JNK信号通路研究进展

c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)家族是促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)超家族成员之一,以JNK为中心的JNK信号通路可被细胞因子、生长因子、应激等多种因素激活,大量实验提示JNK信号通路在细胞分化、细胞凋亡、应激反应以及多种人类疾病的发生与发展中起着至关重要的作用。现对JNK信号通路的基本构成、调节方式及其与胞内其他信号通路间相互作用进行综述。     

ROS介导JNK信号通路的研究进展

c-JunN端激酶(JNK)通路是细胞感受外界环境变化的重要途径,与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等生命过程息息相关.活性氧(ROS)具有很高的生物学活性,可作为第二信使参与到JNK信号通之中.ROS可通过ASK1、Src激酶、GSTπ、MLK3、RIP-TRAF2复合体、MKPs等信号蛋白活化JNK,也可以充当IKK/NF-κ B、ERK等信号通路与JNK信号通路交叉时话的桥梁.另外JNK有时可出现在ROS上游,可通过促进ROS产生或聚集而发挥生物学作用.本文将对近年来ROS介导JNK信号通路网络调控的研究进展作一综述.     

凋亡信号调节激酶1信号通路在肾脏疾病中的作用

凋亡信号调节激酶1(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, ASK1)是丝裂原激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶(mitogen-activated proteinkinase kinases kinase, MAP3K)的家族成员之一,可以响应氧化应激、内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)应激等多种应激刺激,从而激活下游丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)中的c-Jun N末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)和p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK)信号通路,调节细胞凋亡、炎症和纤维化,介导急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)、糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease, DKD)、心肾综合征(cardiorenal syndrome, CRS)等多种肾脏疾病的进展。本文讨论了ASK1主要的激活和失活机制及其在多种肾脏疾病进展...     

JNK活化机制的研究进展

cJun氨基末端激酶(JNK)家族是促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)超家族成员之一,MAPK信号通路是多级蛋白激酶的级联反应,包括三个关键的激酶:MAPK、MAPK的激酶(MAPKK)和MAPK激酶的激酶(MAPKKK).JNK信号通路中有许多支架蛋白,如:JIP、JAMP、POSH等,能够与JNK及JNK信号通路中相关成员结合成复合物,调节它们的活性和细胞内定位,JNK信号通路可被细胞因子、生长因子、应激等多种因素激活,大量实验提示JNK活化在细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、应激反应以及多种人类疾病的发生与发展中起着重要的作用.JNK信号通路与其他信号通路间也有着相互作用.现对JNK活化机制的研究进展进行综述.     

JNK信号传导通路在胆汁淤积性肝损伤机制中的作用

胆汁淤积性肝损伤是严重影响人类肝脏健康的慢性疾病,病因复杂。JNK信号通路在细胞分化、细胞凋亡、应激反应及多种疾病的发生与发展中起到重要的作用。近些年来发现c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)在各种肝损伤的分子机制中均起到重要作用,且在胆汁淤积导致的肝损伤机制中也有参与。本文简述了JNK通路结构及功能,并对JNK通路在胆汁淤积性肝损伤中的作用、影响因素及研究进展进行了总结与分析。     

JNK 信号通路的激活在帕金森病发病机制中的作用

帕金森病是一种慢性中枢神经系统神经退行性疾病,主要以静止震颤、肌肉僵直和运动减少为临床症状,其确切病因尚不清楚。c-Jun氧基末端激酶（JNK）信号通路是MAPK通路的重要分支,在细胞周期、生长、凋亡和应激等生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用。研究显示,JNK信号通路与帕金森病的发生发展有很大关系,JNK信号通路的激活可导致线粒体复合体I减少、细胞色素e释放、细胞内活性氧增加等一系列引起多巴胺能神经元功能异常,乃至细胞凋亡的反应的发生。我们通过总结DJ-1、乳胞素和猪毛菜酚等5种与JNK信号通路激活相关的内外源物质,简述JNK信号转导通路与PD的关系。     

