Effects of α lipoic acid on noise induced oxidative stress in rats

This study was conducted to identify how exposure to ambient noise that is over 75 dB affects the oxidant-antioxidant profile using hematological and biochemical indicators, and to investigate the effects of a strong and current antioxidant, $\alpha$ lipoic acid, on rats that were subjected to noise stress. For this purpose, five groups of eight rats were formed as follows: Control (K), Noise Exposure (GK), Lipoic Acid (LA), Noise Pollution + $\alpha$Lipoic Acid (GK + LA) and Oil (Y). The blood samples collected from rats were analyzed and MDA (malondialdehyde), GSH (glutathione), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), NO (nitrit oxide), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, HDL (high density lipoprotein), LDL (low density lipoprotein), and urea-N levels were measured. The physical factory environment in a textile factory was preferred to simulate the noise exposure. Ambient noise was measured to be 75 dB. Exposure to physical ambient noise was sustained for 30 days. MDA level was measured at the lowest level in the LA and GKLA groups while it was statistically significantly higher in other groups than it was in the control group. It was observed that GSH reached its lowest level in the group that was exposed to noisy environment, the 100 mg/kg/day $\alpha$lipoic acid administered on the experimental model increased this level to that of the control group and this change was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Considering the urea levels, the increases in GK and GKLA groups and the decreases in LA and Y groups were observed to be statistically significant. When glucose levels were compared to the control group, they were found to be statistically significantly lower in all groups. As a result, it was observed that exposure to noise for 30 days was likely to lead to leukocyte-based immune deficiency and using $\alpha$ lipoic acid as an antioxidant might provide a significant protection against the noise stress.     

Effects of green tea polyphenol on the quality of canine semen after long-term storage at 5 °C

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of green tea polyphenol on the quality of canine semen after long-term storage at 5 °C. The supplementation of a Tris-egg yolk extender with polyphenol (0.5, 0.75, or 1 mg/mL) increased the motility and viability of sperm preserved for four weeks at 5 °C.     

Effects of chronic mild stress on behavioral and neurobiological parameters — Role of glucocorticoid

Major depression is thought to originate from maladaptation to adverse events, particularly when impairments occur in mood-related brain regions. Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the major systems involved in physiological stress response. HPA axis dysfunction and high glucocorticoid concentrations play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. In addition, astrocytic disability and dysfunction of neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) greatly influence the development of depression and anxiety disorders. Therefore, we investigated whether depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors manifest in the absence of glucocorticoid production and circulation in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats after chronic mild stress (CMS) exposure and its potential molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrate that glucocorticoid-controlled rats showed anxiety-like behaviors but not depression-like behaviors after CMS. Molecular and cellular changes included the decreased BDNF in the hippocampus, astrocytic dysfunction with connexin43 (cx43) decreasing and abnormality in gap junction in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Interestingly, we did not find any changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or its chaperone protein FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) expression in the hippocampus or PFC in ADX rats subjected to CMS. In conclusion, the production and circulation of glucocorticoids are one of the contributing factors in the development of depression-like behaviors in response to CMS. In contrast, the effects of CMS on anxiety-like behaviors are independent of the presence of circulating glucocorticoids. Meanwhile, stress decreased GR expression and enhanced FKBP5 expression via higher glucocorticoid exposure. Gap junction dysfunction and changes in BDNF may be associated with anxiety-like behaviors.     

Effects of shear stress on microalgae – A review

Cultivation of microalgae requires consideration of shear stress, which is generated by operations such as mixing, circulation, aeration and pumping that are designed to facilitate mass and heat transfer as well as light distribution in cultures. Excessive shear stress can cause increased cell mortality, decreased growth rate and cell viability, or even cell lysis. This review examines the sources of shear stress in different cultivation systems, shear stress tolerance of different microalgal species and the physiological factors and environmental conditions that may affect shear sensitivity, and potential approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of shear stress. In general, green algae have the greatest tolerance to shear stress, followed by cyanobacteria, haptophytes, red algae, and diatoms, with dinoflagellates comprising the most shear-sensitive species. The shear-sensitivity of microalgae is determined primarily by cell wall strength, cell morphology and the presence of flagella. Turbulence, eddy size, and viscosity are the most prominent parameters affecting shear stress to microalgal cells during cultivation.     

Effect of single and repeated heat stress on chemical signals of heat shock response cascade in the rat’s heart

Exposure to sublethal heat stress activates a complex cascade of signaling events, such as activators (NO), signal molecules (PKCε), and mediators (HSP70 and COX-2), leading to implementation of heat preconditioning, an adaptive mechanism which makes the organism more tolerant to additional stress. We investigated the time frame in which these chemical signals are triggered after heat stress (41?±?0.5°С/45 min), single or repeated (24 or 72 h after the first one) in heart tissue of male Wistar rats. The animals were allowed to recover 24, 48 or 72 h at room temperature. Single heat stress caused a significant increase of the concentration of HSP70, NO, and PKC level and decrease of COX-2 level 24 h after the heat stress, which in the next course of recovery gradually normalized. The second heat stress, 24 h after the first one, caused a significant reduction of the HSP70 levels, concentration of NO and PKC?, and significant increase of COX-2 concentration. The second exposure, 72 h after the first heat stress, caused more expressive changes of HSP70 and NO in the 24 h-recovery groups. The level of PKC? was not significantly changed, but there was significantly increased COX-2 concentration during recovery. Serum activity of AST, ALT, and CK was reduced after single exposure and increased after repeated exposure to heat stress, in both time intervals. In conclusion, a longer period of recovery (72 h) between two consecutive sessions of heat stress is necessary to achieve more expressive changes in mediators (HSP70) and triggers (NO) of heat preconditioning.     

Centrifugation on PureSperm(®) density-gradient improved quality of spermatozoa from frozen-thawed dog semen

The main objective of this study was to investigate if centrifugation through PureSperm^® density-gradient can improve the post-thaw semen quality of dog semen. Semen from 5 dogs was collected and cryopreserved following a standard protocol. After thawing, semen samples were selected by centrifugation on PureSperm^®. Assessments of sperm motility (assessed by computerized-assisted semen analysis), morphology (Diff-Quick staining) and viability (triple fluorescent stain of Propidium iodine/isothiocyanate-labeled peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin/Rhodamine 123), were performed on aliquots of fresh semen, unselected samples and selected preparations. Cryopreservation had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on all studied semen parameters. PureSperm^® centrifugation yielded sperm suspensions with improved motility and viability (P < 0.001). The washing step significantly reduced (P < 0.001) all of the kinematics parameters evaluated as well as reduced the proportion of viable spermatozoa with intact acrosomes (P < 0.05). We concluded that PureSperm^® centrifugation is a successful method for improving the quality of frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa. However, washing after density-gradient centrifugation dramatically reduces the post-thaw semen quality, indicating that the inclusion of such a washing step is unnecessary.     

Effect of acute heat stress on rat adrenal cortex — a morphological and ultrastructural study

The stereological structure of rat adrenal gland was analysed by light and electron microscopy after an acute (60 min) exposure to high ambient temperature (38°C). Under these conditions a significant increase in plasma corticotrophin (ACTH), serum corticosterone and aldosterone levels were observed. Histological and stereological investigation at light microscopy showed significant decrease in volume density of capsule and zona glomerulosa, increase in volume of fasciculata cells, and decrease of numerical density of zona fasciculata cells and mean diameter of blood vessels. At the ultrastructural level, volume density of nuclei and mitochondria of zona glomerulosa cells were significantly increased and that of lipid droplets decreased. Volume density of mitochondria of fasciculata cells was significantly increased, while number of lipid droplets per μm² of cell was reduced. In the cells of zona reticularis significant increase in the number of lipid droplets was found. The response of zona glomerulosa may be interpreted as immediate reaction to dehydration, while alterations detected in zona fasciculata, which were less extensive, were related to purely stressogenic effects of high ambiental temperature.     

Effect of acute heat stress on rat adrenal medulla — a morphological and ultrastructural study

Isolated rat adrenal medulla was analyzed by light and electron microscope after an acute (60 min) exposure to high ambient temperature (38°C). Under these conditions there was a significant rise in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline. Stereological investigation by light microscopy showed a significant decrease in volume density of cells and an increase in the interstitium. At the ultrastructural level, the profile area of cells, nuclei and cytoplasm of adrenaline cells were significantly decreased. After the heat stress numbers of resting granules in adre naline and noradrenaline cells were significantly reduced, while the numbers of altered granules and empty containers in both types of adrenomedullar cells were significantly increased.     

Does attractiveness in men provide clues to semen quality?

The psychological mechanisms underlying attractiveness judgements in humans are thought to be evolved adaptations for finding a high quality mate. The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis proposes that females obtain reliable information on male fertility from male expression of sexual traits. A previous study of Spanish men reported that facial attractiveness was positively associated with semen quality. We aimed to determine whether this effect was widespread by examining a large sample of Australian men. We also extended our study to determine whether cues to semen quality are provided by components of attractiveness: masculinity, averageness and symmetry. Each male participant was photographed and provided a semen sample that was analyzed for sperm morphology, motility and concentration. Two independent sets of women rated the male photographs for attractiveness, and three further sets of 12 women rated the photographs for masculinity, symmetry or averageness. We found no significant correlations between semen quality parameters and attractiveness or attractive traits. Although male physical attractiveness may signal aspects of mate quality, our results suggest that phenotype-linked cues to male fertility may not be general across human populations.     

Photochemical metabolism and fruit quality of Ubá mango tree exposed to combined light and heat stress in the field

Several experiments have highlighted the complexity of stress interactions, in field conditions, involved in plant response. However, these impacts on the mechanisms involved in plant photosynthetic response remains understudied. The aim of this work was to compare the photosynthetic efficiencies and fruit quality of mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Ubá harvested from plants cultivated on the east and west sides of a commercial orchard, according to the position of plants in relation to sunrise. Chlorophyll a fluorescence, was analyzed in leaves in four different periods: fruit growth phase, fruit ripening phase, post-harvest period and after plant pruning. Photoinhibitory damage was detected by the trapped energy flux and transported electron flux per reaction center during the fruit ripening phase, and by specific energy fluxes and yield quantum efficiency after plant pruning. Although high radiation caused photoinhibition on leaves from plants cultivated on the west side of the orchard, it provided sweeter fruits. In contrast to our initial hypothesis, it was verified that plants cultivated on the west side of the orchard presented better photochemical performance in periods with the greatest requirements of photoassimilates. In addition, plants demonstrated different abilities to deal with changes on photosynthetic active radiation and high temperature. This information suggests that the phenotypic plasticity of the Ubá mango cultivar is considerable, which can be exploited to be used in regions with great relief variations and the combination of increased irradiance and high temperature.     

Variability of physiological parameters of unacclimatized males during a two—hour cold stress of 5°C

The metabolic and temperature responses of 11 male Caucasians to a 2-hr exposure to 5 ± 1°C, 70 ± 2% RH were compared with control data obtained in an ambient environment of 28 ± 1°C, 45 ± 2% RH. The heat production increased during the cold exposure attaining an approximately stable level during the final 30 min. The group variability in response to the cold was greatest during the first 30 min and declined for the remainder of the cold exposure. All skin temperatures approached a stable value during the final 30 min of cold exposure. The correlation between mean skin temperature and thigh temperature was significant (p < 0.001) and the use of thigh temperature as an approximate mean skin temperature was suggested. The calculation of tissue conductance with or without the inclusion of heat exchanges due to changes in body heat content and respiratory losses was in agreement only during the final 30 min of cold exposure, thus indicating a stage of physiological equilibrium. All measured parameters except the toe and finger temperatures approached minimum variability of response during the final 30 min of cold exposure.

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Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionen des Stoffwechsels und der Hauttemperatur von 11 männlichen Angehörigen der weissen Rasse während einer 2-stündigen Exponierung bei 5 ± 1°C, 50–70 % RF wurden mit den Kontrollwerten bei 28 ± 1°C und 45 ± 2% RF verglichen. Während der Kälteexponierung stieg die Wärmebildung an und erreichte wie die Hauttemperatur in den letzten 30 Min ein ungefähr konstantes Niveau. Die Gruppenvariabilität war in den ersten 30 Min am grössten und liess dann nach. Die Korrelation zwischen mittlerer Hauttemperatur und Oberschenkeltemperatur war hochsignifikant (p < 0,001). Es wird vorgeschlagen letztere als mittlere Hauttemperatur zu verwenden. Die Berechnung der Gewebeleitfähigkeit mit oder ohne Einbeziehung des Wärmeaustausches als Folge von Änderungen des Wärmegehaltes des Körpers und Wärmeverlustes bei der Atmung stimmte nur während der letzten 30 Min. Alle gemessenen Parameter ausser der Zehen- und Fingertemperatur näherten sich während der letzten 30 Min der Kälteexponierung einer minimalen Variabilität. Dies weist auf ein physiologisches Gleichgewicht hin.

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Resume On a comparé le métabolisme et la température cutanée de 11 personnes de la race blanche caucasienne exposées durant 2 heures à une température de 5 ± 1°C et à une humidité relative de 70 ± 2% aux mêmes valeurs obtenues par 28 ± 1°C et 45 ± 2%. La production de chaleur a augmenté durant l'exposition au froid pour atteindre un niveau relativement stable durant les 30 dernières minutes. La variabilité du groupe quant à la réaction au froid fut très importante durant les 30 premières minutes. Elle a notablement diminué le reste du temps. Toutes les températures cutanées se sont stabilisées durant les 30 dernières minutes de l'exposition au froid. La corrélation entre la température de la peau et celle de la cuisse fut hautement significative (p < 0,001) et l'on propose d'utiliser cette dernière température comme température cutanée moyenne. Le calcul de la conductibilité des tissus en y incluant ou excluant les échanges de chaleur dus aux variations thermiques du corps ou les pertes imputables à la respiration n'est exact que pour les 30 dernières minutes. Tous les paramètres mesurés, à l'exception des températures des doigts et des orteils tendent vers un minimum de variabilité durant ce même laps de temps. Ceci indique qu'un état d'équilibre physiologique est alors atteint.

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Supported in part by United States Public Health Service Grant No. HD-00235; and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Office of Aerospace Research, United States Air Force, under AFOSR Grant No. 69-1653. Data analysis (on IBM System 360 Model 75 computer) was made possible by funds from the Special Research Resources Branch, Division of Research Facilities and Resources, National Institutes of Health.     

Effects of tensile stress on the α1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in maxillofacial skeletal myocytes

The present study was to test the hypothesis that 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET), a metabolic product of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, regulates nitric oxide (NO) generation of the l-arginine/NO synthase (NOS) pathway in human platelets. Human platelets were incubated in the presence or absence of different concentrations of 11,12-EET for 2 h at 37°C, followed by measurements of activities of the l-arginine/NOS pathway. Incubation with 11,12-EET increased the platelet NOS activity, nitrite production, cGMP content, and the platelet uptake of l-[³H]arginine in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, 11,12-EET attenuated intracellular free Ca²⁺ accumulation stimulated by collagen, which was at least partly mediated by EET-activated l-arginine/NOS pathway. It is suggested that 11,12-EET regulates platelet function through up-regulating the activity of the l-arginine/NOS/NO pathway.     

Effect of anti-oxidants and oxidative stress parameters on ram semen after the freeze–thawing process

Oxidative damage to sperm resulting from reactive oxygen species generated by the cellular components of semen is one of the main causes for the decline in motility and fertility of sperm during the freeze–thawing process. The aim of this study was thus to determine the effects of anti-oxidants on standard semen parameters, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and anti-oxidant activities after the freeze–thawing of ram semen. Ejaculates collected from four Akkaraman rams, were pooled and evaluated at 33 °C. Semen samples were diluted in a Tris-based extender containing the anti-oxidants glutathione (GSH) (5 mM), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (5 mM) or cysteine (5 mM) and an extender containing no anti-oxidants (control), cooled to 5 °C and frozen in 0.25 ml French straws. Frozen straws were thawed individually for 20 s in a water bath (37 °C) for microscopic evaluation. The use of an extender supplemented with cysteine led to the highest (P < 0.01) post-thaw motility (61.0 ± 1.9%), compared to the other treatment groups. No significant differences were observed in viability, acrosome damage and total abnormalities, and following the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), following supplementation with anti-oxidants after the thawing of the semen. Following the thawing process, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) did not change with the addition of anti-oxidants, compared to the control. The GSH level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity remained significantly higher upon the addition of GSH (3.33 ± 0.14 nmol/ml and 22.02 ± 1.27 IU/g protein) and GSSG (3.24 ± 0.08 nmol/ml and 20.17 ± 3.38 IU/g protein) compared to the other treatment (P < 0.001) groups. Only cysteine significantly elevated the activity of catalase (CAT, 842.40 ± 90.42 kU/l) following the freeze–thawing process. The Vitamin E (VitE) level was significantly higher, when compared to GSSG, cysteine and the control, when GSH (4.21 ± 0.20 mg/dl) was added to the freezing extender (P < 0.001). It could be concluded that future efforts aimed on improving the efficiency of cryopreservation of ram sperm should concentrate on the use of anti-oxidant additives. The results obtained provide a new approach to the cryopreservation of ram semen, and could positively contribute to intensive sheep production.     

The effect of melatonin on the quality of extended boar semen after long-term storage at 17 °C

Melatonin (MLT) is an efficient antioxidant that protects cells and tissues and initiates a host of receptor-mediated effects. In order to enhance the life span of refrigerated boar semen, our aim was to evaluate the effects of addition of 1 μM MLT to commercially produced pig semen (33 seminal doses from 14 boars) that had been preserved at 17 °C for 7 days. Samples without MLT served as controls. On Days 1, 4 and 7, we evaluated motility parameters and the percentage of total motile and progressively motile spermatozoa by a computer-aided sperm analysis system. Viability (SYBR-14/PI), acrosomal status (FITC-PNA/PI), membrane fluidity (M-540/YoPro-1) and mitochondrial membrane potential status (JC-1) were evaluated by flow cytometry. MLT treatment significantly enhanced the percentage of static spermatozoa after 7 days of storage and significantly reduced the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa on Day 7. The velocity characteristics (VCL, VSL and VAP) were significantly higher for MLT-treated samples on Day 1 and were their lowest on Day 7. With regard to flow cytometry results, the percentage of viable spermatozoa with an intact acrosome was higher in MLT samples throughout the entire storage period. In addition, there was a significantly higher proportion of live spermatozoa on Day 7 in the samples that had not been treated with MLT. The proportion of spermatozoa showing a high mitochondrial membrane potential remained at similar levels (P > 0.05) throughout the trial. Although the findings of the present study revealed that 1 μM MLT increased the proportion of live sperm with an intact acrosome, this treatment did not enhance the spermatic quality of refrigerated boar semen.     

Effects of different heat–moisture treatments on the physicochemical properties of brown rice flour

We evaluated the effect of heat–moisture treatment (HMT) on the main chemical components, physical properties, and enzyme activities of two types of brown rice flour: high-amylose Koshinokaori and normal-quality Koshiibuki. Five different HMTs using brown rice (moisture content was 12.0%) were assessed: 0.1 MPa/120 °C for 5 or 10 min, 0.2 MPa/134 °C for 5 or 10 min and 0.3 MPa/144 °C for 10 min. HMT, decreased the α-amylase and lipase activities, and fat acidity, and slightly increased the dietary fiber and resistant starch levels. After 2 months’ storage at 35 °C, rice samples that were treated with 0.2 MPa/134 °C or 0.3 MPa/144 °C for 10 min had a lower fat acidity than untreated samples, which would be useful for long-term storage and export of rice flour. And HMT exhibited inhibition of retrogradation in the pasting and physical properties, which is profitable to promote the qualities of the rice products.     

Are fish in hot water? Effects of warming on oxidative stress metabolism in the commercial species Sparus aurata

Climate change is disturbing marine biological processes, and impacting goods and services provided to society. Physiological studies are a major contributor to the improvement of biological forecasting in the context of climate change. Oxidative stress biomarkers are useful tools to assess the metabolic status and health of organisms, improving management of wild and cultured populations. The aims of this study were to assess the health status and vulnerability of Sparus aurata juveniles toward ocean warming and heat wave events by (1) exposing fish to a thermal ramp from 18 °C until their Critical Thermal Maximum (≈35 °C) and (2) quantifying oxidative stress biomarkers in several organs, i.e. lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome CYP1A. Fish showed signs of oxidative stress in every tissue tested (gills, muscle, liver, brain and intestine), the most affected being muscle and liver, which showed greater increases in LPO. In general, antioxidant enzymes increased their activity: CAT increased in every organ tested, GST increased in every organ except brain (no change) and SOD increased in every organ except intestine (no change) and brain (decrease, probably due to enzyme denaturation). Muscle showed the greatest stress response with a massive increase in GST. Hepatic CYP1A decreased upon warming suggesting that temperature influences detoxifying mechanisms and may affect fish health. These results are significant in the context of climate change and associated impacts on fisheries and aquaculture because over-induction of oxidative stress due to warming can induce health problems, mortality and shortened lifespan.     

Effects of 17β-estradiol and antioxidant administration on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats

The prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome increases during menopause with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and impairment of the free radical scavenger function. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 17β-estradiol (E(2)) and vitamin E, as an antioxidant, on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in the brain cortex and liver of ovariectomized rats as well as on insulin resistance in those rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats, 3?months of age and weighing 231.5?± 9.4 g, were divided into 4 groups: sham, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX treated with E(2) (40 μg/kg subcutaneously), and OVX treated with E(2) and vitamin E (100?mg/kg intraperitoneally). The 4 groups received the appropriate treatment every day for 8?weeks. Levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase , catalase, and malondialdehyde in the brain cortex and liver of ovariectomized rats were measured. Also, fasting plasma insulin, glucose, and homeostatis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined. Malondialdehyde increased and antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) decreased in the brain cortex and liver of OVX rats. Also, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR increased in OVX rats. E(2) and E(2) plus vitamin E decreased malondialdehyde and increased antioxidants in the brain cortex and liver of OVX rats. Moreover, they decreased fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR in ovariectomized rats. This study demonstrates that E(2) and E(2) plus vitamin E supplementation to OVX rats may improve insulin resistance, strengthen the antioxidant system, and reduce lipid peroxidation.     

Long-term effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone on testicular tissue and epididymal semen quality

The purpose of this study is to bridge this gap by investigating effects of long term 900?MHz mobile phone exposure on reproductive organs of male rats. The study was carried out on 14 adult Wistar Albino rats by dividing them randomly into two groups (n: 7) as sham group and exposure group. Rats were exposed to 900?MHz radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted from a GSM signal generator. Point, 1?g and 10?g specific absorption rate (SAR) levels of testis and prostate were found as 0.0623?W/kg, 0.0445?W/kg and 0.0373?W/kg, respectively. The rats in the exposure group were subject to RF radiation 3?h per day (7?d a week) for one year. For the sham group, the same procedure was applied, except the generator was turned off. At the end of the study, epididymal sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, abnormal sperm rate, all-genital organs weights and testis histopathology were evaluated. Any differences were not observed in sperm motility and concentration (p?>?0.05). However, the morphologically normal spermatozoa rates were found higher in the exposure group (p?p?p?相似文献