人工湿地及其在我国小城市污水处理中的应用

小城市污水处理是我国面临的急待解决的环境问题,通过分析我国小城市污水的水质特点和处理技术要求,得出人工湿地处理技术具有投资低、出水水质好、耗能低、抗冲击力强、操作简单和运行费用低等优点,在解决我国小城市污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景,应加强该方面的研究。     

模拟人工湿地处理污水的试验研究

运用自行设计的人工湿地模拟装置处理人工污水,研究了污水在系统中的净化动态和最佳停留时间,并初步探讨了pH、Eh和气温对净化效率的影响。试验结果表明,有树系统5天内的净化率分别为:BOD_594.8％,总氮93.0％,总磷95.0％,氨氮99.5％。当Pb、Cd浓度分别在2500mg/L和250mg/L以内时,系统对Pb、Cd的净化率为99.9％以上,并可在3小时内基本完成。即使在“土壤”含Pb量达2.86g/kg和含Cd量达0.29g/kg的情况下,系统对Pb、Cd的净化率仍可达96.2—98.5％。     

人工湿地污水处理的应用现状及前景展望

本文分析了人工湿地系统在污水处理中的作用,叙述了人工湿地在发展中国家的应用现状及所取得的效果。人工湿地的特点适合我国国情,特别适合广大农村、中小城市的污水处理,在我国具有极其广阔的应用前景。对湿地用于污水处理方面的不足,如缺乏污水对植物影响的研究(特别是对乡土植物的研究)、缺乏对重要工艺的理解、人工湿地占地面积大等也进行了分析。     

湿地生态单元定义及其在湿地恢复中的应用

生态单元的概念在生态系统的环境保护和生物保护中被广泛应用。通过阐述湿地生态单元的定义、内涵和外延,分析了湿地生态单元的特征,介绍了湿地生态系统的内部生态单元、湿地"外援"生态单元和人工重建湿地生态单元等在湿地恢复中的应用案例,并对湿地生态单元未来需要关注的研究方向进行了总结,以期为湿地保护与精细化管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

人工湿地处理农业径流的研究进展

人工湿地（CW）是独特的土壤-植物-微生物-动物系统。按水流方式分为表面流湿地（FWS）和潜流湿地（SFW）。FWS投资低,但占地大,低温地区冬季运行需要独特的考虑。SFW的保温保水效果好,卫生条件较好,但投资高,易堵塞。SFW分为水平潜流湿地（HF）和垂直潜流湿地（VF）。HF床供氧较差,适于去除SS和BOD,但NH3-N的去除较差。VF床供氧好,占地小,适于硝化和去除BOD,但对SS的去除不如HF床,而且构建费高,易堵塞。FWS按系统中的主体植物的不同分为大型自由漂浮植物湿地、大型沉水植物湿地和大型挺水植物湿地。农业径流（AR）由农田排水、灌溉余水、村落污水、畜禽养殖污水和部分雨水径流组成。其污水源具有面广、量大、分散、间歇的峰值和高无机沉淀物负荷的特点。中国大多数农村经济基础薄弱,管理水平不高。农村中的低洼地、低产田和公共用地均可作为生态环境保护用地。农村的污水收集系统欠完善。传统污水处理技术处理AR时难度大、维护管理复杂、投资和运行费高。而CW的耐冲击负荷能力强、投资低、运行费低、维护管理简便,但占地较大。因此CW适合于有地可用的农村的AR的处理。小结了1982年起CW技术在AR处理中的研究和应用。已有研究结合AR的水质、水量规律及农村的特点,进行了CW的设计与工艺改进。对氮、磷、有机物、农药和杀虫剂等污染物的去除效果有较多的研究。关于CW的运行、维护和管理的研究有沉积物积累、水量平衡、去除效果的衡量、植物收割和费用分析。CW的运行效果的衡量应当基于进出水负荷量而非基于进出水浓度。总之CW在AR污染控制中具有良好的应用前景。CW经合理设计和管理后有望实现“零费用运行”或者“盈利性运行”。     