双亮氨酸拉链激酶DLK对JNK信号通路的调控作用及机制

c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH₂-ternimal kinase, JNK)属于进化上相当保守的促分裂原活化蛋白激酶 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)超家族。大量的研究揭示, JNK在细胞增殖、分化、迁移、凋亡和形态建成中起着关键作用, 并与多种人类疾病的发生与发展密切相关。双亮氨酸拉链激酶(DLK)在结构上属于MLK(Mixed lineage kinase)家族, 功能上则是MAPKKK(MAP kinase kinase kinase)中一员, 可通过MAPKK(MAP kinase kinase)对JNK的活性进行调节, 从而参与细胞凋亡、迁移、分化等一系列重要细胞反应。文章结合DLK与JNK的研究历史与最新进展, 就DLK-JNK通讯所参与的细胞凋亡、迁移及分化等活动做一简要综述。     

蛋白质修饰对Wnt信号通路的调控

Wnt信号通路与细胞的生长发育和分化等密切相关,是细胞中重要的信号转导途径,在 多种癌症中,都有该通路的异常改变.Wnt信号通路主要是通过一系列蛋白将Wnt信号传导至β连环蛋白（β-catenin,β-cat）,使后者入核并与转录因子T细胞因子/淋巴细胞增 强因子（T cell factor / lymphoid enhancer factor,TCF/LEF）结合,从而促进下游基因的转录,进而调控细胞的多种生理过程.在该通路中,涉及轴蛋白（Axin）、结肠腺瘤样息 肉病蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)、糖原合酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)、β连环蛋白和酪蛋白激酶I (casein kinase I,CKI)等众多调节因子,这些因子能发生多种化学修饰,如磷酸化、泛素化（ubiquitylation）、苏素化 (small ubiquitin related moditier,SUMO)和乙酰化等,从而影响β连环蛋白、T细胞因子的稳定性、细胞定位以及活性,最终起到调节Wnt信号通路的作用.     

JNK 信号转导通路与神经迁移

c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinases,JNK)是一类在中枢神经系统和周边神经系统中发挥重要作用的调节蛋白。此前研究表明,当神经细胞遭遇外界凋亡刺激时,JNK被激活并介导细胞死亡过程,然而,最近几年来的研究显示,JNK信号转导通路在神经迁移过程中也同样发挥着重要的作用。本综述主要对JNK信号转导通路与神经迁移方面的研究进展进行探讨。     

TNF-α信号传导通路的分子机理

肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α）是一种具有多效生物学效应的细胞因子.TNF的生物学效应都是通过细胞表面的2种TNF受体（TNFR）引发,其信号传导通路主要包括caspase家族介导的细胞凋亡、衔接蛋白TRAF介导的转录因子NF-κB和JNK蛋白激酶的活化.TNFR1和TNFR2的生物学功能不是独立的,许多生物学活性由二者共同完成.3条信号传导通路之间及各通路内部含有各种调节机制,使TNF的各种生物学功能协调发挥出来.本文评述了3条信号传导通路最新进展、关键激酶的研究状况及其在整个信号网络中的作用机理,如IKK的激活以及重要的信号转导分子RIP、TRAF2、TRUSS的结构、相互作用的方式等     

Drosophila Smt3 negatively regulates JNK signaling through sequestering Hipk in the nucleus

Post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is important for a variety of cellular and developmental processes. However, the precise mechanism(s) that connects sumoylation to specific developmental signaling pathways remains relatively less clear. Here, we show that Smt3 knockdown in Drosophila wing discs causes phenotypes resembling JNK gain of function, including ectopic apoptosis and apoptosis-induced compensatory growth. Smt3 depletion leads to an increased expression of JNK target genes Mmp1 and puckered. We show that, although knockdown of the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) suppresses Smt3 depletion-induced activation of JNK, Hipk overexpression synergistically enhances this type of JNK activation. We further demonstrate that Hipk is sumolylated in vivo, and its nuclear localization is dependent on the sumoylation pathway. Our results thus establish a mechanistic connection between the sumoylation pathway and the JNK pathway through the action of Hipk. We propose that the sumoylation-controlled balance between cytoplasmic and nuclear Hipk plays a crucial role in regulating JNK signaling.     

