五种蔬菜对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育参数的影响

[目的]探讨不同蔬菜对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley生长发育和繁殖的影响。[方法]在温度(25±1)℃、RH60%±5%、光照L:D=14:10的条件下,观察扶桑绵粉蚧实验种群在茄科的马铃薯、旋花科的紫薯、葫芦科的黄瓜、菊科的生菜、十字花科的甘蓝这5种蔬菜上的生长发育特性和繁殖能力,组建实验种群生命表。[结果]在供试的5种蔬菜中,扶桑绵粉蚧在马铃薯上的发育历期最短、存活率最高,而在黄瓜上的发育历期最长、存活率最低。雌成虫寿命以生菜上的最高,而雄成虫则以马铃薯上的最高。在5种蔬菜上扶桑绵粉蚧种群的内禀增长率(r_m)高低顺序为马铃薯紫薯生菜甘蓝黄瓜。[结论]不同蔬菜对扶桑绵粉蚧的生长发育参数有明显影响。5种蔬菜中,马铃薯最适合扶桑绵粉蚧的生长发育和繁殖。     

扶桑绵粉蚧对马铃薯幼苗的致害性研究

为评价扶桑绵粉蚧对植物的致害性,利用马铃薯苗作为寄主植物,通过刺探点位图谱、快速光曲线、为害分级等手段,对扶桑绵粉蚧在马铃薯苗上的取食行为、为害后马铃薯叶片的光合动力及扶桑绵粉蚧对马铃薯的致害效率进行检测并评价。结果显示,扶桑绵粉蚧对马铃薯苗韧皮部取食的时间超过占给定时间的30%,在叶肉细胞内的尝试性取食时间高达10%;扶桑绵粉蚧为害导致马铃薯苗叶片对强光的耐受能力显著降低;高效率的为害在短时间内造成马铃薯出现黄叶、枯叶甚至枯梢等现象。以上结果表明扶桑绵粉蚧可在低起始为害密度的情况下快速形成为害,因此在实际生产中一旦发现扶桑绵粉蚧,需立即进行处理。     

南瓜寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧不同温度下的发育历期和实验种群生命表

为了探明温度对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley发育的影响, 本研究在光周期14L∶10D, 相对湿度75%±1%及不同温度（18, 20, 24, 26, 28和30℃）的实验室条件下, 测定了以南瓜为寄主的扶桑绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期和存活率, 组建了扶桑绵粉蚧的实验种群生命表。结果表明： 在18~30℃温度范围内, 随着温度的升高扶桑绵粉蚧的发育速率加快, 且其温度与发育速率的关系符合 Logistic模型。在18~30℃恒温条件下, 扶桑绵粉蚧的雌虫世代发育历期为40.24~80.64 d, 雄虫世代发育历期为25.21~54.31 d; 雌虫世代的发育起点温度为7.39℃, 有效积温为889.89日·度; 雄虫世代的发育起点温度为8.58℃, 有效积温为523.47日·度。在26℃时, 扶桑绵粉蚧的世代存活率最高(77.03%), 种群趋势指数也最高(22.98), 有利于种群增长; 而在18℃和30℃, 扶桑绵粉蚧的种群趋势指数分别为2.99和9.80。扶桑绵粉蚧有较强的种群发展能力, 但高温和低温都不利于其种群增长。扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期和实验种群表的研究为其控制措施的制定提供了科学依据。     

扶桑绵粉蚧与长角立毛蚁的互惠关系及其对寄主棉花叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【背景】草食动物对寄主植物的取食或损伤会诱导改变植物的光合作用,从而直接影响植株的健康生长。产蜜昆虫与蚂蚁的互惠关系是物种相互促进的一种重要的生态学现象,能够促进产蜜昆虫的种群数量,然而这种互惠关系及其对寄主植物光合生理的影响还知之甚少。【方法】在室内条件下,运用叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了外来入侵害虫扶桑绵粉蚧与长角立毛蚁的互惠对寄主棉花叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。【结果】随着扶桑绵粉蚧危害时间的延续,寄主植物上蚂蚁和扶桑绵粉蚧的数量均呈现显著上升的趋势,而在危害后期,蚂蚁存在情况下扶桑绵粉蚧的数量要明显低于无蚂蚁处理;在扶桑绵粉蚧取食寄主棉花20 d后,有、无蚂蚁存在的棉花叶片的光合利用率α值较无虫处理分别下降了53.5%和37.0%;存在蚂蚁或扶桑绵粉蚧危害后期对棉花叶片最大相对电子传递效率r ETRmax有显著影响,然而扶桑绵粉蚧单独取食或与蚂蚁互作的情况下未显著影响棉花叶片对强光的耐受能力(Ek)。【结论与意义】研究明确了扶桑绵粉蚧与长角立毛蚁的互惠关系对寄主棉花叶片的光合生理产生了一定的负面效应,为进一步解释扶桑绵粉蚧入侵、扩散及暴发的生态学过程提供了科学依据。     

