 鉴定新疆不同地区烟粉虱生物型, 并检测其携带TYLCV情况。【结果】石河子市、 博乐市、 岳普湖县、 泽普县、 叶城县、 莎车县、 墨玉县、 和田市与和田县烟粉虱属于B型烟粉虱, 且720 bp COⅠ基因序列一致性为100%; 阿克苏市、 哈密市、 鄯善县、 乌鲁木齐市、 克拉玛依市与伊宁市烟粉虱属于Q型烟粉虱, 720 bp COⅠ基因序列一致性为99.9%~100%; 吐鲁番市与库尔勒市兼有B型烟粉虱和Q型烟粉虱。伊宁市、 乌鲁木齐市、 鄯善县、 哈密市、 阿克苏市、 库尔勒市、 莎车县、 和田县和墨玉县的烟粉虱样本携带TYLCV, 除2011年底已经暴发危害的莎车县外, 其他区域均为番茄黄化曲叶病毒病发生的高风险区域。【结论】本研究为新疆地区烟粉虱及番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的科学防控提供依据。     

烟粉虱MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种对不同寄主的选择性和生态适应性

广东省感染木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuMuV)的朱槿上烟粉虱隐种为MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7混合种群,并且AsiaⅡ7是该病毒有效传毒介体,明确这两个隐种的寄主选择性差异,能够为介体烟粉虱的防治提供依据。本研究选择锦葵科的棉花、黄秋葵和茄科的茄子、番茄4种寄主植物为供试寄主,通过笼内自由扩散、实验室嗅觉测定、发育观察,比较了MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种对不同寄主的选择性和生态适应性。结果表明:烟粉虱MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7对4种寄主存在明显的寄主选择性,MEAM1成虫和产卵选择趋性为棉花>茄子>番茄>黄秋葵;AsiaⅡ7成虫和产卵选择趋性为棉花>黄秋葵>茄子>番茄。MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7在4种寄主上的发育历期、存活率有显著差异,MEAM1的存活率(卵到成虫)在棉花、茄子、黄秋葵上均较高(80%以上),番茄上最低(59%);AsiaⅡ7的存活率(卵到成虫)为棉花(90%)>黄秋葵(71%)>茄子(64%),在番茄上发育至1龄全部死亡。上述结果表明,4种作物均适宜MEAM1生长发育,锦葵科的2种作物适宜AsiaⅡ7隐种生长发育,茄科的2种作物不适宜。应避免棉花与黄秋葵近距离种植,防止传毒介体烟粉虱将黄秋葵作为桥梁寄主将病毒传播至棉花。     

番茄褪绿病毒对MED烟粉虱成虫在不同寄主植物上的寄主选择性和取食行为的影响

【目的】由粉虱传播的番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus, ToCV)具有较强的暴发性和流行性,目前该病毒现已蔓延至世界各地,可为害多种作物,对农林经济生产造成严重危害。病毒侵染会影响介体昆虫的寄主选择性和取食行为,从而影响病毒传播。本研究旨在明确ToCV对MED烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci在不同寄主上的寄主选择性及取食行为的影响。【方法】利用Y型嗅觉仪测定携带和未携带ToCV的MED烟粉虱雌成虫的寄主选择性,利用刺吸电位(electrical penetration graph, EPG)技术比较携带和未携带ToCV的烟粉虱雌成虫在健康的番茄、辣椒、棉花和豇豆4种寄主植株上的取食行为差异。【结果】未携带ToCV的MED型烟粉虱雌成虫对于4种寄主植物的选择偏好性排序为番茄、辣椒>棉花>豇豆;携带ToCV烟粉虱雌成虫对4种寄主植物的选择性偏好性降低,排序为番茄、辣椒、棉花>豇豆。与未携带ToCV烟粉虱雌成虫相比,携带ToCV烟粉虱雌成虫取食4种植物所产生的刺探次数均显著增加,第1次到达韧皮部的时间有明显延后,取食总时间与韧皮部的取食时间明显减...     

番茄褪绿病毒TaqMan荧光定量PCR快速检测方法的建立与应用

【目的】本研究旨在建立TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR(TaqMan RT-qPCR)技术,快速检测单头烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci体内的番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)。【方法】根据ToCV外壳蛋白保守序列设计了1对特异性引物和1条TaqMan探针,建立了TaqMan RT-qPCR方法;与常规PCR检测进行比较,检测该方法的灵敏度与特异性;并应用该方法对单头烟粉虱成虫体内ToCV进行了快速检测。【结果】本研究构建的TaqMan RT-qPCR检测ToCV的标准曲线,其循环阈值(Ct值)与模板浓度具有良好的线性关系,扩增效率为98%。该方法对ToCV的最低检测浓度为8.3×10 copies/μL,灵敏度是常规RT-PCR的1000倍。该方法与田间番茄两种重要病毒番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)和番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)检测无交叉反应。单头烟粉虱成虫ToCV检测结果表明,温室内ToCV侵染植株上烟粉虱携毒率为100%,田间烟粉虱的携毒率为30%。【结论】本研究建立的TaqMan RT-qPCR检测方法,可快速有效检测单头烟粉虱体内ToCV携毒情况,为该病毒病的防控提供了技术支撑。     

瓜类褪绿黄化病毒快速检测技术的引物筛选与体系优化

【目的】瓜类褪绿黄化病毒(cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, CCYV)是近年来发生的、由烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci半持久性传播的一种植物病毒,给瓜类作物带来严重经济损失。PCR扩增是检测该病毒的常用技术,但目前已报道引物对靶标生物的检测存在扩增结果不稳定、重复性不够的问题。本研究旨在通过筛选多对引物并优化PCR条件获得适合于稳定检测的引物及扩增体系。【方法】以携带有CCYV的根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101菌株菌液及其侵染获得的CCYV阳性黄瓜叶片cDNA为检测对象,从14对PCR引物中筛选出可用于稳定检测CCYV的引物,同时进行退火温度的优化;以携带有CCYV的根癌农杆菌侵染的阳性黄瓜叶片cDNA为模板,对筛选出来的4对引物及退火温度进行PCR扩增的稳定性和灵敏度检测;利用4对优选PCR引物对13份采自田间的烟粉虱成虫及寄主植物叶片的感毒状况进行检测和验证。【结果】从已报道的14对引物中筛选出4对引物可同时对携带CCYV的根癌农杆菌GV3101菌液及其侵染的CCYV阳性黄瓜叶片cDNA进行稳定扩增,并获得最优的扩增程序。灵敏度检测结果显示,优选的4对引物可检测到CCYV的最低黄瓜叶片cDNA浓度为0.25 ng/μL。利用优选的4对引物通过PCR对13份采自田间的烟粉虱成虫及其寄主植物叶片的CCYV检测发现,测试样本的CCYV阳性率为69.23%。【结论】优选的4对引物及其对应的优化扩增程序可用于对携带有CCYV的根癌农杆菌及其侵染的植物叶片以及田间样本是否感染CCYV的检测。     

烟粉虱传毒相关蛋白基因的克隆及其表达量分析

【目的】烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是一种世界性的入侵性害虫,其传播的番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)给我国番茄生产造成巨大经济损失。为了阐明烟粉虱传播双生病毒的机理,本文拟研究明确B和Q烟粉虱体内传毒相关蛋白Gro EL基因及其表达量。【方法】采用特异性引物克隆了B和Q烟粉虱内共生菌编码的传毒相关蛋白Gro EL基因,并进行序列分析;并利用荧光定量PCR技术检测两种生物型及其获取双生病毒前后该基因的相对表达量。【结果】烟粉虱内共生菌Hamiltonella编码的Gro EL基因全长为1 668 bp,编码555个氨基酸;B、Q烟粉虱该基因的核苷酸序列相似性为99.94%,氨基酸同源性为99.82%;带毒烟粉虱中Gro EL基因的表达量显著高于未带毒的对应生物型烟粉虱;无论带毒与否,Q烟粉虱该基因的表达量均显著高于B(P<0.05)。【结论】烟粉虱携带TYLCV后可诱导Gro EL的表达量升高,B和Q烟粉虱中Gro EL基因及其表达量均存在差异,这可能是B和Q烟粉虱传毒效率存在显著差异的原因之一。     

番茄褪绿病毒对Q型烟粉虱重要生物学参数及保护酶和解毒酶活力的影响

为明确番茄褪绿病毒(ToCV)对其传毒介体烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci主要生物学特性的影响,本文研究了携带ToCV的Q型烟粉虱在非病毒寄主植物棉花Gossypium spp上的生物学指标,并测定了带毒和无毒烟粉虱主要保护酶和解毒酶活性.结果 表明,在棉花植株上,带毒烟粉虱在发育历期、产卵量、成虫寿命方面与无毒烟粉虱无显著差异,但雌虫体长明显短于无毒烟粉虱.相对于无毒烟粉虱,带毒烟粉虱体内过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性明显提高,是无毒烟粉虱的3.36倍(P ＜0.001),超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性无显著差异.解毒酶中,带毒烟粉虱羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)活性明显下降,是无毒烟粉虱活性的54％,谷胱甘肽S转移酶(glutathione-s-transferase,GST)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholin esterase,ACHE)活性无显著差异.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418