A novel src homology 3 domain-containing adaptor protein, HIP-55, that interacts with hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1

Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) family and an upstream activator of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade. HPK1 interacts, through its proline-rich domains, with growth factor receptor-bound 2 (Grb2), CT10-regulated kinase (Crk), and Crk-like (CrkL) adaptor proteins. We identified a novel HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa (HIP-55), similar to the mouse SH3P7 protein, containing an N-terminal actin-binding domain and a C-terminal Src homology 3 domain. We found that HPK1 bound to HIP-55 both in vitro and in vivo. When co-transfected, HIP-55 increased HPK1's kinase activity as well as JNK1's kinase activity. A dominant-negative HPK1 mutant blocked activation of JNK1 by HIP-55 showing that HIP-55 activates the JNK1 signaling pathway via HPK1. Our results identify a novel protein, HIP-55, that binds to HPK1 and regulates the JNK1 signaling cascade.     

Differential activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 pathways during FTY720-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes that is suppressed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway

FTY720 is a novel immunosuppressive drug derived from a metabolite from Isaria sinclairii that is known to induce apoptosis of rat splenic T cells. In this study, we examined the intracellular signaling pathway triggered by FTY720. Treatment of human Jurkat T lymphocytes with FTY720-induced apoptosis characterized by DNA fragmentation. The same treatment induced activation of protein kinases such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38/CSBP (CSAID-binding protein), and a novel 36-kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Pretreatment of Jurkat cells with DEVD-CHO blocked FTY720-induced DNA fragmentation as well as the activation of p38/CSBP. However, DEVD-CHO treatment failed to inhibit FTY720-induced activation of JNK and the 36-kDa MBP kinase. We have also demonstrated that activation of the ERK signaling pathway completely suppressed the FTY720-induced apoptotic process including activation of caspase 3 and activation of JNK and the 36-kDa MBP kinase. Furthermore, transient expression of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) protected the cells from FTY720-induced cell death. The effect of MEK was canceled by coexpression of a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, CL100. These results indicate that JNK and p38 pathways are differentially regulated during FTY720-induced apoptosis and that activation of ERK pathway alone is sufficient to cancel the FTY720-induced death signal.     

Role of MLK3 in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades

Mixed-lineage protein kinase 3 (MLK3) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase group that has been implicated in multiple signaling cascades, including the NF-kappaB pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAP kinase pathways. Here, we examined the effect of targeted disruption of the murine Mlk3 gene. Mlk3(-/-) mice were found to be viable and healthy. Primary embryonic fibroblasts prepared from these mice exhibited no major signaling defects. However, we did find that MLK3 deficiency caused a selective reduction in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated JNK activation. Together, these data demonstrate that MLK3 contributes to the TNF signaling pathway that activates JNK.     

Role of the JIP4 scaffold protein in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways

The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins (JIP1, JIP2, and JIP3) can interact with components of the JNK signaling pathway and potently activate JNK. Here we describe the identification of a fourth member of the JIP family. The primary sequence of JIP4 is most closely related to that of JIP3. Like other members of the JIP family of scaffold proteins, JIP4 binds JNK and also the light chain of the microtubule motor protein kinesin-1. However, the function of JIP4 appears to be markedly different from other JIP proteins. Specifically, JIP4 does not activate JNK signaling. In contrast, JIP4 serves as an activator of the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway by a mechanism that requires the MAP kinase kinases MKK3 and MKK6. The JIP4 scaffold protein therefore appears to be a new component of the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway.     