人工湿地系统对污水磷的净化效果

建立以亚热带湿生、水生植物为主的十二套下流行一上流－上行流人工湿地系统作为处理城镇生活污水的对策。以其中四套研究其在不同的水力负荷及气候条件下对污水中磷的去除效果。人工湿地系统随处理运行时间的推移趋于稳定,对污水中的总磷、无机磷显示较好的净化效率,平均去除率在冬季达到４０％以上,夏季达到６０％以上,出水达到国家地面水Ⅲ级标准。水生植物在系统中起到明显作用,有植物系统的除磷效率及稳定性均高于无植物对照,其中２号茭白－石菖蒲系统的效果最好,总磷平均去除率为６５％。４号9蔗－苔草系统在高水力负荷下的净效果优于２号。水力负荷的增加对系统的净效果没有明显影响。     

湿地处理污水的研究

作为一项新兴的污水处理技术,近几年来,湿地在全世界范围内被广泛地研究和利用。国外大量的研究表明,各种类型的湿地都具有潜在的处理和净化污水的能力。利用湿地降低污水所载营养物被普遍认为是经济而有效的途径,最近更有报道建议开发人工湿地以减少自然水体中的氮素     

人工湿地对氮、磷的去除效率与动态特征

1999年1月~2003年12月对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统处理效果以及氮、磷去除效果的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD均有很好的去除效果,出水浓度分别为27·8±6·7、91·0±13·7和23·8±4·6mg·L-1,去除率分别为71·8±8·4%、62·2±10·1%和70·4±9·6%。大肠菌群去除率为99·7%。对NH4+-N和TP去除效果较差,出水浓度分别为11·3±2·6和2·00±0·28mg·L-1,去除率分别为40·6±15·3%和29·6±12·8%。NH4+-N去除效果和季节变化有关,每年7~9月去除效果最佳,1~3月效果最差,去除率分别为50·7±12·4%和23·0±11·6%。TP的去除效果季节性变化不如NH4+-N明显。NH4+-N年平均去除率2001~2003年逐年增加。TP年平均去除率在2001和2002年基本相同,2003年有所降低。     

人工湿地污水处理系统研究及性能改进分析

人工湿地污水处理系统是有效的污水处理与水资源再用相结合的方法,与传统的污水处理法相比具有基建、运行费用低,操作与维护简单等优点。该系统已被广泛应用于生活污水的处理,并通过工艺创新有向工业污水、农业废水等特殊污水处理方向发展的趋势。本文总结了人工湿地系统的研究现状,预测其研究与应用发展的趋势,探讨不同类型的污水在人工湿地系统中的净化过程,分析影响人工湿地污水处理性能的因素及技术性能改进的一些措施,并探讨人工湿地污水处理系统的应用前景。     

E2-3S在水平流人工湿地中的降解与转化

研究采用同时检测15种自由态雌激素(Free estrogens, FEs)及结合态雌激素(Conjugated estrogens, CEs; 包括雌激素手性分子、异构体、单位点及多位点结合的CEs)的方法, 探讨目标污染物17β-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S)与其他类型雌激素(包括自由态雌激素与其他结合态雌激素)间的转化关系, 研究E2-3S在有/无植物水平流人工湿地(HFCWs)中的降解规律。结果显示: 在停留时间为1.5d的工况下, E2-3S在HFCWs进水端基质水平距离0 cm深度15 cm中转化率已达98%, E2-3S可转化为其他雌激素, 产物以FEs为最丰富(均占70%以上), 植物可以显著提高湿地DO浓度, 使FEs残留浓度比无植物CW(U-CW)更低, 有植物CW(P-CW)和U-CW对总雌激素去除效率分别为86%和58%; E2-3S的主要转化路径为经硫酯键断裂形成E2再氧化生成E1, 其次路径为直接氧化为E1-3S再水解生成E1, 少量路径为羟基化形成E3-3S再水解生成E3, 此外, E2-3S还可以产生痕量双位取代D-CEs(<总雌激素的5%), 且植物系统中存留量更低。     

人工湿地污水处理工艺设计关键及生态学问题

人工湿地污水处理系统是一种经济高效的污水生态处理技术方式．然而,湿地污水处理技术在性能上仍须有待发展与完善,尤其需要对其处理工艺参数进行不断改进和系统优化．本文针对人工湿地污水处理工程中有关水力停留时间、水传导因素、表面负荷率和工程构筑物设计等技术参数,概括性地剖析、探讨了国内外人工湿地污水处理工艺的设计关键及其主要技术内涵,给出了一些重要的优化模型与最佳数值;与此同时,分析、提出了利用生态学方法克服人工湿地工程运行中所涉及的野生生物管理与蚊蝇控制等问题。     

Performance of integrated household constructed wetland for domestic wastewater treatment in rural areas

As environmental legislation has become stricter in recent years, the issue of wastewater treatment in rural areas has become an increasing concern. Choice of the most suitable on-site purification systems is based on the key issues of affordability and appropriateness in Chinese rural areas. This paper describes an integrated household constructed wetland (IHCW) system planted with willow (Salix babylonica) to treat household domestic wastewater in rural villages in northern China. The precast frame structure of IHCW is strong and waterproof. It can be mass-produced and installed per a standard set of specifications. The IHCW has achieved high overall removal efficiencies for BOD₅, TSS, NH₄-N, and TP: 96.0%, 97.0%, 88.4% and 87.8%, respectively. A 0.4 m biomass layer cover on the system provided significant system thermal insulation, maintaining high treatment performance in freezing winter conditions. The system is cost effective and does not need any operational energy inputs, demonstrating its feasibility for single-family use in developing countries.     

Feasibility of using constructed wetland treatment for molasses wastewater treatment

The surface flow constructed wetland (SFCW) with Cyperus involucratus, Typha augustifolia and Thalia dealbata J. Fraser was applied to treat anaerobic treated-molasses wastewater (An-MWW) under the organic loading rates (OLRs) of 612, 696, 806, 929 and 1,213 kg BOD(5)ha(-1)day(-1). The results showed that both removal efficiency and plant growth rate were increased with the decrease of organic loading rate (OLR). All tested-plant species could not grow under OLR of higher than 696 kg BOD(5)mg l(-1) (p>0.05). Also, the plant-biomass of the systems was reduced by 10.4%, 26.5%, and 64.7% of initial plant-biomass under the OLR of 806, 929 and 1,213 kg BOD(5)ha(-1)day(-1), respectively. However, all tested-plant species showed the same pattern on the plant-biomass production yield and removal efficiency. The highest SS, BOD, COD, total phosphorus, NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and molasses pigments (MP) removal efficiencies of 90-93%, 88-89%, 67%, 70-76%, 77-82%, 94-95% and 72-77%, respectively were detected under the OLR of 612 kg BOD(5)ha(-1)day.     

Mountain cheese factory wastewater treatment with the use of a hybrid constructed wetland

This paper describes the activity period of an experimental hybrid wetland system placed in a cold climate region. The aim is to determine the efficiency of the system in reducing TSS, BOD₅, COD and other pollutants. The constructed wetland consists of a fat-removal unit and a basin for the storage and the distribution of the wastewater which precedes three phytoremediation beds: the first two are parallel and they work as submerged vertical flow wetland with gravel medium for an area of 180 m²; the last is a submerged horizontal flow wetland with sand medium and an area of 360 m². The CW was designed to process a total estimated BOD₅ loading rate of about 24 g m⁻² d⁻¹, which was less than half of the average actual loading rate. The wastewater treatment did not meet the required Italian law outflow limits, most likely due to BOD₅ overloading.     

煤渣-草炭基质垂直流人工湿地系统对城市污水的净化效果

垂直流人工湿地系统不但具有较高的水力负荷率(54—64cm.^-1),而且对有机物和N、P都具有较高的去除效果．其对化粪池出水中的COD、BOD5、NIA4^+-N和总P的去除率分别为76％--87％,88％--92％,75％--85％和77％--91％．处理出水中COD、BOD5、NH4^+-N和总P的平均浓度分别小于60、20、25和2．0mg.L^-1.植物种植试验结果表明,种植风车草可提高氨氮、总N和总P的去除率,分别为2％--3％、4％--6％、10％--14％．     

Low-carbon assessment for ecological wastewater treatment by a constructed wetland in Beijing

Presented in this paper is a low-carbon assessment for wastewater treatment by a constructed wetland as ecological engineering. Systems accounting by combining process and input-output analyses is applied to track both direct and indirect GHG emissions associated with the wastewater treatment. Based on the detailed assessment procedures and the embodied GHG emission intensity database for the Chinese economy in 2007, the GHG emissions embodied in both the construction and operation stages of a pilot constructed wetland in Beijing are investigated in concrete detail, with parallel calculations carried out for a cyclic activated sludge plant as a typical conventional wastewater treatment system for comparison. With the overall embodied GHG emissions taken into account, the constructed wetland is shown to be remarkably less carbon intensive than the conventional wastewater treatment system, and the contrast in GHG emission structure is also revealed and characterized. According to the results, the ecological engineering of the constructed wetland is considered to be favorable for achieving the low-carbon goal.     

Phosphorus retention in a constructed wetland system used to treat dairy wastewater

The aim of this study was to develop an input/output mass balance to predict phosphorus retention in a five pond constructed wetland system (CWS) at Greenmount Farm, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The mass balance was created using 14-months of flow data collected at inflow and outflow points on a weekly basis. Balance outputs were correlated with meteorological parameters, such as daily air temperature and hydrological flow, recorded daily onsite. The mass balance showed that phosphorus retention within the system exceeded phosphorus release, illustrating the success of this CWS to remove nutrients from agricultural effluent from a dairy farm. The last pond, pond 5, showed the greatest relative retention of 86%. Comparison of retention and mean air temperature highlighted a striking difference in trends between up-gradient and down-gradient ponds, with up-gradient ponds 1 and 2 displaying a positive quadratic relationship and down-gradient ponds 3 through 5 displaying a negative quadratic relationship.     

Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

The first experiments using wetland macrophytes for wastewater treatment were carried by out by Käthe Seidel in Germany in early 1950s. The horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HF CWs) were initiated by Seidel in the early 1960s and improved by Reinhold Kickuth under the name Root Zone Method in late 1960s and early 1970s and spread throughout Europe in 1980s and 1990s. However, cohesive soils proposed by Kickuth got clogged very quickly because of low hydraulic permeability and were replaced by more porous media such as gravel in late 1980s in the United Kingdom and this design feature is still used. In fact, the use of porous media with high hydraulic conductivity was originally proposed by Seidel. HF CWs provide high removal of organics and suspended solids but removal of nutrients is low. Removal of nitrogen is limited by anoxic/anaerobic conditions in filtration beds which do not allow for ammonia nitrification. Phosphorus removal is restricted by the use of filter materials (pea gravel, crushed rock) with low sorption capacity. Various types of constructed wetlands may be combined in order to achieve higher treatment effect, especially for nitrogen. However, hybrid systems are comprised most frequently of vertical flow (VF) and HF systems arranged in a staged manner. HF systems cannot provide nitrification because of their limited oxygen transfer capacity. VF systems, on the other hand, do provide a good conditions for nitrification but no denitrification occurs in these systems. In hybrid systems (also sometimes called combined systems) the advantages of the HF and VF systems can be combined to complement processes in each system to produce an effluent low in BOD, which is fully nitrified and partly denitrified and hence has a much lower total-N outflow concentrations.     

Performance of a constructed wetland in treating brackish wastewater from commercial recirculating and super-intensive shrimp growout systems

A recirculating aquaculture system was developed for treating Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production wastewater using an integrated vertical-flow (IVF) and five connected integrated horizontal flow (IHF) constructed wetlands as water treatment filters for mesohaline conditions (8.25‰-8.26‰ salinity). The constructed wetlands demonstrated the ability to reduce total nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorous, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids to levels significantly lower than those in effluents from culture tanks. Various water quality parameters in the culture tanks were deemed suitable for shrimp culture. The actual ratio of wetland area (A(w)) to culture tank area (A(t)) was 1.1439, and the estimated optimal ratio A(w)/A(t) was approximately 1. The IVF-IHF wetlands showed flexibility and reliability in consistently removing the main pollutants from commercial recirculating and super-intensive shrimp growout systems throughout the culture period.