转换寄主前后扶桑绵粉蚧取食行为的EPG分析

【目的】分析扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis在发生寄主转移前后的取食行为,以据此评价其寄主适应性。【方法】利用刺吸电位（EPG）技术,量化扶桑绵粉蚧转换寄主植物前后的取食行为并进行对比分析。【结果】寄主转换后,扶桑绵粉蚧的取食行为受到显著的影响,需要耗费更多的时间到达韧皮部,总取食时间显著变短,取食效率降低。但寄主转换后,下一代成虫的取食效率提高,总刺探数、取食刺探数、总刺探时间以及到达韧皮部的效率与时间均与寄主转换前的扶桑绵粉蚧个体不存在显著差异。【结论】扶桑绵粉蚧的取食行为存在高度可塑性,这种特性利于扩大其寄主植物范围,有可能是促其成为重要农业入侵生物的原因之一。     

浙江省扶桑绵粉蚧分布危害调查

本文报道浙江省2009年9月至11月对新入侵害虫——扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsisTinsley全面调查结果。目前扶桑绵粉蚧在浙江省的杭州下沙区、余杭区,金华的武义县,丽水的云和县有分布,在玉米、甘薯、南瓜、枸杞、太阳花、胭脂花、刺儿菜、小飞蓬等19科29种农作物、花卉和杂草上发现扶桑绵粉蚧的为害。论文还对其检疫与防控措施提出了建议。     

杭州地区扶桑绵粉蚧危害调查及系统进化分析

【背景】扶桑绵粉蚧是近年来入侵我国的重要检疫性害虫,在我国多个省份均有发生,造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】于2009—2015年对杭州地区扶桑绵粉蚧的发生危害情况进行了实地调查,同时结合mt DNA COI分子标记方法,对扶桑绵粉蚧进行分子鉴定和系统进化分析。【结果】杭州市余杭区、萧山区和临安市3个地区发现扶桑绵粉蚧分布,共调查到寄主植物38科61属68种,以辣椒、茄子、番茄、南瓜、棉花、芝麻、菊花、苦荬菜、大花马齿苋和五色梅受害最严重。系统进化分析表明,杭州地区的扶桑绵粉蚧未发生明显的遗传分化,与我国其他地区扶桑绵粉蚧mt DNA COI基因相似度为99.4%~100%。【结论与意义】本研究为进一步研究扶桑绵粉蚧的遗传进化、可能的侵入途径以及科学防控提供了理论基础。     

利用种特异性COI引物（SS-COI）鉴别扶桑绵粉蚧

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是我国近年新发现的一种严重威胁农林业生产的重要外来入侵害虫。针对扶桑绵粉蚧与其他粉蚧类昆虫难以准确快速识别且适生区广泛的问题, 以扶桑绵粉蚧为靶标, 以我国常见的其他7种粉蚧为参照, 采用基于线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtDNA COI) 基因序列的种特异性(species-specific COI, SS-COI) PCR方法, 研究其快速分子检测技术。通过已知粉蚧的COI基因序列设计通用型引物1对, 获得扶桑绵粉蚧及其他7种粉蚧包括康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana、 南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacius Cockerell、 木槿曼粉蚧Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)、 甘蔗红粉蚧Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)、 新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley、 番石榴粉蚧Planococcus minor Maskel和石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani Ferris的COI基因序列, 根据测序结果及数据库中已知粉蚧的COI基因序列设计SS COI引物1对(PSZTF1/PSZTR1), 其扩增片段大小为546 bp。种特异性检验结果表明, 该引物只对扶桑绵粉蚧的COI基因具有扩增能力, 对其他7种粉蚧不具有扩增效果; 该引物不仅对成虫具有良好的扩增能力, 对不同虫态的扶桑绵粉蚧以及来自我国不同省市的14个地理种群和口岸截获的来自巴基斯坦的扶桑绵粉蚧亦具有同样的扩增效能。这些结果表明, 该技术体系完全可用于扶桑绵粉蚧的准确识别及其检测监测, 对有效阻截其进一步扩张蔓延意义重大。     

寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧体型及体内能源物质含量的影响

[目的]研究寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫体型和体内能源物质含量的影响,为扶桑绵粉蚧的寄主适应性和风险分析提供科学参考.[方法]在室内用8种寄主植物连续饲养扶桑绵粉蚧5代后,测量7日龄雌成虫体长、体宽和体重,并测定体内能源物质(脂肪、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖)含量,分析上述指标在不同寄主间的差异.[结果]取食不同寄主后,扶桑...     

不同植物种类及棉花品种对扶桑绵粉蚧生物学影响研究进展

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis是一种多食性入侵害虫,其寄主范围广、适应性强,已入侵多个国家和地区,对农业生产造成了严重危害。本文通过分析不同寄主植物上扶桑绵粉蚧研究,找出相对适宜与不适宜寄主植物,以便指导作物种植,并为培育抗扶桑绵粉蚧作物提供一定参考。本文通过收集分析相关文献,运用数理统计方法,综述和分析了不同寄主植物上扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育、生殖、抗逆等方面研究进展及其差异。发现马铃薯、豚草是极有利于扶桑绵粉蚧繁衍的植物,其次是扶桑与棉花。对10个品种棉花的分析发现,中棉所59对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的抗性,而抗虫棉RCH-134不具有抗性。对扶桑绵粉蚧生物学尤其是生长发育、繁殖能力等研究已经比较多,今后与该虫相关的抗虫育种、生物防治、分子生物学等研究可望成为重点。     

Determinants of growth rate on chemically heterogeneous host plants by specialist insects

Nine Passiflora species growing sympatrically in a Costa Rican rain forest were screened for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cyanogenic compounds, saponins and cardenolides. The first three chemical classes were found to be present and the Passiflora species could be classified into five groups according to the presence/absence of each chemical class. In order to assess the effects of this chemical variability on specialist herbivores, larvae of Heliconius ismenius and H. melpomane were experimentally introduced to seven species of Passiflora host plants growing naturally in the rain forest. Survival and growth rates were subsequently monitored at 2 day intervals and were found to be independent of each other. Larval growth rate and larval survivorship were not significantly affected by cyanogenesis in the host plants, nor by the presence of alkaloids, tannins and non-tanning phenolic compounds. Larval growth rate was found to be correlated to percentage nitrogen in the host plants, but was independent of host water content and non-structural carbohydrate content. Although these insects would be classified as host-specific by most authors, the results indicate the presence of a sufficiently general detoxication apparatus to consume many different classes of potential toxins with no apparent ill effects. We conclude that Passiflora natural product diversity does not cause major deleterious effects in Heliconius growth characteristics and that these effects are not the major component maintaining the current pattern of larval feeding specialization in this plant-herbivore system.     

DNA detection rates of host mtDNA in bloodmeals of human body lice (Pediculus humanus L., 1758)

Using polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the extent to which digestion affects the potential to amplify 12S mitochondrial DNA sequences from bloodmeals of individual human body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) (Phthiraptera, Pediculidae) up to 72 h after feeding on a surrogate rabbit host (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) (Lagomorpha, Leporidae). Two rabbit-specific primer pairs were developed to produce amplicons of 199 bp and 283 bp, the smaller of which was found to have a significantly slower decay rate. Median detection periods (T50) for the amplicons were 20 h and 12 h, with maximum detection periods of 24 h and 12 h, respectively, suggesting an inversely proportional linear relationship between amplicon size and digestion time. The data provide an indication of timeframes essential for the design of forensic sampling protocols and a basis for investigating the feeding frequency of human lice.     

Onchocerca spp: cryopreservation of microfilariae and subsequent development in the insect host.

Microfilariae of Onchocerca gutturosa, O. cervicalis and O. volvulus were successfully recovered after freezing, storage at ?196 C, and thawing. The technique that produced maximum viability involved a two-step cooling schedule consisting of an initial slow cool of 1 C min^?1 to an intermediate temperature of between ?14 and ?17 C, followed by a rapid cool into liquid nitrogen (taking about 1 sec). Upon rapid warming to 37 C, a high percentage of microfilariae showed normal motility. Following subcutaneous injection into T.O. mice, the microfilariae of O. gutturosa migrated to the skin of the ears and nose, and a proportion of them developed into third-stage larvae in the insect vector, Simulium ornatum. Microfilariae of O. volvulus also developed into third-stage larvae in this insect, while those of O. cervicalis developed similarly in their natural vector, Culicoides nubeculosus. This technique of preservation provides a good and reliable method for storage of viable microfilariae of these bovine, equine, and human Onchocerca spp.     

Impacts of temperature on metabolic rates of adult Extatosoma tiaratum reared on different host plant species

Access to balanced nutrition enables optimum health and development, body repair, fat storage, increased fecundity and longevity. In the present study, we assessed the responses of a generalist leaf feeder (the phasmid Extatosoma tiaratum) reared continuously on one of three host plants, tree lucerne (Chamaecyisus palmensis), bramble (Rubus fruticosus) and Eucalyptus species, in a low fluctuating temperature environment until adulthood. Once all individuals reached adulthood, we exposed each individual to a ramping temperature event (starting at 25 °C and ramping the temperature at 0.25 °C min⁻¹) and assessed their metabolic rates () responses at specific temperature 'bins' (25, 30, 35, 40 and 42 °C). Sex but not diet influenced respiration and metabolic rate. Male individuals, on average, had a higher than females. Sex and diet were significant influences on at different temperatures. Metabolic rates at lower temperatures were not affected by sex or diet type. At 35 °C, metabolic rates were influenced by sex and diet, with males reared on bramble and tree lucerne having a higher metabolic rate than females reared on the same foodplant, whereas Eucalypt reared animals showing an opposite trend. Lifetime egg production by females was 150% higher on bramble compared with the other host plants. Incorporating fluctuating temperature ranges into experiments will further help to understand the impact that thermal stress will have on the growth, development, performance and survival of insects in a more variable climatic and nutritional landscape.     

The effects of temperature and host density on the development and survival of Copidosoma koehleri

Developmental rates for Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), were determined at 10, 15, 23, 27, 29, 32, 34 and 35°C from host egg to adult. The developmental rates determined for both species showed good fit to mathematical models of insect development. At 15°C mean emergence of adult C. koehleri was 15 days after P. operculella adults emerged. At 29°C mean emergence of C. koehleri was only 5 days after that of P. operculella. P. operculella developed at 35°C, but parasitized larvae, and therefore C. koehleri, did not tolerate temperatures above 32°C. In the presence of C. koehleri, host survival was low (3%) at low host egg densities, but greater (20%) at higher host densities. Parasitized larvae of P. operculella were less able to compete for food resources, as measured by adult emergence.     

A new cryptic Sympistis from eastern North America revealed by novel larval phenotype and host plant association (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae, Oncocnemidinae)

A Triosteum-feeding species of Sympistis is described from eastern North America: Sympistis forbesi sp. n. Identity of the new species is most reliably determined from larval morphology and host plant association—both adult scaling and genitalic characters overlap with those of Sympisitis chionanthi, a Chionanthus and Fraxinus feeder.     

Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants

Coevolution has been hypothesized as the main driving force for the remarkable diversity of insect-plant associations. Dating of insect and plant phylogenies allows us to test coevolutionary hypotheses and distinguish between the contemporaneous radiation of interacting lineages vs. insect 'host tracking' of previously diversified plants. Here, we used nuclear DNA to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for 100 species of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths and 36 outgroup taxa. Ages for nodes in the moth phylogeny were estimated using a combination of a penalized likelihood method and a Bayesian approach, which takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. To convert the relative ages of the moths into dates, we used an absolute calibration point from the fossil record. The age estimates of (a selection of) moth clades were then compared with fossil-based age estimates of their host plants. Our results show that the principal radiation of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths occurred well after the main radiation of their host plants and may represent the dominant associational mode in the fossil record.     

Differences among dogs in response of their spermatozoa to cryopreservation using various cooling and warming rates

Spermatozoa collected from the caudae epididymides of 16 dogs of various breeds were suspended in an isotonic salt solution (DIMI medium) containing 0.6 M glycerol, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and their "survival" was measured after thawing. In the first experimental series, duplicate samples of spermatozoa from each of 11 dogs were cooled at rates of 0.5, 3, 11, 58, or 209 degrees C/min, stored in liquid nitrogen, and the frozen samples warmed at approximately 830 or at 33 degrees C/min. Sperm "survival" was judged by microscopic assessments of motility and of membrane integrity, the latter as assayed with Fertilight, a double fluorescent stain. Motility of frozen spermatozoa that were thawed rapidly, averaged for 11 dogs, was low at low rates, increased to a maximum at 11 degrees C/min, and then decreased significantly at higher rates (P<0.01). This inverted V-shaped curve was also observed with slow thawing, although the apparent optimum cooling rate ranged from 3 to 11 degrees C/min. The integrity of sperm plasma membranes showed a similar dependence on cooling rate, although the percentages of spermatozoa with intact plasma membranes were higher than the percentages of motile spermatozoa. Motility of spermatozoa, as a function of cooling rate, varied considerably from male to male (P<0.01), whereas membrane integrity was much more consistent among the 11 dogs. In the second experimental series with spermatozoa from 5 dogs, motility of spermatozoa frozen at 0.5 degrees C/min and warmed at 3.6, 33, 140, or 830 degrees C/min also exhibited an inverted V-shaped survival curve, in this case as a function of warming rate. In summary, high survival of frozen-thawed canine epididymal spermatozoa depended on both cooling and warming rates, but spermatozoa from each dog exhibited their own sensitivity to cooling and warming rates.