Multiple signaling conduits regulate global differentiation-specific gene expression in PC12 cells

PC12 cells serve as a model for exploring nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated signal pathways that mediate neural differentiation. We previously demonstrated that neurofilament light chain (NFLC) gene induction by NGF requires collaborative extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Herein, we investigate the broader requirement for integrated ERK and JNK signaling in NGF-stimulated gene expression. NGF stimulates differentiation as well as maintenance of cell viability while insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates only trophic actions in PC12 cells. Affymetrix Genechips were used to identify genes whose expression specifically increased in response to NGF, but not IGF-1. From the set of NGF-specific genes, the induction by NGF of ten genes with diverse predicted cellular functions was tested for ERK and JNK pathway requirements using the protein kinase inhibitors, PD98059 and SP600125, respectively. Like NFLC, induction of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR), transin/matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), Fra-1 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) required collaborative ERK and JNK signaling while the increased expression of cortexin, rat collapsin response mediator protein 4 (rCRMP4), rat growth and transformation-dependent protein (RGT), and synapsin II required neither mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. NGF-induction of the bradykinin B2 receptor and c-Ret mRNAs was partially inhibited by SP600125, but not PD98059. Reporter constructs containing the promoters for ERK/JNK-dependent genes (NFLC, transin, uPAR) as well as an ERK/JNK-independent gene (synapsin II) revealed that both sets of genes required functional Ras signaling for activation by NGF. Integrated signaling through the ERK and JNK MAPKs, therefore, represents a general conduit for NGF-dependent gene expression, but additional Ras-dependent signaling pathways distinct from the ERKs and JNKs must contribute as well. Thus, multiple signaling conduits control global differentiation-specific gene expression in PC12 cells.     

NESK, a member of the germinal center kinase family that activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and is expressed during the late stages of embryogenesis

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cellular responses stimulated by stress-inducing agents and proinflammatory cytokines. The group I germinal center kinase family members selectively activate the JNK pathway. In this study, we have isolated a mouse cDNA encoding a protein kinase homologous to Nck-interacting kinase (NIK), a member of the group I germinal center kinase family. This protein kinase is expressed during the late stages of embryogenesis, but not in adult tissues, and thus named NESK (NIK-like embryo-specific kinase). NESK selectively activated the JNK pathway when overexpressed in HEK 293 cells but did not stimulate the p38 kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. NESK-induced JNK activation was inhibited by the dominant negative mutants of MEKK1 and MKK4. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) stimulated the NESK activity. Furthermore, the dominant negative NESK mutant inhibited the JNK activation induced by TNF-alpha or TRAF2. These results suggest that NESK, a novel activator of the JNK pathway, functions in coupling TRAF2 to the MEKK1 --> MKK4 --> JNK kinase cascade during the late stages of mammalian embryogenesis.     

Axin utilizes distinct regions for competitive MEKK1 and MEKK4 binding and JNK activation

Axin is a multidomain protein that plays a critical role in Wnt signaling, serving as a scaffold for down-regulation of beta-catenin. It also activates the JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase by binding to MEKK1. However, it is intriguing that Axin requires several additional elements for JNK activation, including a requirement for homodimerization, sumoylation at the extreme C-terminal sites, and a region in the protein phosphatase 2A-binding domain. In our present study, we have shown that another MEKK family member, MEKK4, also binds to Axin in vivo and mediates Axin-induced JNK activation. Surprisingly MEKK4 binds to a region distinct from the MEKK1-binding site. Dominant negative mutant of MEKK4 attenuates the JNK activation by Axin. Activation of JNK by Axin in MEKK1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast cells supports the idea that another MEKK can mediate Axin-induced JNK activation. Expression of specific small interfering RNA against MEKK4 effectively attenuates JNK activation by the MEKK1 binding-defective Axin mutant in 293T cells and inhibits JNK activation by wild-type Axin in MEKK1-/- cells, confirming that MEKK4 is indeed another mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that is specifically involved in Axin-mediated JNK activation independently of MEKK1. We have also identified an additional domain between MEKK1- and MEKK4-binding sites as being required for JNK activation by Axin. MEKK1 and MEKK4 compete for Axin binding even though they bind to sites far apart, suggesting that Axin may selectively bind to MEKK1 or MEKK4 depending on distinct signals or cellular context. Our findings will provide new insights into how scaffold proteins mediate ultimate activation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases.