污染土壤中多环芳烃的共代谢降解过程

1　前　言多环芳烃是一类普遍存在于环境中的重要有机污染物 ,因其致癌性、致畸性、致突变性而被认为是危险物质。由于其水溶性低 ,辛醇 水分配系数高 ,因此 ,该类化合物易于从水中分配到生物体内、沉积层中。土壤成为多环芳烃的重要载体 ,多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复也因此倍受关注。多环芳烃在土壤中有较高的稳定性 ,其苯环数与其生物可降解性明显呈负相关关系。很少有能直接降解高环数多环芳烃的微生物。研究表明 ,高分子量的多环芳烃的生物降解一般均以共代谢方式开始[1 3] 。共代谢作用可以提高微生物降解多环芳烃的效率 ,改变微生物碳…     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选与降解能力测定

从本溪多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中经富集培养筛选出8株PAHs降解菌,研究了8株菌及其等比例混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解能力。结果表明,在28℃,培养基中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的浓度分别为50、50和5mg·L-1的复合底物条件下,培养28d后,菌株B3的降解效果最好,对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为88.4%、54.0%和68.4%,8株菌的混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为87.7%、35.3%和42.0%;经生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列比对,初步鉴定B3菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

多环芳烃污染土壤微生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃是我国土壤环境质量标准中要求严格管控的一类持久性有机污染物,利用微生物技术修复有机污染土壤具有绿色、经济等突出特点,应用前景广泛.目前多学科的协同发展和新技术的研究应用,为多环芳烃土壤微生物转化机制与污染生态过程等方面带来了新的认识,同时对修复技术的实际应用与调控提供了新的思考方向.本文以多环芳烃污染土壤微生物...     

多环芳烃污染生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)是一类对环境有严重危害的持久性有机污染物。具有高生物富集性、致癌性、致毒性和难降解性,修复治理PAHs污染环境备受国内外政府及学者的关注。目前主要采用物理、化学以及生物方法对多环芳烃污染的土壤和水体进行修复。其中生物修复是一种高效、经济和生态可承受的环保技术,具有成本低、无二次污染等优点。本文从植物修复、微生物修复以及植物-微生物联合修复方面,阐述了国内外生物修复PAHs污染的最新研究进展。指出了生物修复PAHs污染环境需要进一步解决的问题,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

植物-固定化菌剂联合修复多环芳烃污染土壤

以火凤凰根际土壤中发现的3种优势菌[分枝杆菌(Ⅰ)、产黄纤维单胞菌(Ⅱ)、少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Ⅲ)]构建的多菌剂体系为供试菌剂,针对大港油田原油污染土壤,将固定化供试菌剂接种于修复植物火凤凰根际,探讨供试菌剂强化火凤凰修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的效果.结果 表明:处理ⅠⅢ(有效活茵数为109 cfu·mL-1)和Ⅰ...     

盐碱土壤PAHs 降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性

采用富集培养的方法,从天津大港油田PAHs污染盐碱化土壤中分离出一株能以菲、芘为唯一碳源和能源的优势菌TJB5。经形态观察和16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株为成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)。采用液体培养的方法,研究了pH、盐度、菲芘的初始浓度对TJB5菌株降解菲芘效果的影响,确定了最佳降解条件。结果表明,该菌对菲、芘的降解具有较广泛的pH、盐度范围和良好的降解效果。在菲、芘浓度分别为50 mg/L、pH 6.8-9.5、盐度2%-3%、温度30°C条件下,接种15 d后菲降解率在93.3%以上,芘降解率在20%以上。     

污染土壤中多环芳烃生物降解的调控研究

选用温度、湿度、表面活性剂ＴＷ８０和ＣＮＰ比４个因素为调控因子,采用正交法进行周期为１５０天的实验研究．结果表明,３０天后,土壤中ＰＡＨｓ的降解率可达４４．５～７４．６％,６０天后,达７０．４～９３．７％,降解率的不同与调控条件显著相关．在此期间,降解最佳条件为４０℃,湿度２５％,ＣＮＰ比为１２０１０１,ＴＷ８０分别为２００～５００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１．实验结束时,土壤中ＰＡＨｓ的降解率达９１．２～９９．８％．降解的最佳条件是４０℃,湿度１５％．经Ｒ值判别表明,不同时期各因子对ＰＡＨｓ降解影响有所不同．温度对ＰＡＨｓ降解影响较大,表面活性剂对土壤中ＰＡＨｓ的生物降解有调控作用．     

好氧细菌对多环芳烃降解机制的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是指两个或两个以上的苯环以线性排列、弯接或簇聚方式构成的一类碳氢化合物。这类化合物广泛分布于环境中, 具有潜在的致畸性、致癌性和遗传毒性。在自然环境中, 好氧细菌对PAHs的生物降解是一种很重要的方式, 凸显其在清除环境PAHs污染物中具有广阔的应用前景。在过去二十多年中, 科学家们已经从基因水平上对好氧细菌降解PAHs的机制进行了深入的研究, 其中包括PAHs降解基因的多样性、与PAHs降解有关的基因以及细菌群体PAHs遗传适应机制等。在此, 就好氧细菌对多环芳烃降解机制的研究进展进行了综述和讨论。     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

【目的】多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中且具有高毒性的持久性有机污染物,高效降解菌的筛选对利用生物修复技术有效去除环境中的多环芳烃具有重要意义。研究拟从供试菌株中筛选多环芳烃高效降解菌,并分析其降解特性,为多环芳烃污染环境的微生物修复提供资源保障和科学依据。【方法】采用平板法从25株供试菌株中筛选出以菲和芘为唯一碳源和能源的高效降解菌,经16S rRNA基因序列进行初步鉴定,通过单因素实验法分析其在液体培养基中的降解特性。【结果】筛选出的3株多环芳烃高效降解菌SL-1、02173和02830经16S rRNA基因序列分析,02173和02830分别与假单胞菌属中的Pseudomonas alcaliphila和Pseudomonas corrugate同源性最近,SL-1为本课题组发表新类群Rhizobium petrolearium的模式菌株;降解实验表明,菌株SL-1 3 d内对单一多环芳烃菲(100 mg/L)和芘(50 mg/L)的降解率分别达到100%和48%,5 d后能够降解74%的芘;而其3 d内对混合PAHs中菲和芘的降解率分别为75.89%和81.98%。菌株02173和02830 3 d内对混合多环芳烃中萘(200 mg/L)、芴(50 mg/L)、菲(100 mg/L)和芘(50 mg/L)的降解率均分别超过97%。【结论】筛选出的3株PAHs降解菌SL-1、02173和02830不仅可以高效降解低分子量PAHs,还对高分子量PAHs具有很好的降解潜力。研究表明,由于共代谢作用低分子量多环芳烃可促进高分子量多环芳烃的降解,而此时低分子量多环芳烃的降解将受到抑制。     

多环芳烃微生物降解基因的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,微生物的降解是PAHs去除的主要途径。近年来,有关PAHs微生物降解途径和代谢产物的研究已有很多报道。小分子PAHs一般可以直接被微生物降解,而大分子PAHs则需要微生物以共代谢的方式降解。在过去20年中,微生物降解PAHs的基因相继被发现,各种基因在调控PAHs降解过程中的功能也越来越清晰。本文概述了PAHs微生物降解基因方面的研究进展,详细介绍了微生物对萘、菲的降解基因,最后对PAHs微生物降解基因的应用前景进行了展望。     

一株海草沉积物菲降解菌的筛选、鉴定和降解特性

【背景】多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)是一类高毒性的有机污染物,在海洋环境尤其是沿海环境中广泛分布。海草床生态系统作为沿海环境的重要组成部分,深受环境污染等人类活动的影响而处于严重衰退的状态。微生物修复是修复环境中多环芳烃污染的重要途径,具有经济简便、环境友好和无二次污染等特点。【目的】从深圳市大亚湾的海草床沉积物中筛选获得高效多环芳烃降解菌,并分析其降解特性,从而探究海草床生态系统中多环芳烃污染物的微生物修复可行性。【方法】以多环芳烃菲为唯一碳源从海草床沉积物样品中筛选菌株,再通过形态学观察、生理生化实验和16SrRNA基因序列对筛选的菌株进行鉴定,并利用特定引物扩增多环芳烃降解的功能基因——双加氧酶(nidA)基因,最后通过培养实验分析该菌株对菲的降解特性。【结果】筛选出一株高效降解菲的菌株SCSIO 43702,经鉴定为玫瑰杆菌属(Roseovarius)的潜在新菌,并成功扩增得到双加氧酶相似(nidA like)基因;培养实验结果表明,玫瑰杆菌SCSIO 43702在10 d内对100 mg/L菲的降解率最高可达96%,而且其对菲的最适降解条件为:温度30°C、pH值7.5和8.0、盐度3%。【结论】玫瑰杆菌SCSIO 43702凭借其良好的菲降解能力和较强的环境适应性,具有进一步被开发为微生物菌剂以用于多环芳烃污染修复的巨大潜力,为海草床生态系统中多环芳烃污染的微生物修复研究提供了理论依据和可利用的微生物资源。     

Changes of phytoplankton communities in Lakes Naivasha and Oloidien, examples of degradation and salinization of lakes in the Kenyan Rift Valley

Increasing degradation of the water quality, caused by overuse and salinization, leads to considerable changes of the phytoplankton composition in Kenyan Rift Valley lakes. Exemplarily, the phytoplankton communities and biomasses of deteriorating freshwater Lake Naivasha and salinizing Lake Oloidien were studied between 2001 and 2005, accompanied by physico-chemical measurements (pH, total phosphorus and nitrogen, alkalinity, conductivity). Over the last three decades, the ecology of these two water basins has been subjected to dramatic changes, caused by excessive use of water and catchment area by man. In L. Naivasha a shift in the dominance of coccoid cyanobacteria towards dominance of Chlorophyceae (Botryococcus terribilis) was observed. Lake Oloidien exhibited a shift in the dominance of coccoid Chlorophyceae towards dominance of cyanobacteria (Arthrospira fusiformis, Anabaenopsis elenkinii). Phytoplankton findings and chemical data demonstrate that L. Naivasha has developed towards a eutrophic freshwater lake while L. Oloidien has progressed towards a hypereutrophic alkaline-saline lake. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Handling editor: J. Padisak     

Influence of Celery on the Remediation of PAHs-contaminated Farm Soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination has been considered as one of the major environmental concerns for farmland soil all over the world including China. Due to small per capita land area, to find crops or vegetable, which could not only degrade the PAHs contaminants but also would not concentrate PAHs, was particularly important. Celery was selected as the phytoremediator in this experiment, and the soil enzyme activity, PAHs-degrading microorganisms, and the speciation of PAHs in soil were studied. The results showed that celery could significantly enhance the remediation of PAHs compared with the controlled experiment after 90 days (p< 0.01), and the removal efficiency were 31.29%, 30.79%, and 50.21% in the soil, non-rhizosphere soil, and rhizosphere soil, respectively. The soil enzyme activity and PAHs-degrading microorganisms significantly increased in rhizosphere soil compared with non-rhizosphere soil (p< 0.05), and the bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil could have been enhanced in the presence of celery root exudates. Those would help the bioremediation of PAHs by soil microorganisms. Meanwhile, the concentration of PAHs in the edible portion of celery was only 17.13 ± 1.24 μg/kg, and the bioconcentration factors in the aboveground part of celery were only 0.025. This study provides a potential in-site farmland soil phytoremediation technology that could have practical utility.     

Accumulation and toxicity of chloride in bean plants

Summary Chloride tends to accumulate in tissues, particularly leaves, of some plants to toxic levels. Chloride accumulation in plants is closely related to Cl concentration in the external solution and the genotype.An experiment was conducted to study the rate of Cl accumulation in bean plants under greenhouse conditions and to determine the toxic levels of this anion in the leaves of red kidney beans. Plants were grown in large tanks containing a basal nutrient solution, salinized with either NaCl or Na₂SO₄ to produce 80 meq/l solutions of these two salts. Control plants were grown in nonsalinized nutrient solutiosn. Salt-treated plants were harvested at different time intervals and analyzed. Chemical analysis of leaves showed that accumulation of chloride was different from that of other ions derived from salines. The leaf-Cl accumulation was shown to be dependent on Cl concentration of the culture solution as well as the duration of the experiment. The data also revealed two processes of rapid Cl accumulation in the leaves of bean plants when a relatively high concentration of this ion is present in the external solution. These are: (a) a rapid Cl accumulation occurring between transplanting and the first harvest; (b) a second rapid Cl accumulation occurring after the fourth harvest to the end of the experiment leading to a toxic concentration of Cl in the leaves. The second rapid absorption period was absent for the other ions derived from salines.     

岱海水质咸化过程中营养状况的变化

通过1996年夏季对岱海的综合考察,采用营养状态指数(TSI)法对岱海进行了水质营养状况的综合评价和比较分析,并结合自往年关于岱海的理化因子和营养元素含量资料,对岱海水质咸化过程中水体营养状况的变化进行了比较分析。在此基础上,还初步探讨了岱海水质咸化过程与营养状况变化之间的关系。     

土壤盐渍化对尿素与磷酸脲氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的重要途径之一,肥料类型、土壤类型、肥料用量以及土壤全盐量均影响氨挥发损失率及挥发特征。本文采用通气法测定了磷酸脲和尿素两种肥料六个施肥量处理分别施入六个不同盐渍化程度（1.7、9.9、16.4、23.2、29.1、37.9 g/kg）的土壤后氨挥发累积状况和动力学特性,以及土壤氨挥发累积量与土壤电导值之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）在土壤总盐介于1.66 -37.9 g/kg的范围内,随着土壤含盐量增加,尿素与磷酸脲处理的氨挥发累积量显著增加;土壤含盐量对氨挥发速率有显著的促进作用。（2）各处理二次线性函数拟合的二项式系数a均为负值,表明：在不同盐渍化条件下肥料的挥发速率是随着时间增长而降低的;一次线性函数和Elovich 方程的斜率a随土壤含盐量增加而增大,表明：土壤盐渍化将加剧土壤的氨挥发速率。（3）土壤氨挥发累积量与电导值拟合结果符合logistic方程（︱R︱分别为0.9732,0.9815,0.965,0.9182,0.9817,0.9971︱R︱>r0.01=0.9172, n=6）,氨挥发累积量随土壤电导值呈“S”型增长。